A

Semina
r report

On

S
o
l
a
r
C
h
a
r
g
e
r
M
o
b
i
 l
e

Submitted
to:
submitted
by:
B.SRINIVAS

(13A91A0407)

B.S.S.PHALGU
NI

(13A9A0408)

ABSTRACT
CONTENT
Introduction
Photovoltaic cell
Principle of PV cell
Manufacturing of solar cells
Applications
Solar mobile charger unit
Specification of charger
Design of charger
Cell in series
Final work
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is the
energy produced directly
by the sun and collected
elsewhere, normally the
Earth. The sun creates its
energy through a
thermonuclear process .
The process creates heat
and electromagnetic
radiation.

Only a very small

fraction of the total
radiation produced
reaches the Earth. The
radiation that does
reaches the Earth is the
indirect source of nearly
every type of energy used
today

. The radiation that does

reach the Earth is the
indirect source of nearly
every type of energy
used today. The
exceptions are
geothermal energy, and
nuclear fission and
fusion. Even fossil fuels
owe their origins to the
sun; they were once
living plants and
animals whose life was
dependent upon the sun.

Much of the world's

required energy can be
supplied directly by solar
power. More still can be
provided indirectly. The
practicality of doing so
will be examined, as well
as the benefits and
drawbacks. In addition,
the uses solar energy is
currently applied to will
be noted.

Due to the nature of solar

energy, two components
are required to have a
functional solar energy
generator. These two
components are a
collector and a storage
unit. The collector simply
collects the radiation that
falls on it and converts a
fraction of it to other
forms of energy (either
electricity and heat or heat
alone). The storage unit is
required because of the
non-constant nature of
solar energy; at certain
times only a very small
amount of radiation will
be received. At night or
during heavy cloudcover,
for example, the amount
of energy produced by the
collector will be quite
small. The storage unit
can hold the excess
energy produced during
the periods of maximum
productivity, and release it
when the productivity
drops. In practice, a
backup power supply is
usually added, too, for the
situations when the
amount of energy required
is greater than both what
is being produced and
what is stored in the
container
PHOTOVOLTAIC
CELL
The term "photovoltaic"
comes from the Greek
(photo) means "light", and
"voltaic", means electric
,from the name of the
Italian physicist VOLTA
"after whom a unit of
electro-motive force, the
volt is named.

The sun is a star

made up of
hydrogen and
helium gas and it
radiates an
enormous amount
of energy every
second .

A photovoltaic cell
is an electrical
device that convert
the energy of light
directly into
electricity by
photovoltaic effect.

Photovoltaics is the field

of technology and
research related to the
practical application of
photovoltaic cells in
producing electricity
from light, though it is
often used specifically to
refer to the generation of
electricity from sunlight.
Cells can be described
as photovoltaic even
when the light source is
not necessarily sunlight
(lamplight, artificial
light, etc.). In such cases
the cell is sometimes
used as a photodetector
(for
example infrared
detectors,detecting
light or other
electromagnetic
radiation near the
visible range, or
measuring light
intensity.

The operation of a
photovoltaic (PV) cell
requires 3 basic attributes:

The absorption of light,

generating either
electron-hole pairs or
excitons.

The separation of charge

carriers of opposite types.
The separate extraction of
those carriers to an
external circuit.

In contrast, a solar
thermal collector
collects heat by
absorbing sunlight, for
the purpose of either
direct heating or indirect
electrical power
generation.
"Photoelectrolytic cell"
(photoelectrochemical
cell), on the other hand,
refers either a type of
photovoltaic cell (like
that developed by A.E.
Becquerel and modern
dye-sensitized solar
cells or a device that
splits water directly into
hydrogen and oxygen
using only solar
illumination.
Photovoltaic power
generation employs
solar panels
composed of a
number of solar cells
containing a
photovoltaic material.

Materials presently used for

photovoltaics include
monocrystalline silicon,
polycrystalline silicon,
amorphous silicon, cadmium
telluride, andcopper indium
gallium selenide/sulfide. Due
to the increased demand for
renewable energy sources, the
manufacturing of solar cells
and photovoltaic arrays has
advanced considerably in
recent years.

Solar photovoltaics is a
sustainable energy source.
By the end of 2011, a total
of 71.1 GW had been
installed, sufficient to
generate 85
TWh/year.And by end of
2012, the 100 GW
installed capacity
milestone was achieved.
Solar photovoltaics is now,
after hydro and wind power,
the third most important
renewable energy source in
terms of globally installed
capacity. More than 100
countries use solar PV.
Installations may be ground-
mounted (and sometimes
integrated with farming and
grazing) or built into the roof
or walls of a building (either
building-integrated
photovoltaics or simply
rooftop).

Driven by advances in
technology and increases in
manufacturing scale and
sophistication, the cost of
photovoltaics has declined
steadily since the first solar
cells were manufactured, and
the levelised cost of
electricity (LCOE) from PV
is competitive with
conventional electricity
sources in an expanding list
of geographic regions. Net
metering and financial
incentives, such as
preferential feed-in tariffs
for solar-generated
electricity, have supported
solar PV installations in
many countries.With
current technology,
photovoltaics recoup the
energy needed to
manufacture them in 3 to 4
years. Anticipated
technology would reduce
time needed to recoup the
energy to 1 to 2 year.
PRINCIPLE OF PV
CELL

Solar cell works on the

principle of photovoltaic
effect. Sunlight is composed
of photons, or "packets of
energy. These photons
contain various amounts of
energy corresponding to the
different wavelengths of
light. When photons strike a
solar cell, they may be
reflected or absorbed. When
a photon is absorbed, the
energy of the photon is
transferred to an electron in
an atom of the cell (which is
actually a semiconductor).
With its new found energy,
the electron is able to escape
from itsnormal position
associated with that atom to
become part of the current in
an electric
g

MANUFACTURING
OF SOLAR CELLS
Raw Materials: The
basic component of
a solar cell is pure
silicon, which is not
pure in its natural
state

Purifying the silicon

Making single crystal

silicon

Making silicon
wafers i.e. making
small small silicon
crystal.

Doping :Doping is
used to increase the
strength of the
material.

The anti-reflective
coating :It is a type of
opticlal coating
applied to the surface
of lenses. It improves
efficiency.

Encapsulating the cell

 APPLICATIONS

For low-power
portable electronics,
like calculators or
small fans, a
photovoltaic array
may be a reasonable
energy source rather
than a battery.

In other
situations,
such as solar
battery
chargers,
watches, and
flashlights,
the
photovoltaic
array is used
to generate
electricity.
Solar chargers can
charge lead acid or
Ni-Cd battery bank
up to 48 V and
hundreds of ampere-
hours (up to 400 Ah)
capacity.
For such type of solar
chargers, generally
 intelligent charge
controllers are used. A
series of solar cell array
plates are installed
separately on roof top
and can be connected to
battery bank. Such
arrangement can also be
used in addition to mains
supply chargers for
energy saving during day
times.

Most portable chargers

can obtain energy from
the sun only. Portable
knob's are also sold.
Some, including the
Kinesis K3, can work
either way. Examples of
solar chargers in popular
use include:

Small portable
models designed
to charge a range
of different
mobile phones,
cell phones,
iPods or other
portable audio
equipment.

Fold out models

designed to sit on the
 dashboard of an
automobile and plug into
the cigar lighter, to keep
the battery topped up
whilst not in use.

Torches, often
combined with a
secondary means of
charging, such as a
kinetic charging system.

Public solar chargers

permanently installed
in public places, such
as parks, squares and
streets, which
passersby can use for
free.
SOLAR MOBILE
CHARGER UNIT
Portable Solar
Mobile Charger for
mobile phone can
be charged with
Sun light and
electrical power. It
stores power from
the sun and charge
mobile
phone,iPod,etc.
Solar cell phone
chargers use solar
panels to charge cell
phone batteries.
They are an
alternative to
conventional
electrical cell phone
chargers and in
some cases can be
plugged into an
electrical outlet.
There are
also public
solar
chargers for
mobile
phones
which can
be installed
permanently
in public
places such
as streets,
park and
squares.
The model which is
according to
European
Commission
proclaimed as the
first in the world is
the Strawberry Tree,
public solar charger
invented by
Strawberry energy
Company. This solar
station won the first
place at "EU
Sustainable energy
week (EUSEW)
2011" in the
Consuming category.
Some models
of cell phones
have a built in
solar charger
and are
commercially
available for
GSM
cellphone
models.
Solar cell
phone chargers
come in
different
shapes and
configurations
including
folding and
rotating types.
SPECIFICATIONS OF
CHARGER

U
s
e
s

h
i
g
h
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

m
o
n
o
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
n
e

s
i
l
i
c
o
n

S
o
l
a
r

p
a
n
e
l
:

5
.
5
V
/
1
0
 0
0
m
A
Output voltage: 5.5V
Output current: 300-
550mA

DESIGN OF
CHARGER
A multicrystallinesolar
cell is taken and its cut
into 12 parts.

By taking tabbing
wire and applying
flux, paste is done .

This is done from top

of one cell to bottom
of the other cell. They
are connected in
series. The above
process is continued
for remaining cells.

A wire comes from

positive side of cell
and another wire
comes from the
negative side.

The whole
arrangement is then
placed on top of an
acrylic sheet,teflon.

On top these panels

EVA is placed and are
attached with feviquick
 These wires are
connected to the terminals
of a regulator.
Using multimeter we
verify the voltage is
brought down to 5 V.
Regular terminals are
further connected to
multipincable.
The pin is then
connected to mobile to
charge it
FINAL WORK
SPECIFICATIONS OF BATTERY
For Samsung

Make: Samsung

Model: GT-B5310

Voltage : Max-5V

Min-3.7V

Capacity: 930ma/hr

For Nokia

Type : RH-105

Make : Nokia

Model : 1208

Voltage : Max-5V

Min-3.7V

Capacity: 1020ma/hr
ADVANTAGES

Solar energy is a
renewable energy
sources.
We get solar
energy directly from
resources i.e. from
sun. The solar
charger power source
comes from the solar
energy which is an
reliable alternative.
Solar energy comes in
free of charge.
The energy
from the sun
is free. The
source of
energy is
practically

free because
we get
sunlight
directly from
sun.

Solar cells panel on the

solar charger does not
require much
maintenance.
As, the
solar cells
panel is
very
reliable as
it can last
 longer than
other

Source of
energy.

The solar charger

also does emit zero
pollution and is very
environmental
friendly which helps
in reducing global
warming and
greenhouse effect.
. It also helps
reduces cost such
as electric bills as
the solar charger
source of energy is
free.
The solar charger also
operate quietly and this
does not contribute to
noise pollution.
 DISADVANTAGES

Solar charger need light to

work.

The efficiency of the

photo-voltaic panels has
increased greatly over
the last decade or so,
reaching the point where
they do not need direct
sunlight to work but will
now create a satisfactory
current even under
overcast conditions. But
it is still something we
should be aware of
depending where in the
world we are based.
Charging a device by solar
charger is much slower than
the main charger.

This is due to the

current generated by
the solar panels
being a lot less than
what you would find
at home
 CONCLUSION

To make sure we have plenty of energy in the future, it's

up to all of us to use energy wisely.

We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently. It's also

up to those who will create the new energy technologies
of the future.

All energy sources have an impact on the environment.

Concerns about the greenhouse effect and global warming,
air pollution, and energy security have led to increasing
interest and more development in renewable energy
sources such as solar, wind,
geothermal, wave power and hydrogen

In solar mobile charger ripples will not be there as we use

DC power directly to charge the mobile.
Battery life is more as high voltages are not developed.

Versatility of Solar mobile charger is high.

Life of the battery will be high as we use solar mobile

charger.

Adaptability is high.
REFERENCES

www.google.com
www.wikipedia.c
om
www.studymafia
.org