‘The toad combinations in accordance with BS $110, Part 1 Table(2.1) . Clause of 24.3.1, and UBC 1997, Sections (1612.2 .1612.3 .1612.4) which shall be as follows: For Ultimate Limit State Ul=14 D+16L U2e14 D+14WxX Ui=14 DHA WY 14 D-14WX 14 D-14Wy 10 D+14Wx Lo D+14wy =10 D-14Wx U9=10 D-14WY U10=1.2D+1.2L+1.2 WX uite12D+12LH2Wy Ui2=12D+12 L412 Wx U13=12D+12L-12 WY Ul4=* 1.1 (1.2 D+ fl L+1.0 EX) UlS=* 1.1 (12 D+ f1L + OEY) Ul6=* 1.1 (1.2 D+ fl L - 1.0 EX) Ulm #14 (12 D+ A L- LOEY) U18=*1.1 09D + 1.0 EX) ul9= 1 (09D +1.0EY) U20= *1.1 (09D-1.0EX) U21= 41.1 (09D-1.0EY) U2= (L2DH6LH27) u23 ADH4T U24 = Envelope of (UI TO U23) *For the seismic design of “elements Supporting Discontinuous Systems”, (Le. columns and floors and foundations of the sub-structure in the areas supporting planted columns) UBC 97-Section 16.12.4 will be applied U2S=*1.1 (1.2D+ fl LLL+2.8* EX) U26=*1.1(1.2D+ fl L.L+2.8*EY) U27=*1.1 (1.2D+ fl LLL-2.8 *EX) U28="1.1 (1.2D+ fl LL-2.8* EY) U29= *1.1 (0.9D +28" EX) U30="1.1 (0.9D 42.8%EY)U31= "1.1 09D -2.8*EX) us. 1.1 (0.9D -2.8* EY) U33= Envelope of (U25 TO U32) For Serviceability Limit State SI=10D+10L $2=1.0 DH.0 WX S3=1.0D+1.0 WY S4=1.0D-10 WX S5=1.0D-10 WY $6 = 1.0 D+0.75(1.0 L+1.0 WX) $7=1.0D+0.75(1.0 .L-+1.0 WY) $8 = 1.0 D+0.75(1.0 L-1.0 WX) $9=1.0D+0.75(1.0.L-1.0 WY) S10= 1.0D+EX/L4 SI1=LOD+EY/14 S12=1L0D-EX/L4 S13=1.0D-Ey/14 si4 0D+075 (1.0L +EXI14) S15 =1.0D+0.75 (LOL +EY/1.4) S16=1.0D +075 (101 -EX/14) $17=1.0D+0.75 (1.0 L-EY/1.4) S18=10D+0.75(1.0.L-41.07) S19=10DHOT $200 10 D#H.OLH.0T $21 = Envelope of (SI TO $20) LEGEND D = Dead Loads L Live Loads w Wind Loads E Earth Quake Loads T = Temperature Loads fl = 1.0 - floor in public assembly ~ for live load in excess of (490 kg/m2) ~ for garage live load. fl = 05 - forother live loads ‘11: FORCONCRETE AND MASONRY #28: REFER TO TABLE (16-N) VALUE OF WoBS 8110 : Part 1: 1997 Section 2 ‘Table 2.1 Load combinations and values of y; for the ultimate limit state Toad combination [bead te [Dead Imposed Earthand | Wind ‘Adverse [Beneficial [Adverse | Beneficial | Water pressure , 1. Dead and imposed (and earth and [14 10 16 0 rr i water pressure) 2. Dead and wind (and earthand [14 10 [= = 14 14 ‘water pressure) 3, Dead and wind and imposed (and [12 12 2 12 12 12 earth and water pressure) For load combinations 1 and 2 in table 2.1, the ‘adverse’ partial factor is applied to any loads that tend to produce a more critical design condition while the ‘beneficial factor is applied to any loads that tend to produce a less critical design condition at the section considered. For load combinations 2 and 3, see 3.1.4.2 for minimum horizontal load. : 2.4.8.1.2 Partial factors for earth pressures ‘The overall dimensions and stability of arth retaining and foundation structures, eg, the area of pad footings, should be determined by appropriate geotechnical procedures which are not considered in this code. However, in order to establish section sizes and reinforcement areas which will give adequate safety and serviceability without undue calculation, itis appropriate in normal design situations to apply values lof yr comparable to those applied to other forms of loading, ‘Tne factor y should be applied to all earth and water re== unless they derive directly from loads that have already been factored, in which case the pressures should be derived from equilibriunt-with jother design ultiniate loads. When applying the factor, fe distinction is made between adverse and beneficial loads. Where a detailed investigation of the soll conditions has been undertaken and account has been taken of possible structure-soil interaction in the assessment of the earth pressure, it may be appropriate to derive design ultimate values for earth and water pressure by Bee: procedures. In this case, additional Konsideration should be given to conditions in the structure under serviceability loads. This approach is, 0 recommended for all design situations which Ive uncommon features. Further guidance is given in’section 2 of BS 8110: Part 2: 1986. 4.3.2 Effects of exceptional loads or loci ie If in the design itis necessary to consider the probable a of excessive loads caused by misuse or eccident, yr should be taken a5 1.05 on the defined ids, and only those loads likely to be acting simultaneously need be considered. Again, when jonsidering the continued stability of a structure after has sustained localized damage, yr should be taken as 105. The loads considered should be those likely to occur before temporary or permanent measures are taken to repalr or offset the effect of the damage. For these exceptional cases all the following should be taken into account: a) deadload; d) one-third of the wind load; ©) for buildings used predominantly for storage or industrial purposes or where the imposed loads are permanent, 100% of the imposed load or, for other buildings, one-third of the imposed load. 2.4.8.3 Creep, shrinkage and temperature effects For the ULS, these effects will usually be minor and no specific calculations will be necessary. 2.4.4 Strengths of materials for the ultimate it state 2.4.4.1 Design strengths In the assessment of the strength of a structure or any. of its parts or cross-sections, appropriate Yq Values should be taken from table 22, [Table 2.2 Values of yj, for the ultimate limit state Reinforcement 1.05 [[Conerete in lexure or axial load 1.50 | Shear stength without shear reinforcement [125 ‘Bond strength 14 (Others (eg. bearing stress) 215 A more detailed method for the assessment of yy Is given in section 2 of 85 S110: Part 2: 1985. In sections 8, 4 and 5 of this standard these values have been used in the preparation of the various tables associated with the ULS. 2.4.4.2 Effects of exceptional loads or localized damage In the consideration of these effects ym may be taken as 1.3 for concrete in flexure and 1.0 for steel. Te: 3, ea [ea “eS: Cee ee ee ow eenchap, 16, 01v.1 feng 1823.2 walls under a load of 5 pst (0.24 KN/m?) shall not exceed "gap of the span for walls with britle finishes and 39 of the span for ‘walls with flesible finishes. See Table 16-0 for earthquake design quirements where such requirements are more restrictive. EXCEPTION: Feil, oi rquredio tothe suppor or pore aritions are act ‘he lond and dfiecion eters butt be anchors UI To met the provisions ofthis cade 1611.6 Retaining Walls. Reteining walls shall be designed to resist loads due to the lateral pressure of retained material in ordance with accepted engineering practice. Wels revaining arsined sol. where the surface ofthe retained sols level. shall be esigned fora load. H, equivalent to thatenerted bya fluid weigh- pst per foot of depth (4.71 kN) and hay depth equal to that ofthe retained soil. Any surcharge shall be i addition tothe equivalent Mud pressure. Retaining walls shall be designed to resist sliding by at least |S times the lateral foree and overturning by a least 1.3 times the overturning moment, using allowable sess design loads. 1611.7 Water Accumulation. All roofs shall be designed with sutficient slope or camber to ensure adequate dreinage after tbe long-term defletion from dead load or shall be designed to resist ponding load, P. combined in accordance with Section 1612. or 1612.3. Ponding load shall include water accumulation from any sures, including snow, dut to deflection. See Section 1506 and Tuble i6-C. Footnote 3, for drainage slope. See Section 1615 for defection criteria 1611.8 Hydrostatie Uplift. All foundations, slabs and other footings subjected to water pressure shall be designed to resist a uniformly distributed uplift load. equal to the full hydrostatic istant com Appendix suction eguireme Chapter 31, Division 1611.10 Heliport and Helistap Landing Areas, In addition wo other design requirements of this chapter, helipért and helistop landing ot touchdown areas shall be designed forthe following loads. combined in accordance with Section 1612.2 or 1612, |, Dead load plus sctual weight of the helicopter 2. Dead load plusa single concentated impact load, 1, covers ing | squate foot (0.093 my of 0.75 times the fully loaded weight of the helicopter if itis equipped with hydrauli-type. shock absorbers. or 1.5 times the full loaded weight ofthe hleopier if 5tis equipped with o rigid or skidtype landing gear 3. Thedead load plusa uniform liveload, 2.of 100psf (4.81: 1°), The required live load may be reduced in accordance with Section 1607.5 or 1607.6 1611.11. Prefabricated Construction, 1611-1141 Connections. Ev fabricated assemblies shall be designed as required by this code and shall be capable of developing the strength ofthe members ‘connected, excep in the case of members forming pat of stu tural frame designed a specified inthis chapter, Connections shall be capable of withstanding uplift forees as specified in this je used to connect pre- In structural design, due allowance made or any material o be removed forthe installation of pipes, conduits or other equipment 611.113 Tests and inspections, See Section 1704 for sequie iments for tests and inspettions of prefabricated constuction, 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE SECTION 1612 — COMBINATIONS OF LOADS 1612.1 General, Buildings and other structures ei ll portions ‘hereof shall be designed to resist the load combinations specitied in Section 1612.2 or 1612.3 and, where required by Chapter 16 Division 1V, oF Chapters 18 through 23, the special seismic load combinations of Section 1612.4 ‘The mos critical effect can occur when one or more ofthe cone tsibuting fonds ae not acting. All applicable loads shall be consid. sted, including both earthquake ang wind, in accordance with the specified load combinations, (6122) rosa Combinations Using Strength Design oF Load a Fac Design Stengh Des) ue anes Sons tere cal ep de pen eriel ehtee ens take ing combinations oases 1a 1204180 05(E 05 12" 16h or5) ib onb 8 aD + asf Os dso abe Lass feo 090 & (Labor 303 azn WHERE: Ai ™ 1.0 for foots in places of public assembly, for Tve loads in excess of 100 psf (4.9 KN/m2), and for garage live Toad = 05 for other live loads. = 0.7 for roof configurations (such as saw tooth) that do nat shed snow off ie por ore load combinations fhe sction mule y far nd masonry where lad combatons elude See oa combinations tthe provisions of hs ene 1612.2.2 Other loads. Where £ i, P or Fare wo he considered in design, each applicable load shall be added to the above combine. SF 16H, 12 and 127 Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress Design. cally requied 1 Basic foad combinations. Where allowable stress Assign (working stress design is used, stracnres and all portions {hereof shall resist the most eriical effects resulting ftom the fo lowing combinations of loads D+L+(LorS) De (r or E 09D & id D+ 075|2 + ,0r5) + (aor E) +078] + Lor} + (Wor E) a2 'No increase in allowable stresses shal be used with these load combinations except as specifically permitted elsewhere inthis ode, 1612.3.2 Alternate basic oad combinations. In liewofthe basic Joad combinations specified in Section 16123.1, structures and1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE portions thereof shall be permitted tobe designed forthe mos 3g fom the following load combinations, When basi load combinations. aone-thid increase in allowable stresses for all combinations shall be per ineluding I or E any 23) cozy a9 + EXCEPTIONS: 1, Crane hook ooflivelaad o wy ote ha th 0b combined with oft no fader One 2 Design sos Nn} the designe ray beeded 1612.33 Other loads, Where FH, Por Tare to be considered in ign, each applicable [oad shall be added to the combinations in Seutions 1612.3.1 and 1612.32, When using the alters L4BRin?)orlessneednothe con. peti Shall beineed with smi ad, bu (CHAP. 16, DW. eia32 a1 nate load combinations specified in Section 1612.32, aone-thire increase shall be permited in allowable sresses fer all tions including ot E. [16124 Special Seismic Load Combinations. For both Allow ‘ble Stress Design and Strength Design. the following special load combinations for seismic design shall be used as spocificaly equired by Chapter 16, Division IV, ot by Chapters IS through 23 WHERE: 1s in places of publi assembly for lve lo 3s of 100 psf (4.79 KNin?), and for garage SECTION 1613 — DEFLECTION The deflection of any sructural member shall not exceed the val set forth in Table 16-D, based onthe factors set forth in Teble I6-E. The deflection the most restrictive con h shell apply. Def als not specitied shall be developed in a consistent with the provisions of this section, See Section 1611.7 for eamber requirements, Span tables for light woods struction as specified in Chapter Division VII, shall conform to the design eri therein, For concrete. see Section 1909 5.2.6: for aluminum, Section 2003: for glazing framing, see Section 2404.2. 28AS Chapter 2 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS 24 GENERAL ‘Buildings and other structures shall be designed using the provi- sions af either Section 23 or 2.4, Either Section 23 or 2.4 shall be used exclusively for proportioning elements of a particular construction material throughout the sructare 2.2 SYMBOLS AND NOTATION D =éead load D; = weight of ice E = carthquake load load duc to fluids with wellefined pressures and ‘maximum heights 00d load HY = load duc to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure, or pressure of bulk materials L = live load oof live load T = selfstraining force W = wind load rind-onvice determined in accordance with Chapter 10 23 COMBINING FACTORED LOADS =" USING STRENGTH DESIGN 23.1 Applicability. The load combinations and load factors given in Section 2.32 shall be used only in those cases in which they are specifically authorized by the applicable material design standard 2.3.2 Basie Combinations. Structures, components, and foun- ations shall be designed so that their design strength equals or exceeds the effects of the factored loads in the following combinations: 1 14D +F) 2 LAD + F4T)+ 1.0L + H)-+ 0.5L, or Sor R) 3. 12D + LOL, or Sor R)+(Lor0.8W) 4, L2D+ LOW +1-+0.5(Ly or or R) 5. 12D4+10E +1 +025 6. 09D+ 1.60 + L6H 7. 09D +1.0E +1.6H EXCEPTIONS: 1. Te load factor on £ in combinations), and (S) i permite to sua 05 forall occupancies in wih Lyin Table ees thn ot gual to 100 ps, withthe excepion of gages cea oupied ice of pole sembly. a 2. The oad acto on 1 sale seteqal 22a combinations (6) ad (CP ifthe srt soon due oH coemeracts tht due to W ce ‘Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures ‘Wher ine ear psu proves esate to suc! aons fom ofr ll at be dda ut al cae sedate esses 2. In combina (2), an) compan dS shall be hen citer fates oadipy ore seed cowed Each relevant strength limit state sal be investigated Bets of one of more loads nt acting sl be investigated. The most unfavorable effects from both vind and earthauake loads shal be lnvestigned, where appropriate bul they ned not be considered to act simitaneousl- Refer to Seetion 12 forspeciccelsison of the eartaqake load elect 233 Load Combinations Including Flood Load. When Structure is located in a flood zone (Section 5.3.1), the follow ing load combinations shall be considered: 1. In V-Zones or Coastal A-Zones, 1.6W in combinations (4) and 6) shall be replaced by 1.6W + 2.0F,, 2. In noncoastal A-Zones, 1.617 in combinations (4) and (6) shall be replaced by O.8W + 1.07, 234 Load Combinations Including Atmospheric [ee Loads. ‘When a structure is subjected to atmospheric ie and wind-on-ice lous, the following load combinations stall be considered! 1. 0.5(Ly or S or R) in combination (2) shall be replaced by 020; +055, 2. 1.6W +05(L, ot $ or R) in combination (4) shall be re- placed by D+ W; +08. 3. 1.6W in combination (6) shall be replaced by D; + W, 2.4 COMBINING NOMINAL LOADS USING ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN 2.4.1 Basie Combinations. Loads listed herein shall be consi- «redo actin the following combinations; whichever produces the ‘most unfavorable effect in te building, foundation or stactaral ‘member being considered, Effects of one or more loads not acting shall be considered. LDaF D+H+F+L4T 2 rae D+H+F+(L,orSorR) D+ H+ F+OISL +1)40.75(L, ofS or R) A A 5. D4 H+ F+(W 010.78) 6. D+ HF +0.5W oF 0.78) +0.75L ++0.15(L, oF S or R) 7.06D+W+H 8. 06D+07E +H "The same E from Sec 124i wed for both Sections 2.2 and 2.4.1. ‘Refer othe Chapter 11 Commentary forthe SetnicFroviins,