1.
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
The selected foundation is an isolated footing, Since we have a light structure isolated footing is
economical.
DESIGN OF FOOTING
The highest axial load that transfers from the superstructure to the foundation is 3545.45KN.
-Axial load, p = 3545.42KN
-Moment in the x-dir., Mx=175KNm
-Moment in the Y-dir., My=116.27KNm
-Column dimension: 500mm x 500mm
-Concrete; C-25
-Steel; S-460
-The soil profile we have is shown below. The footing is located at the depth of 6.5m below the
ground , which is at the second layer.
3m Expansive soil
8m Clay mixed with grave
Weathered rock
-The soil that we have at the second layer is clay mixed with gravel.
-Assuming that anlgle of internal friction, = 200 , and
Cohesion, C = 20Kpa.
1.1. BEARING CAPACITY DETERMINATION
-From Meyerhof`s bearing capacity equation we have :
qult = CNCSCdC + q Nq Sqdq + 0.5BNSd
from table we have;
Nc = 14.83
Nq = 6.4
N = 2.9
Assuming square footing;
B=L=2.5m..first trial
And , = 18KN/m3
B
Shape factors; Sc=1+0.2Kp L .. Kp= tan2(45+ /2)
=tan2(45+10/2)
=2.04
Sc=1+0.2*2.04*1=1.41
B
Sq = S =1+0.1Kp L =1+0.1*2.04=1.20
Depth factors;
D
dc = 1+0.2 Kp
B
= 0.1+0.2* 2.04 *6.5/2.5 =1.75
D
dq = d = 1+0.1 Kp
B
=0.1+0.1 2.04 *6.5/2.5=1.38
Then from Meyerhof`s capacity of bearing capacity;
qult = CNCSCdC + q Nq Sqdq + 0.5BNSd
= (20*14.83*1.41*1.76)+(6.5*18*6.4*1.2*1.38)+(0.5*18*2.5*2.9*1.2*1.38)
= 736.04 + 1240.01 + 108.05
=2084.1Kpa
qall = qult / F.S ..taking a factor of safety of 3
2084.1
= 3
=694.7Kpa
The bearing capacity of the soil is 694.7Kpa
1.2.checking pressure
From the flexural formula and the assumed dimension we can calculate the actual contact
pressures.
P
i = A (1 6ey/b 6ex /a )
175.91KNm
ey = Mx /P = 3545.42 KN *1000 = 49.62mm
116 .27 KNm
ex = My/P = 3545.42 KN *1000 = 32.79mm
3545.42
1 = 2.5 * 2.5 *(1 + 6*49.62/2500 6*32.79/2500 ) = 590.07Kpa < all =694.7Kpa
3545.42
2 = 2.5 * 2.5 *(1 + 6*49.62/2500 + 6*32.79/2500 ) = 679.37Kpa < all =694.7Kpa
3545.42
3 = 2.5 * 2.5 *(1 - 6*49.62/2500 6*32.79/2500 ) = 590.17Kpa < all =694.7Kpa
3545.42
4 = 2.5 * 2.5 *(1 - 6*49.62/2500 6*32.79/2500 ) = 544.37Kpa < all =694.7Kpa
1.3. DEPTH DETERMINATION
- PUNCHING SHEAR
The critical shear acts at d/2 distance from the face of column on four direction .
Acting shear = Resisting shear
P (0.5 + d ) ava. = 4*(0.5 + d ) *d*V
V = 0.5*fctd ( 1+50)
0.35 fck 0.35 25
fctd = = = 1.17
1.5
0.6
min = fyk =0.0013
V = 0.5*1.17 * (1+50*0.0013) *1000 = 623.15KN
ava = (1 + 2) / 2 =0.5* (590.17 + 649.37 ) = 611.91Kpa
3545.42 (0.5 + d ) * 611.91 = 4* (0.5+ d ) * d *623.15
solving this equation we will get ;
d = 681.5mm
take d = 700mm
D = d + cover using 50mm cover
D = 750mm
0.5*( 2 + w)
-WIDE BEAM SHEAR
Vw = x*L* ava.
ava. = 0.5*( 2 + w)
w - the actual stress at d distance from the face of column
w = 600.54Kpa
ava.= 0.5*(679.46+600.54)= 640.0Kpa
x = L/2 C/2 d = 2.5/2 0.5/2 0.70 = 0.3m
L = 2.5m
Vw = 0.3*2.5*640.0 = 480.0KN
VRD = 0.25*fctd*K1*K2*b*d
fctd = 1.17Mpa
K1 = 1+50 1+ 50*0.00103 = 1.1
K2 = 1.6 d = 1.6 0.7 =0.9 < 1
K2 = 1
VRD = 0.25*1.17*1.1*1*2.5*0.70 * 1000
=563.05KN > V w Okey
REINFORCEMENT
1-3 = (1 + 3)*0.5 = 0.5*( 590.170+455.07) = 522.62Kpa
2-4 =( +
2 4 )* 0.5 = 0.5 * (679.46 +544.37 ) = 611.91Kpa
-First reinforce for the y-direction ( 1-3 direction )
The critical moment for reinforcement is at the face of the column
Mmax = 1-3.*B*l2 *0.5
l= L/2 C/2 = 2.5/2 +0.5/ 2 = 1.00m
Mmax = 600*1*1.02*0.5 =300KNm
2 Msd fcd 2 * 261.31 * 10 6 11.33
= 1 1
bd 2 fcd
* fyd = 1 1
1000 * 290 2 * 11.33
* 400
= 0.00162 > min
As = bd = 0.00162*1000*690 = 1105.21mm2
With 20, S =284.1 mm
Provide 20 c/c 280mm
For X-direction
Mmax = 2-4.*B*l2 *0.5
Mmax = 616.8*1*1.02*0.5 =308.4KNm
2 Msd fcd 2 * 308.4 * 10 6 11.33
= 1 1
bd 2 fcd
* fyd = 1 1
1000 * 273 2 * 11.33
* 400
= 0.001757 > min
As = bd = 0.001757*1000*673 == 1197.12mm2
With 20, S =262.23 mm
Provide 20 c/c 260mm
DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTING.
Design data
P1=1586.2KN P2=3502KN
MX=124.16KNm MX=125.88KNm
MY=128.72 MY=133.9KNm
C-30 Concrete and S-400 steel
Design steps
1 Area proportioning.
R=P1+P2=1586.2+3502=5088.2KN
R*X=P2*3.5+MY1+MY2
5088* X =3502*3.5+128.72+133.9
X 2.46m
a=2*(Columnsize/2+x)
=2*(0.25+2.46)
=5.42m
usea 5.5m
and b can be determined from the relation
=R/(a*b)
694.74=5088/(5.5*b)
b=1.33m
use b=1.4m
the dimensions are a=5.5m and b=1.4m
act=5088/(5.5*1.4)
=660.8Kpa 694.74Kpa ok
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
DETERMINATION OF DEPTH OF FOOTING
Here two conditions will be checked
Punching failure condition
Here we need to determine the punching force at the required critical sections.
The critical section lies at 1.5d from face of column.
Punching force at column 1
Pp1=1586.2-(0.5+1.5d)*(0.5+3d)*660.8
Pp2=3502-(0.5+3d)2*660.8
Shear stress at the critical sections is given by shear force divided by shear area
at tha section.
As1=2*(0.5+1.5d+0.5+3d)*d=2*(1+4.5d)*d
As2=2*(0.5+3d+0.5+3d)*d=2*(1+6d)*d
Vp1= Pp1/ As1 and Vp2= Pp2/ As2
Vp1=(1586.2-(0.5+1.5d)*(0.5+3d)*660.8)/ ( 2*(1+4.5d)*d).1
Vp2=(3502-(0.5+3d)2*660.8)/( 2*(1+6d)*d).2
From EBCS-2 the punching force resistance given by
VRD=.25*Fctd k1k2ud
VRD/ ud=0.25fctdk1k2
K1=1+50=1+50*0.6/400=1.07
K2=1.6-d 1.0 take k2=1.0
VRD/ ud=0.25*1.165*10^3*1.07*1
=311.643
equating 1 and 3
(1586.2-(0.5+1.5d)*(0.5+3d)*660.8)/ ( 2*(1+4.5d)*d)= 311.64
by trial and error
d=0.35m
similarly combining 2 and 3
(3502-(0.5+3d)2*660.8)/( 2*(1+6d)*d)=0.51m
Wide beam shear criteria
Critical section lies at a distance d from face of support.
From EBCS-2 The resistance is given by:
Vwd=0.25*fctdk1k2bd
=0.25*1.165*10^3*1.07*1.4*d
=436.29d4
the design values are obtained from shear force diagram by moving a distance d
from face of support.
At column 1
Vw1=1112.92-928.03d .5 and
Vw2=1387.71-436.29d 6
Combining 4 and 5
436.29d=1112.92-928.03d
d=0.82m similarly combining 4 and 6
436.29d=1387.71-436.29d
d=1.02m
from all conditions wide beam criteria governs.
use d=1.02m
D=1002+50+12
D=1065mm
REINFORCEMENT
LONG DIRECTION
TOP REINFORCEMT
M= 831.46kNm
fcd
1 2* M
fyd
1 2
bfcdd
Substituting M=831.46KNm
b=1000mm,fcd=13.6N/mm2 fyd=347.83N/mm2
=0.0025
but max=560/(700+fyd)*fcd/fyd
max=0.0202
min=0.0015
Therefore take =0.0025
As= bd=2463.07mm2
Provide 24 C/C 180mm
Bottom Reinforcement
M = 1223.098KNm
=0.0037< max
As=3707.4mm2
Provide 24 C/C 120mm
Shorter direction
Assuming that the strip at A-K is the whole column load
Q1 =P1/b=1586.2/1.4=1133KN/m
Q2=P2/b=3502/1.4=2501.43KN/m
Bending moment at face of the columns
Column-1
M=q*X12/2 =1133*0.452/2=147.35KNm
M1=147.35+124.16=271.5KNm
Column-2
M=2501.43*0.452/2 = 325.31KNm
M2=325.31+125.88=451.19KNm
Reinforcement
With M1=271.5 =0.0008< min=0.0015
As, min=1503mm2
Provide 20 C/C 200mm
With M2=451.19KNm
=0.0011< min=0.0015
Provide 20 C/C 200mm
