sSTRONOMICAL \LGORITHMS ean Meeus et te eee eeePebieby Wiens Ball PO. 025, Hadmoed, Vian 285 oni 901 by Win Bel, fe USAC ay eerprtnd ty nye — i eh pe rt rt ti hn iter of Congr Cataloging Pueton Dat “etrooamicllgrha / en Ms moe sss sessed i Foreword on whew tor ater ce wonder why the ‘Mor pS they il werd ond uel do the ed of edi easton, Jan Mors bas cae wie pan pe see lo oe metres ed ot aes “fone he sas Whee bbw at sone Fre IB for Caos 97, wm pratt aly ook ate re TRegucay teeame te sores arncag Suter be ott Whe ROE Aaya then aon wy hme hat abe Cr sl ‘ve, eting thw uparlno rity of bw ata the ees ‘da the Regn trae ote hima et api! Vi tule preven om eel elaine cading iowa ‘ree at noc! oy oreo the Sty Moony fae ‘Saws Sloped nthe ot centry oe len efi 1 The iO sn toner, hv maaan ein in hs wale Jor curs pst han Tht Props Lary ‘2 Calla ead th US. 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I his w weed atone Seth ya ey ig ae en im ‘Woeare ad teat ntopsiton kas, an Chapter, seine gay of Cat Rot ews ed che “laste peers Ba Uso sb tnt me an sma ‘oben pia Tate that na go pert the Se Sa tl ver iseraatin seas Imps a dig ont wha he et tne nt ern Seem Macht ery hy iad oie a aver matching at erty oi ‘Hard of eto es setae ar seat Wins aot bay mrtg or coin soa oe comping ek i a ie te i ee en : : ks had cena a table much te that gn Tle $2 hs ook Me tc cnet ti canton a ale ‘On snr econ Ta bout» poe a way a oe sorte murat rps he was wing A the tite Se dans ‘chene to sid reg te vst tle ferro te cota tel sony Farner oy cls nm esas ‘obeers Hsu No pao, exc hat the apt ou are Hx tanto ae ai, tingly pres by the pro aking tha” lug aoa 96 fr exami, ls ae Med tae te Ba Aton Sern Joma wt as on 3884 May be eplated thy su be hin os he si ef at ty at te tS. Ang aes shame att ty, Ton of Bh The te bf is xen sup uot neeeanane! May ofthe oes ths book retarted mars bree sy, To Clay an ety pay ann te ‘or on the Moan fo wy de adn hser hen ert oe ‘Heesaet moments wice sunlight wl jt lancom pee, ‘nae, gly soyng es Snemeneei e fer haope atin. aking ert sar at te the SESASAY ci cal pt The pe Feet ro ste tion ra ‘taper ols speci reat fr tents of Jupiter, Fs hee asin muti or eating he fon lamer nse ae eg ‘dep theme your leary or once dings ek othe Sie of Ga. Ten ens asec te tne of Ties ce He the omptr Int ean hl tytn snag ‘edt oy edie elite ssn aa tsi we en i in oe hse rama vet on ma) a re See be cn yarn vs ma ty te tnt mana oe ay ami ps a, et ie Cater sn‘elo ean, ty ae op oo Sd hx Wg i fest abt raig se Te foremost eis ta we cy 2 es ‘cele wey a ie vat ofa’ and computer anges oer W Some Sy 8 TaoContentsSome. Swigous AND AueReviaTiOns gales 25h. ce seenan anneChapter 1 Hints and TipsAbout Accuracy Chapter 2 Srrrrne tees) eee“ABAE i 3 i 5Chapter 3 Interpolationz i 3 i &set feet 0.2), ee ee eecee poermpreorreers armor 2Chapter 4Teae RR ee at ee aChapter 5. IterationChapter 6 Sorting Number: fore eee eee ee s4 5555557 K- HE ry Beztess SS88888888SET A rireiereriivbaiaiaaDynamical ‘time and Universal Timeme ee ee ee eee‘The Barth's Globe Chapter 10 no a eed el ee tt tal al te ef ESeet erSidereal Time at Greenwich Chapter 113 & Chapter 12 6 Cee aeaie 288AQ D2 ‘The Parallactic Angle Chapter 13. Q eth — eeDRE RRR R REELChapter 14 Rising, Transit and Setting The hour angle corresponding to the time of rise or set of a celes- tial body is obtained by putting h=0 in formula (12.6). This gives cos H, = -tan@ tan & Fovever, the instant so obtained refers to the geometric rise or Set of the center of the celestial body. By reason of the atmosphe- ric refraction, the body is actually below the horizon at che se stant of its apparent rise or set. The value of 0°34 ig generally adopted for the effect of refraction at the horizon. For the Sun, the calculated times generally refer to the apparent rise or set of the upper limb of the disks hence, 0°16! should be added for the semidiameter. of sunrise and sunset by about 20 seconds in mid-northern and nose southern latitudes. Similarly, observing sunrise or sunset over a yanse of barometric pressures leads to a variation of a dozen seconds An the times. However, in this Chapter ve shall use a meon value for the atmospheric refraction at the horizon, namely the value of 0°34? We will use the following symbols : 7 = geographic longitude of the observer in degrees, measured posi- tively west from Greenwich, negatively to the east ; ° i ~ geographic latitude of the observer, positive in the northern hemisphere, negative in the southern hemisphere; Ar= the difference TD-UT in seconds of time; p " 0 = the ‘standard’ altitude, i.e. the geometric altitude of the menter of the body at the time of apparent rising or setting, namely 97PFE H RPOAtmospheric Retraction Chapter 15 plaSHORT ALCORN Chapter 16 Angular Separation100 sstinoncaL aos nes Gf fim (ant bn nce 6+ a P maT Ua as eee ] chapter Fermi (6.1) see cond = M0033, vince = 3.700 or Cies2). Hott Toon sh Incorplace Sen oars stares hayes) no'a'sts aT he ah 1 Se te ait thnnsel ves a ee etme ve find the following dist esi hath eT a ade Ges c i atari Re et ht Se ele 029: 4) ant (3) for tate, pan that be GSD te aca sachet ieno ASTRNERTEAL AGORA See ee hh ajanetary Conjuncti Chapter 17 eee a:row Lat bb a a eeStraight Line Chapter 18 Bodies in ot lal te PUL e futSuuallest Cirele containing three ial Bodies Chapter 19 SANA AAA fa hl lh ee ee ea a aChapter 20 Wasaes ————SERRE REEPEE PET{Come mat be ate of Soecah'peaserion!Tormlee(o blo) (3 (Go) tn ean ay coregcnting th (a, « nsseno.95, x)», 1 amecnotcal Rinna 106 the gear Wk Mabingtan, Ht 9), 2. camtanine dr amp pr 198 (ary 1909), pant RE a 4 ey Siecle plete ee a aes ‘Chapter 21 Nutation and the Obliquity of the Eeliptic Yoty Short period (last"han io Sy gett pia of & tiny SSS "alfa Ta oe aa nd 05 Fy gtttrat bo tn emacs fn etch sa anMota T Ia oe6 Asie ALR Chapter 22 Apparent Place of a Star bob 244 whiSSD EE ae PeGPGPERUPGETSPee a ess ta LaLa ie te Chapter 23 Reduction of cliptical Elements from one Equinox to another one- a AHEM EMBER:Solar Covrdinates Chapter 24 SRE 7 ereaeRectangular Coordinates of the Sun Chapter 25, Wren CTPV RV CT PLOT LPL LE Lier cb e se uti pye ee Fe ror eaieaeso TUE EEL LLL be MaJj J ] J Chapter 26 Equinoxes and SolsticesChapter 27 Equation of Time mere 99007 oN AYChapter 28 Ephemeris for Physical Observations 5 of the Sun al wl ad JEquation of KeplerSeogTe ai Seouw neawe eee EE Et tit:Positions of the Plancte Chapter 31Chapter 82 Elliptic MotionTe sterilised of th yw ee cop CMEC Gee, tee seg te FETE = sn stnaestth-one Te olen > eeitide Se Stop ek 2.6 og (0209S em] GLsed ee 3.03 fan rr C109 can $907 mts So fen aan 8:8 Sit eal ener Ges pe TS a tame ss]a aar ea rt ae te ee eee eee eee ee aeteenage Crt nat oo Be (Qi eye Gay *GHi Ess) Chapter 33, Parabolic Motion AG oda tals tS ‘Eeierttiom an te ty teatesna toe ty oe Bh. ice ac oe hha APSARA. yg ay DOMTLAg Star play topes eee wanChapter 34 Near-parabolic MotionsR ga gee gg gee ne gesel SATIRE SRL arsine re teeaoe sper EE ell ll llroe epee are RRR Fasaeaa ae BEE t bHEE? RE eet et ee ee eecea pea aa A as HHHH; t La Port Chapter 36Planets in Perihelion and Aphetion Chapter 37 SUS PU LLLSHULL ELLE LEE al _ i A Pow) ie =Chapter 38 Passages Unrough Une Nodes:WWE LEE RE EET ETChapter 40 se SLM to tres te esse Muminated Fraction of the Disk ‘and Magnitude of « Planet oe — a -_ ‘ wsPree epepnEphomeris for Physical Observations of Mare Coo Remores LAG ' la?3oan soe of Sater an tre in 205-6) se ate ts wo SSMU ETH SEI ese mii-thew gio tise? ai i ay ge ie tee Base mys? Rew 8.529 sin ry Sa mie at 00450 ain (ly = 2) + ie tin yey otto Sct sn Ce) im 3Uty =f) 20m an 3, Sama sem un th amt ah. ay peat sn (r= rh See meray” Regie RS BEIT 0109 ain - PE SL Eh ean ‘nose sie (2b, = 3 tna syan sexo, nea » FERIOOLC TEAMS FOR THE LATITURES OF THE SATELLITES 1 1 J | j ] }epee er ere mm a Hie 7 SOR RBE:m aé é AHHH REAR E BeJULES i= ele BT Rd eeePosition of the Moon Chapter 45 — mee co OP Ee Bigrtitigigviad vie Pi evamoa om Co Ee pee Hy ts af iChapter 46 Mluminated Fraction of the Moon's DiskChapter 47 Phases of the MoonE a 3 : aTOMS EEREEEE? a eeei i i : : Chapter 48 4 MpestsChapter 49 Passages of the Moon through the Nodes‘Maximum Deelinations of the Moon (Chapter 50 JH eeene ASTOLLAL AeeTS "ath soatasies + esaoiea setae Matic eMa at's eta tar le abate alesu, eT Chapter 51 Ephemeris for Physical Observations of the Moon pti anwae wee cos 9 sea) coat s cope ee ee seen eee ae ee‘Tm snonerapie positon ofthe Sun tie ith the geeks aagcat Sethi th Feonple Sb — a on 19E Aged Hy aChapter 52 i a aoeCece Cater cetaricaes reogTaese sraoncK means Se lee of Ste lip, 8 58 (tan sel gee tin ttt 0, Chapter 53 Scmidiameters of the Sun, Moon and Planets ed In the attain 1) lates the floats hve fan ated (3)i "4 1 Chapter 54 Stellar Magnitndes satay tresses yan pec tie asim Dion,a sca, ae a] i] } ‘4 a] arance a Anette Mage catdl MERE SEN Reet ate os ae 0, 2B pee te Pr el a sects of sxe", Mewese sine Chapter 55 Binary Stars riepurer ce cress ee eaChapter 56 Calculation of a Planar Sundial br Bat ant rte 18Appendix 1 ‘Some Astronomical ‘lermste te ce tetasAppendix I Planets : Periodic Terms cextll > uae SBE PesNEnexosanasergesteereanasrenee a EARGQURE “GRESSE EIEIO RE ZGEEE aeaquiaensessnsnszasescrasss| Eeggevagnaigenenzigace:steas| GRaqracenegenenenssaenenanezasy sgatessasaees egnecsnensett augeeteessrasescesonnneanana penastesessssemiurnsnanasuas| 5 A feze aibive PPRIgg°BPLGIERIS# oF diguogeas apenanae ERTESESIC AaPir eee saeenAnnnasdnneananecvasssoesseRaansannaesgeryHaAR C041 EEE cresensarortesecteneanecesusenseats: EMagg Bosuisea geSs0-ne*daige0050092 208 S0g5R00088 |“ igqaateetbcecosngnnennanscresenmsaesnaezempances |HAERESs aenere danenretacenasezCPeARasurcennsanagzansacas3e SasguausdssneneGevssvasardaneaa-odveig2i#t ayasaungngesnanesaitascezensnesess sagageagunnnzeasaznatenteannnartesseaoomanccenmereesi ahehehenetanenanadahess ine “£ i i athanesousevoueszupsaspeagsetscs i PQSRESESRER ata etasRgagieS aguRaees*" ese gage a gegy sngngupegseaqeanests: serngustastaaszessasse-aze SBREQSE” AAU" "HEIG"AABERR SeERenaneeRee 2t Higgeiegts Plegigragara's desu atecmerercerszaaseanaes| ~erseeresgzsnzoarenacangnataananasgquauscnasetts sassaaeasass| IRE feconeseceustnannsates SRSSS“ERRASESH*SEREGASESGES | "R2°HSEERIAESSRSSAGSE AR ARE ieLEvensureaazetcensyanes pep eeeeeeseee eer ere paeenceceenereanenene) stnanaanNnagnenasnneananseuusegss| “nemenemecnnensnseRsRERARS igunensoncesncctseaancesoxasasensaaesesncs|“ESUREEIEL oan SoHuSSaSRSSSH=AUED STORER SEU SEOETIAASAUDIO“PRE| "GRIPSUE "BEES benanansaszanaaansnananesaerssoasscane sass:Adizncansesonene| EEL $8¢8Hfocesusccnceenscnias ESISuSnatisoage setcaone salauieesenteaEET agg HES Bioeecassnseseaeemagiss eenguasconencnonn agpgaaenatecseansentesesnr s+ i SHERRE- ey Seaasenegaas invanyanaenansesenacty geavovoon--~| SgESGRSTSRUSISSBRERSZRASEREGAAANE | a2 Eecanne-anes SEOHEGSRSE"G2ES EE tyoneesnaase 5 Fels Eissene ETGRRENE" SURESiRHRRKARERSROESERERREHstesresness: a9s|Soncnzssnezcsaanen| sibeedisaneeg te S/00200s00229 0000209 22 ad] FRESEERRNGSHESES | F-FeaR“arpaer ganaeagE een egaTTEEEE” gesngaessaias| SHEE gees ay . SSEDINUEDDmESyEUDOIAEREZE aig | woveoverazanesons | omeaonongrsranenesanaatnanensamEananan Ebicenuaseaeas aaacupsaesag| SURO TES TREHINS seugenataies | sesasangazs) 29888 gp;gISNGRUSIEESHAansevens | gpzyyESEareeeetasaee sata! LARRRERERRAA “"MYPoneogzansnes sagRARIAARA |~cmwvonseazeaassaaR aE a “4 i ge 21 a Hee gig . i ie BS? a i ge 1 : Fe 4 ; ge 2] vee i " a ] cE ae Ee oe a ] Shweta eeIndex ee eetWOT pepe prise toparaned :ac‘Some Other Books Published by Willmann-Bell, Ine tod f Ot Demin rhe Smo. Di, SS titatasatee eter meen SORIA RGR as ae ne teAbout the Author Jean Meeus, born in 1928, studied mathematics at the University of Louvain (Leuven) in Belgium, wherehe received the DegreeofLicentiate in 1953. Since then he has been a meteorologist at Brussels Airport. His special interest is spherical and mathematical astronomy. Heisamember of several astronomical associations and the author of many scientific papers. He is co-author of Canon of Solar Eclipses (1966), the Canon of Lunar Eclipses (1979) and the Canon of Solar Eclipses (1983). His. Astro- nomical Formulae for Calculators (1979 and 1982) has been widely ac- claimed by both amateur and professional astronomers. Further works, published by Willmann-Bell, Inc., are Astronomical Tables of the Sun, Moon, and Planets (1983), Elements of Solar Eclipse 1951-2200 (1989) and Transits (1989). For his numerous contributions to astronomy the Intemational Astronomical Union announced in 1981 the naming of asteroid 2213 Meeus in his honor. About This Book From ‘innott’s Introduction fhe icles calaions, Jes Mens has enjoyed wide claim and pect dice long before microcomputers and pocket calculators appeared on the market. When he brought out his Astronomical Formudae for Calculators in 1979, it was practically the only book o ts genre: It quickly became the “source among sources,” even for other writers in the field, Many of them have warmly acknowledged heideb (orshold have), cting the unparalleled clartyofhisinstacions andthe a ‘Andnow this Belgian astronomer has outdone himself yet again! Virtually every previous handbook on celestial calculations (including his own earlier work) was forced to rely on formulae forthe Sun, Moon, and planets that were developed in the last century—or at leastbefore 1920. The past 1Oyears, however, have seen a stunning revolution in how the world’s major observatories produce their almanacs. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California and the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., have perfected powerful new machine methods for modeling the motions and interactions of bodies within the solar system, Act the same time in Paris, the Bureau des Longitudes has been a beehive of activity aimed at describing these motions analytically, in the form of explicit cquations. Yet until now the fruits ofthis exciting work have remained mostly out of reach of ordinary people. Thedetails have existed mainly on reels of etic tape ina form comprehensible only to the largest brains, human or electronic. But Astronomical Algorithms changes all that. With hisspectal knack for ‘computations of all sorts, che author has made the essentials of these modem techniques available tousall, From a Review There are times when an amateur astronomer wants to perform the computations that support his or her observations. Astronomical Algorithms is the reference to have for this. Jean Mecus' concise volume collects most of the algorithms and computational techniques an observer might want— covering coordinate transformations, the apparent place of astar, the positions of solar system bodies, eclipse predictions, and much more. Discussions are complete enough to make the equations fully understandable to the novice, and virtually every algorithm includes a fully worked numerical example. ..This isa very handy reference, well worth owning, even if you never have to perform a specific calculation. The text along is helpful for understanding how the theories of celestial mechanics are applied in practice Sky & Telescope Magazine There is no doubt that the book is very good value for money, and, together with the companion disc, computer-minded astronomers will never want to be without it. Published by: The Observatory About the Front Cover Urania, the Greek Muse of astronomy is shown with a stellar tiara and holding the Sun and Moon. She is surrounded by nymphs depicting the five bright planets ‘Adapted from Johannes Hevelius’ Firmamentum Willmann Bell, Inc. Sobiescianuam sive Uranographia (1681). TT P.O. Box 35025 + Richmond, Virginia 23295 ISBN 0-943396.35-2 United States of America » (804) 320-7016