CE 134- Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Chapter 8
Design of Slabs
Prepared by: Richelle G. Zafra, PhD
Chapter 8 Outline
1. Introduction
2. Design of One-Way Slabs
• Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
• Other Design Requirements
• Analysis by the ACI Coefficient Method
3. Design of Two-Way Slabs
• Analysis by the ACI Moment Coefficient Method
• Other Design Requirements
4. Equivalent Slab Load Transferred to Supporting
Beams 2
Types of Slabs
3
One-Way Slab
www.studyblue.com
4
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary
Two-Way Slab
5
www.buildinghow.com
Two-Way Flat Plate
6
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary
Two-Way Flat Slab with
Drop Panels
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary7
Waffle Slab
www.studyblue.com
8
www.flickriver.com
Framing Concepts
6m 6m
6m
Where shall we
put the beams or
girders?
6m
9
Floor Plan
Framing Concepts (Cont.)
6m 6m
• We can first assume
girders running in
6m
one direction
• How does it bend?
6m
Slab is very wide
10
Floor Plan and long!
Framing Concepts (Cont.)
6m 6m
• Need to shorten the
6m
slab span with
additional beams
• Need to support
load from new
beams with
6m
additional
supporting beams
11
Floor Plan
Load Paths
Tributary Area
6m 6m Load transferred
from slab to beam
A 1 B C
Wu
6m
1 2
2
wu
D E F Pu
2
6m
A B
G H I
12
Load Paths (Cont.)
Tributary Area
6m 6m Load transferred
from slab to beam
A B C
Wu
6m
1 2
1 2
wu
D E F Pu
2
6m
A D
G H I
13
Two Load Path Options
Framing Plan 1 Framing Plan 2
14
Framing Concepts-Considerations
For your structure:
• Look for a natural “load” path
• Identify which column lines are best suited
to having major framing members (i.e.
girders)
• CHB walls do not carry structural load
15
Example
Condo Floor Plan Framing Plan 16
Source: Jiravacharadet, 2013
One-Way Slab
If the ratio of width S to
length L,
S
0.50
L
• most of the load is carried
in the short direction to
the supporting beams
• one-way action is
obtained even though
supports are provided on
all sides 17
One-Way Slab (Cont.)
• Thus, bending moments
are the same in all strip
“s” spanning in the short
direction between
Strip s
supported edges
• Whereas, there is no
Strip l bending moment in the
long strips “l” in the long
direction
18
Analysis and Design of
One-Way Slab
For purposes of analysis and design, a unit strip may
be considered as a rectangular beam of unit width
Unit strip
Temperature bars
Main bars
19
Minimum Thickness of One-Way Slabs
Solid Slab Ribbed Slab
20
Table 7.1 Minimum Thickness of
One-Way Slabs (NSCP, 2010)
Simply One End Both ends Cantilever
Slab Type Supported Continuous continuous
1. Solid one-
L 20 L 24 L 28 L 10
way slabs
2. Beams or
ribbed one- L 16 L 18.5 L 21 L8
way slabs
where: L = center-to-center span length in the direction
of bending
Values given shall be used directly for members with
normal weight concrete and Grade 415 reinforcement. 21
Minimum Thickness of
One-Way Slabs
For other conditions, the values shall be modified
as:
a) For structural lightweight concrete having unit
weight in the range 1,500-2,000 kg/m3, the
values shall be multiplied by (1.65-0.005wc) but
not less than 1.09, where wc is the unit weight
in kg/m3.
b) For fy other than 415 MPa, the values shall be
multiplied by 0.4 fy 700
22
Shrinkage and Temperature Bars
• In one-way slabs,
reinforcement is
provided to resist the
bending moments in
the short direction.
• However, contraction
Temperature
takes place equally bars
in all directions. Main bars
23
Shrinkage and Temperature Bars
• It is necessary to provide
reinforcement for
shrinkage and
temperature contraction
in the direction
perpendicular to the
main reinforcement.
• This added steel is known Temperature
bars
as temperature or Main bars
shrinkage reinforcement
or distribution steel. 24
Other Design Requirements
1. Slab thickness, t : 100 mm to 250 mm
2. Clear bar cover: 20 mm
3. Main reinforcing bars: 10mm ø or 12mm ø bars
4. Temperature bars: 10 mm ø
25
Other Design Requirements (Cont.)
5. Main bar spacing:
s smax = smaller of 3t or 450 mm
6. Temperature bar spacing
s smax = smaller of 5t or 450 mm
7. Minimum ratio of main bars = minimum ratio of
shrinkage and temperature bars
8. Minimum ratio of shrinkage and temperature bars
Given in Table 7.2 but should not be less than
0.0014. 26
Table 7.2 Minimum Ratio of Shrinkage and
Temperature Reinforcement (NSCP, 2010)
Slab Type Ratio, r
Slabs where Grade 230 or 275
deformed bars are used 0.0020
Slabs where Grade 415 deformed bars
or welded wire fabric (smooth or 0.0018
deformed) are used
Slabs where reinforcement with yield
strength exceeding 415 MPa 0.0018 415
measured at yield strain of 0.35 fy
percent is used 27
Design of Continuous Beams and
One-Way Slabs
ACI Coefficient Method
• An alternate to frame analysis for computing
bending moments and shears
• Can be used for continuous beams and one-
way slabs
28
ACI Coefficient Method
Conditions:
1) There are two or more spans;
2) Spans are approximately equal, with the larger
of two adjacent spans not greater than the
shorter by more than 20 percent;
3) Loads are uniformly distributed;
4) Unit live load does not exceed three times unit
dead load; and
5) Members are prismatic.
29
ACI Coefficients
POSITIVE MOMENT
End Spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained wu Ln 2 11
Discontinuous end integral with support wu Ln 2 14
Interior Spans wu Ln 2 16
where: wu = total factored load per unit length of beam/per
unit area of slab
Ln = clear span for positive moment and shear, ave.
of two adjacent clear spans for negative moment 30
ACI Coefficients (Cont.)
NEGATIVE MOMENT
At exterior face of first interior support
2
Two spans wu Ln 9
2
More than two spans wu Ln 10
2
At other faces of interior supports wu Ln 11
At face of all supports for slabs with
spans not exceeding 3 meters, and 2
beams where ratio of sum of column wu Ln 12
stiffness to beam stiffness exceeds eight
at each end of span 31
ACI Coefficients (Cont.)
NEGATIVE MOMENT (Cont.)
At interior face of exterior support for
members built integrally with supports:
where support is a spandrel beam wu Ln 2 24
where support is a column wu Ln 2 16
32
ACI Coefficients (Cont.)
SHEAR
At face of first interior support 1.5 wuLn 2
At face of all other supports wu Ln 2
33
ACI Coefficients (Cont.)
34
https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/arch264/calculators/conc-system/index.html
One-Way Slab Design Procedure
1. Identify the uniform floor pressure (Pa) to be
carried by the slab. This load may consist of
a) Dead load, DL (Pa) including attachments
below the slab (i.e ceiling, utilities)
b) Live load, LL (Pa)
2. Determine the minimum slab thickness, t
based on Table 7.1 (NSCP, 2010).
3. Compute the weight of slab.
wslab concrete x t 35
One-Way Slab Design Procedure
4. Compute the effective depth, d
d t concrete cov er db 2
5. Compute Mu
6. Set the required strength Mu equal to the design
strength Mn. Then calculate the required R.
Consider 1-m strip width (b = 1000 mm).
where: R = flexural resistance factor
36
One-Way Slab Design Procedure
7. For the specified material strengths, find the
steel ratio r that will provide that R.
0.85fc' 2R
r 1 1 '
fy 0.85fc
8. Solve for rmin and rmax
• If rmin < r < rmax, use r
• If r > rmax, increase slab thickness to ensure
ductile failure
• If r < rmin, use r = rmin 37
One-Way Slab Design Procedure
9. Calculate the required steel area As
As rbd where: b 1000 mm
10.Select the size and number of bars
11.Compute the required main bar spacing
Abar
smain 3t , 450 mm
As
1000
12.Compute the required temperature bar spacing
Abar
stemp 5t , 450 mm
As temp 38
1000
Example 1
A reinforced concrete building floor system is to be
designed for the following service loads:
Dead Load:
Self-weight - 23.544 KN/m3
Topping and finishes - 1.10 KPa
Utilities - 0.50 KPa
Partition loads - 1.00 KPa
Live Load - 2.40 KPa
39
Example (Cont.)
The floor system
7.00m 4.25m 4.375m
consists of a
continuous slab
built monolithically
with its supporting
beams, as shown in
plan in the figure.
A A
40
Section A-A
Example (Cont.)
Design the shaded slab. Round-up slab thickness
to the nearest 25 mm.
Use material strengths f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 275 MPa
(12 mm diameter for main bars, 10 mm diameter
for temperature bars if needed). Assume all
beams to have dimensions of b = 250 mm (width)
and d = 500 mm (effective depth).
Draw a sketch showing all concrete dimensions,
and size, spacing of reinforcements. Express
reinforcement spacing in multiples of 25 mm.
41
Two-Way Slab
If the ratio of width S to
length L,
S
0.50
L
The slab is classified as
two-way slab.
42
Two-Way Slab (Cont.)
• When loaded, the
slab bends into a
dished surface rather
than a cylindrical one.
• The slab is curved in
both directions; hence
moment exists in both
directions.
• The slab must be reinforced in both directions, by at
least two layers of bars perpendicular, respectively,
to two pairs of edges. 43
Thickness of Two-Way Slabs
Minimum slab thickness
S Perimeter 2S L
tmin
180 180
where:
L
S, L = center-to-center
span length
44
Design of Continuous
Two-Way Slabs
ACI Coefficient Method
• Determination of moment in two-way slabs with
various conditions of continuity at the supported
edges is mathematically formidable and not
suited to design practice.
• For a variety of edge conditions, the method
makes use of tables of moment coefficients.
45
ACI Moment Coefficient Method
Design Regions
Column Middle Column
strip strip strip
Column
strip
- MS Sn 4
Middle - ML + MS - ML Sn 2
strip + ML
Column
strip
- MS Sn 4
Ln 4 Ln 2 Ln 4
Middle strip moment: MMS C wu l n 2
2
Column strip moment: MCS MMS 46
3
ACI Moment Coefficient Method
Design Moments
The moments in the middle strip in the two
directions are computed from
Ma Cawl a2 Short Direction
Mb Cbwl b2 Long Direction
where:
Ca, Cb = tabulated moment coefficients
wu = uniform load
la , lb = length of clear span in short and long
47
directions, respectively
Table 7.3
Coefficients
for negative
moment in
slabsa
48
Table 7.4
Coefficients
for dead load
positive
moments in
slabsa
49
Table 7.5
Coefficients
for live load
positive
moments in
slabsa
50
Various Edges of Continuity
1
4 9 9 9 9 4
2
3
8 2 2 2 2 8
4
5 4 9 9 9 9 4
6
Building Floor Plan
7 8 9 51
Other Design Requirements
1. Slab thickness, t : 100 mm to 250 mm
2. Clear bar cover: 20 mm
3. Main reinforcing bars: 10mm ø or 12mm ø bars
4. No temperature bars
5. Main bar spacing:
s smax = 2t
6. Minimum ratio of main bars = minimum ratio of
shrinkage and temperature bars (see Table 7.2) 52
Example 2
Design Slab B of the floor system of Example 1.
7.00m 4.25m 4.375m
A A
Slab
B
Slab
A
53
Section A-A
