MODULE V
DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE PERMEABILITY OF CORE
SAMPLE BY USING LIQUID PHASE FLUID
EXPERIMENT REPORT
Name : Alief Zaky Taftazanni
NIM : 12215092
Group : Jumat 2.1
Experiment Date : 24 March 2017
Given Date : 31 March 2017
Lecturer : Dr. Pudji Permadi
Asisten Modul : 1. Praseptyo Khairina 12213080
2. Rindang Riyanti 12213052
LABORATORIUM PETROFISIKA PROGRAM
STUDI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN INSTITUT
TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2017
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CHAPTER I
EXPERIMENT PURPOSES
Purposes of this experiment are :
1. To understand principles and working procedures of PERL-200 instrument in order to
determine permeability by liquid phase fluid
2. To understand permeability concept and its application in oil industry
3. Determining the absolute permeability of a core sample using liquid phase fluid with
PERL-200 instruments
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CHAPTER II
THEORY
Permeability is a measure of the ability of a rock to transmit a single fluid phase
through its pore structure which also known as absolut permeability. In multiphase flow in
porous media, the relative permeability of a phase is a dimensionless measure of the effective
permeability of that phase. It is the ratio of the effective permeability of that phase to the
absolute permeability.
Kinds of permeability:
a) Absolute Permeability
The measurement of the permeability, or ability to flow / transmit
fluids through a rock, conducted when a single fluid, or phase, is present in the
rock.
b) Effective permeability
The ability to preferentially flow or transmit a particular fluid when other
immiscible fluids are present in the reservoir (e.g., effective permeability of gas in
a gas-water reservoir). The relative saturations of the fluids as well as the nature
of the reservoir affect the effective permeability.
c) Relative permeability
The relative permeability of a phase is a dimensionless measure of the
effective permeability of that phase. It is the ratio of the effective permeability of
that phase to the absolute permeability. It can be viewed as an adaptation of
Darcy's law to multiphase flow.
Working Principles of this modules is to determine absolut permeability of core
sample by measure time needed to liquid fluid flow from the upper limit to lower limit of
tube because there is pressure difference between by using PERL-200, based on Darcys
Law:
kA (P2P1 )
Q=
L
In this experiment, upstream preassure by N2 gas and also time required from upper
limit to lower limit acrylic tube. Liquid fluids volume is already known. Viscosity value and
length different is also already known so that we can calculate absolute permeability by
Darcys Law.
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The principal of this experiment is to determine the absolute permeability of a core
sample by measuring the time needed for the fluid to flow from the upper limit of the acrylic
tube to the lower limit of the acrylic tube.
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CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT DATA
Dimension of 1st core sample
Measurment Dimension Flow Time
Diameter (cm ) Length (cm) P (psig) Time (s)
1 2.53 3.6 10.52 6.59
2 2.525 3.62 12.22 6.06
3 2.545 3.61 7.81 8.19
Dimension of 2nd core sample
Measurment Dimension Flow Time
Diameter (cm ) Length (cm) P (psig) Time (s)
1 2.53 3.72 22.89 48.19
2 2.525 3.7 14.98 121.49
3 2.525 3.74 19.72 68.65
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CHAPTER IV
DATA PROCESSING
Asumption for calculating :
= 1 cp Poutlet = 14,7 psia (atmospheric
pressure)
Aquades volume = 10 mL
1st Core Sample
Determination of the 1st core samples average diameter
d 1 +d 2 +d 3
d avg=
3
d avg=2.533 cm
Determination of the 1st core samples average length
l 1+ l2 +l 3
l avg=
3
l avg=3.61 cm
Determination of the surface area 1st core sample
1
A= d 2avg
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2
A=5,03918 cm
Determination of the permeability
14500 x V tube x x L
k 1,i =
t i x Pi x A
k 1.1 =1498.35313mD
k 1.2 =1402.72166 mD
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k 1.3 =1623.97895 mD
So we get :
k 1.1+ k 1.2 +k 1.3
k core sample=
3
k core sample=1508.3125 mD
2nd Core Sample
Determination of the 2nd core samples average diameter
d avg=2.525 cm
Determination of the 2nd core samples average length
3.72 cm
Determination of the surface area 2nd core sample
A=5,0074 cm 2
Determination of the permeability
14500 x V tube x x L
k 1,i =
t i x Pi x A
k 1.1 =97.655 mD
k 1.2 =59.189 mD
k 1.3 =79.57 mD
So we get :
k 1.1+ k 1.2 +k 1.3
k core sample=
3
7
k core sample=78.805 mD
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CHAPTER V
DATA ANALYSIS
1. Assumption
a. Experiment Assumption
1. There is no gas enters inside the core sample during experiment
2. There is no any kind of error (tools error or human error)
3. There is no leaking in pipe nor equipment
4. In calculating, we use = 1 cp & Poutlet = 14,7 psia (atmospheric pressure).
5. Pressure in acrylic tube is constant during experiment
6. Pressure used in calculation is pressure which shown first at instrument,
assumption: no pressure difference.
7. There is no Overburden pressure loss.
8. Core sample completely cylinder
9. There is no linkage on the rubber tube
10. Laminar flow on the PERL-200 to FCH
b. Darcy Assumption
Incompressible fluid
Laminar flow on the core.
Single phase fluid
Isothermal due to viscosity of fluids is affected by temperature
The flow is continuous and steady state
The total cross sectional area of soil mass is considered.
Fluids doesnt react to rocks
2. Result Analysis
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Kabs vs Pressure
1800
1600
1400
1200
Kabs vs Pressure
1000
800
600
400
200
0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
W
e can plot graph Kabs Vs Pressure based on data:
From the graph above, the correlation between permeability value and pressure are
separated by two, first core and second core. We measure 2 core sample so that
we have different value of the result, and we measure three times each in order
to get precision result. The ratio on first and second core are nearly constant
since there is no significant change on the K absolute. Though the data is not
perfect but that condition figure out that the theory which state incompressible
fluid does not affect with pressure difference are correct.
In this experiment, first we measure the dimensiof of a core sample 3 times to get a
more accurate result.
This experiment is simpler way than using gas phase fluid. Because we dont need to
correct the measurement by Klinkenberg Effect as the gas is compressible fluid.
This difference value may result because of the core has not been 100%
saturated so Darcys law is not applicable in this experiment. It may result
because of there is some amout of gas left inside the core sample which affect
its permeability. Other reason is that may be there is an error when measuring
the flow time.
And the main difference may occur cause of the missing time precision by us, the
second factor m uneven treatment when opening valve in every experiment,
where the flow rate value depends on how open the valve is opened, third is our
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choice to read the pressure value on PERL-200 is not accurate. The value of the
pressure is very unstable (fluctuate). Beside that, the value of first core sample
absolute permeability is 1508.3125 mD, it seems irrelevant. With this fact, I
assume the core sample is not in good condition (the structure of the pore has
changed little) or simplify is thats not a real reservoir core.
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CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION
1. On this module we use PERL-200 to determine the permeability using Darcys Law
principle, its about the rate flow, viscosity, length, area, the different pressure of
upstream and downstream.
2. Permeability is an ability of a core/rock to transmit a single phase of fluid through its
pore structure that also known as Absolute Permeability, or in multiple phases called
Effective Permeability, also their ratio is named as Relative Permeability. The
importance permeability on oil industry, we can determine flow rate and optimize the
production of oil and gas. It also helps we determine the quality of oil and how well the
oil and gas is lifted from the reservoir. One of the application of this concept is Water
Coning.
3. The value of absolute permeability of 2719.6138 mD by using PERL-200.
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CHAPTER VII
TESTIMONY
A. For Module
Very hard to understand, too much valve but interesting to study here. I am
very proud to be get to study this modul with my friend. This video take long to
understand, take much time to understand too
B. For Assistants
Thanks to Bang Praseptyo and Kak Rindang very friendly person, we laugh
much that day, I am very proud to be study with him and her
REFERENCES
Amyx, James W., Bass,Jr., Daniel M., and Whiting, Robert L.. 1960. Petroleum
Reservoir Engineering : Phisyical Properties. New York: McGraw-Hill. Buku
Petunjuk Praktikum Laboratorium Petrofisika Teknik Perminyakan ITB.2015.
Tiab, Djebbar. 2004. Petrophysics 2nd ed. Oxford : Elsevier, Inc.
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