SLAB DESIGN PROCEDURE

lb
2
la
1. Decide the type of slab according to aspect ratio of long and short side lengths.

One way slab design.

lb
2
la

Two way slab design.

Where
lb, long direction (m);
la, short direction (m).

2. Compute the minimum thickness hmin based on ACI Code.

For one way slab thickness:

Simply supported ln/20

One end continuous ln/24
Both end continuous ln/28
Cantilever ln/10
Table1. One way slab design thickness (ACI 318-14 table 7.3.1.1).

For two way slab thickness:

P
hmin
180

(Coefficient Method)

Where
ln, clear span in short direction (m);
P, panel perimeter (m).

3. Compute the slab self-weight and total design load.

slab self-weight (dead load)

dead load
live load

4. Compute the factor load.

Wu = 1.2DL+1.6LL
 Wu l 2
Mu
8
5. Compute the design moment Mu.

For one way slab

Positive Moment

End Spans :
When discontinues end unrestrained Mu = wuln2 / 11
When discontinues end is integral with support Mu = wuln2 / 14

Where

ln is clear span length in short direction (m).

Interior Spans :
Mu = wuln2 / 16

Negative Moment

Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support:

Two spans, Mu = wuln2 / 9
More than two spans, Mu = wuln2 / 10
Negative moment at other face of interior support :
Mu = wuln2 / 11
Negative moment at interior face of exterior support :
Support is edge beam, Mu = wuln2 / 24
Support is edge column, Mu = wuln2 / 16

For two way slab

l
m na
lnb

Coefficient Ca,neg , Cb,neg , Ca,pos,dl , Cb,pos,dl, Ca,pos,ll, Cb,pos,ll

Where
lna, length of clear span in short direction (m);
lnb, length of clear span in long direction (m);
Ca , Cb , tabulated moment coefficients by table.
 Middle strip moment
Negative Design Moment for continuous Edge

Ma,neg = Ca,negWula2
Mb,neg = Cb,negWulb2

Positive Design Moment

Ma,pos = Ca,pos,dlWu,dlla2 + Ca,pos,llWu,llla2

Mb,pos = Cb,pos,dlWu,dllb2 + Cb,pos,llWu,lllb2
Negative Design Moment for Discontinuous Edge

Ma,neg = 1/3*Ma,pos
Mb,neg = 1/3*Mb,pos

6. Assume the effective slab depth or Check the Design Thickness.

d = h cover (20mm) bar/2
 Mu
d
fy
f y b(1 0.59 )
f c'

Where = max = 0.75b

f c' 600
b 0.851
f y 600 f y

If (d + clear cover) h ; design is ok.

0.85 f c' 2 Rn
s (1 1 )
fy 0.85 f c'
7. Find or compute the required steel ratio.

Mu
Rn , 0 .9
bd 2
Where

8. Compute the required steel area and temperature reinforcement.

As = s b d

Where

b, slab section 1m;

d, effective slab depth (m).

Spacing of reinforcement
s = b/n

Where

n, number of reinforcements n = As/A .

smax = min(3h, 450mm)
s > 1.5h
Shrinkage Reinforcement

As = shrinkage b h

smax = min(5h, 450mm)

9. Check shears capacity.

Vc 0.16 f c' bd , 0.75

Design strength for shear

The shear to be transmitted by the slab to these beams is = beam loads

Wu ln
Vu
2
Shear at critical section at a distance d from beam face = Vu

1.15Wu ln
Vu
2
Shear at face of all other supports

Shear at end members at first interior support is

Wu ln
Vu ( Wu d )
2
At d distance Vu,

1.15Wu ln Wu d
Vu ( )
2 12
Critical shear at a distance d from support,

If

Vc > Vu , slab design for shear is OK, otherwise slab thickness should be revised.

Or calculate the maximum spacing for a given bar size (or Av) from:

sv = 0.95fy Av/bv (v-vc)

Vc
Vu
2

Stirrup is not required if

Vc
Vu Vc
2

Stirrup is minimum if
Vu Vc

Stirrup is required if
Vs 4Vc
 Concrete is enough if

d
Vs Av f yt
s
# Both ends continuous or equally restrained or, One
1. Live load deflection or both ends discontinuous, but monolithic with
l = 3Mblb2/32EcIe beam.
# Mb = live load +ve moment
2. Live load deflection # Slab supported by masonry walls
l = 5Mblb2/48EcIe # Mb = live load +ve moment

3. Dead load deflection # Both ends continuous and fully fixed

d = Mblb2/16EcIe # Mb = maximum dead load +ve moment

4. Dead load deflection # Both ends free if restraint (supported on masonry

wall)
d = 5Mblb2/48EcIe
# Mb = maximum dead load +ve moment
lb = Clear span in long direction
Mb = Un-factored moment = Mb,pos,dl /1.4 or Mb,pos,ll/1.7 in long direction
Deflection can be calculated in short direction also in the same way
Ie = Effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection 10. Check the
deflection.

For non-pre-stresses two-way construction, minimum thickness as required by

When there is need to use member depths shallower than are permitted by
Immediate Deflection

Immediate deflection is also termed as Short-Term deflection and calculated using the
formula given in Table.

Table. Immediate deflection.

 M M cr
3

I e ( cr ) 3 I g 1 I cr
Ma M a
Determination of Ie

fr I g
M cr
yt

Where (ACI Code 9.5.2.3)

f r 7.5 f c'
yt = distance from centroid axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to
extreme fiber in tension, m.
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete, , N/mm2.
Ie for Continuous Span
Ie = 0.5Iem + 0.25(Ie1 + Ie2)
Where

Iem = effective moment of inertia for the mid-span section,

Ie1, Ie2 = negative moment sections at the respective beam ends.

Long Term Deflection

Initial deflection increase significantly if dead loads sustain over a long period of time, due to
the effects of shrinkage and creep According to ACI Code 9.5.2.5

long = d,short *

1 50 '
Where,

= value at mid-span for simple and continuous span,

= at support for cantilever,
= time-dependent factor.

5 years or more 2.0

12 months 1.4
6 months 1.2
3 months 1.0
 Table7. Value of

Total Deflection

Total = long + short

Deflection should be calculated along both direction and maximum values will be considered
(ACI code 9.5.2.6).

Deflection
Type of member Deflection to be considered
limitation
Flat roofs not supporting or attached to
nonstructural Immediate deflection due to
l/180
elements likely to be damaged by large LL
deflection.
Floors not supporting or attached to
nonstructural Immediate deflection due to
l/360
elements likely to be damaged by large LL
deflection.
Roof or floor construction supporting
That part of the total
or attached to
deflection which occurs after
nonstructural elements likely to be l/480
attachment of the
damaged by large
nonstructural elements, the
deflection.
sum of the long-time
Roof or floor construction supporting
deflection due to all
or attached to
sustained loads, and the
nonstructural elements not likely to be l/240
immediate deflection due to
damaged by
LL.
large deflection.
Example 1:
 BEAM DESIGN PROCEDURE
1. Assume the depth of beam using the ACI Code reference, minimum thickness unless
consideration the deflection.

Simply One End Both End

Cantilever
Supported Continuous Continuous
L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8

2. Assume beam width (ratio of width and depth is about1:2).

b = h/2
3. Compute self-weight of beam and design load.
Slab self-weight (dead load)
Dead load
Live load
4. Compute factored load.
Wu = 1.2DL+1.6LL
Wu l 2
Mu
8
5. Compute design moment (Mu).

6. Compute maximum possible nominal moment for singly reinforced beam

(Mn).
f c' 600
max 0.85 ( )( )
f y 600 f y
Calculate max

Calculate As,max
As , max max bd

a
M n As f y (d )
2
Maximum nominal moment

As f y
a , 0 .9
0.85 f c'b
Where
 7. Decide reinforcement type by comparing the design moment (M u) and the
maximum possible moment for singly reinforced beam (Mn).

Mu < Mn singly reinforcement beam.

If Mn is less then Mu, the beam is designed as a doubly reinforced beam else the beam can
be designed with tension steel only.
Mu > Mn doubly reinforcement beam.
8. Compute the required steel area

Singly Reinforced Section Design ( Tension Only ):

Mu
Rn
bd 2

Calculate
0.85 f 'c 2 Rn
(1 1 )
fy 0.85 f 'c

Calculate
min max

Calculate
As bd

Calculate

Check Solution
A
min s max
bd

As f y
a , 0 .9
0.85 f c'b

a
M n As f y (d )
2

M n M u OK !

Doubly Reinforced Section Design:

Calculate c (let c/d = 0.375) tension-controlled

 Design the beam as a single reinforced beam:

Calculate a = c
0.85 f 'c ab
As1
fy

Calculate

a
M n1 As1 f y ( d )
2
The nominal strength of a singly reinforced beam:

Calculate
M
M n ' u M n1

Calculate

Check the section if the compression steel has yield

c d'
s 0.003
c

Calculate
fy
y
Es

Calculate

s y f 's s E f y
s

If
The steel has not yield,
s y

f 's f y
The steel has yield,

Compute the compression steel area

Mn'
A's
f 's (d d ' )

Calculate

Compute total steel tension area

f'
As As1 A's ( s )
fy

Calculate
 Compression steel Design:

1. Determine , , (-), max = 0.625b, b = 0.851(fc/fy)(600/600+fy) , min = 1.4/fy

f ' d' 600
limit 0.851 ( c )( )( )
f y d 600 f y

2. Determine

3. If (-) limit , compression steel yield fs = fy , where fs = 600((c-d)/c)

4. If (-) limit , compression steel is not yield fs < fy
5. If compression steel is yield,
( As As' ) f y
a
0.85 f c'b
a. check max (-) min or t 0.005, use = 0.9
a
M n [ A's f y (d d ' ) ( As As' ) f y (d )]
2
b. determine
c. determine
d. As,max = bd(max + ) As
6. If compression steel is not yield,
c d'
f s' 600 * ( )
c
a. calculate c, use T = Cs + Cc, where T = Asfy , Cs = As(f s-0.85fc), Cc
= 0.85fcab
b. determine
( As f y As' f s' )
a or a 1c
0.85 f c'b
c. check max (-f s/fy), As,max = bd(max + fs/fy) As
a
M n [( As f y A's f )( d ) As' f s' ( d d ' )]
s
'

2
d. determine
e. determine

Wu ln
Vu
2
9. Check shear.
 Wu ln
Vu Wu d
2
Shear at the face of support

f 'c bd
Vc
6
Shear at distance d from the face of support

Concrete shear force

Stirrup is required if
Vu Vc

Vu Vc
Vs

d 2
Vs Av f y f 'c bd
s 3
Reinforcement shear strength

Calculate the required area of stirrup Av,

Dv2
Av n
4

Stirrup is not required

Vc
Vu
2

No need to use shear reinforcement.

Stirrup is minimum

Vc
Vu Vc
2

Provide minimum shear reinforcement.

bw s
Av , min 0.062 f c'
fy

Concrete is enough
Vs 4Vc
 Minimum web reinforcements
bw s b s
Av ,min 0.062 f c' 0.345 w
fy fy

Maximum spacing of stirrup

Av f y Av f y
smax min ( , )
0.062 f c' bw 0.345bw

1 d
Vs f c' bw d smax min ( , 600mm)
3 2

Case

1 d
Vs f c' bw d smax min ( , 300mm )
3 4

Case

Vu Vc
Vs

Where

10.
Example 1: