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Augmented Reality (AR) Application Designed For Android Devices

1. The document discusses several schemes and initiatives by the Government of India related to urbanization and development through various Five Year Plans: JNNURM, Rajiv Awas Yojana, IDSMT, Mega City schemes, SJSRY and NULM, capacity building of urban local bodies. 2. It highlights the evolution of focus on urbanization from institution building to integrated development of infrastructure, decentralization, and public-private partnerships. 3. The 12th Five Year Plan consolidated earlier schemes like JNNURM and envisaged its wider role in urban reforms and governance.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
72 views8 pages

Augmented Reality (AR) Application Designed For Android Devices

1. The document discusses several schemes and initiatives by the Government of India related to urbanization and development through various Five Year Plans: JNNURM, Rajiv Awas Yojana, IDSMT, Mega City schemes, SJSRY and NULM, capacity building of urban local bodies. 2. It highlights the evolution of focus on urbanization from institution building to integrated development of infrastructure, decentralization, and public-private partnerships. 3. The 12th Five Year Plan consolidated earlier schemes like JNNURM and envisaged its wider role in urban reforms and governance.

Uploaded by

Neha
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Sakaar: by Department of Space (ISRO)


To highlight the achievements of Department of Space
Augmented Reality(AR) application designed for Android devices

2. PAHAL 2015: Mo Petroleum and Natural Gas


Pratyaksha Hastantarit Labh
Direct transfer of LPG subsidy into beneficiaries account seeded with AADHAR.

3. Middle Income Group Scheme- self-supporting scheme


legal services to the middle-income group citizens i.e. citizens whose gross income is not exceeding Rs.60, 000 per
month or Rs.7,50,000 per annum
Patron-in-Chief, Attorney General for India as Ex-officio Vice-President

4. Niryat Bandhu Scheme- Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT) nodal agency
officers of DGFT (Niryat Bandhu) will mentor the interested individuals who want to conduct the business in a legal
way +mentoring the first-generation entrepreneurs in the field of international trade.
The scheme was given a major thrust in the new Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20
Niryat Bandhu@Your Desktop 2016 portal

5. Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana, 2015


Mo Mines
welfare of areas and people affected by mining related operations, using the funds generated by District Mineral
Foundations (DMFs)
implement various developmental and welfare programs in mining affected areas that complement the existing
ongoing schemes/projects of State and Central Government
minimize/mitigate the adverse impacts, during and after mining, on the environment, health and socioeconomics of
people in mining districts
ensure long-term sustainable livelihoods for the affected people in mining areas
High priority areas like drinking water supply, health care, sanitation, education, skill development, women and child
care, welfare of aged and disabled people, skill development and environment conservation will get at least 60 %
share of the funds
Rest of the funds will be spent on making roads, bridges, railways, waterways projects, irrigation and alternative
energy sources

6. Digitial Gudda Guddi Board, 2015


Mo Women and Child Development
Digital boards to display audio-video material as well as still frames for disseminating information at important state
offices including that of the Chief Minister, district level offices, Zila Panchayat offices, primary health centres etc.
First launched in Maharashtra. Later adopted at centre as best practice under Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao

INDOOR AIR QUALITY


IAQ is a Top 5 Health Risk
indoor air pollutants were generally 2 to 5 times greater than outdoor pollution levels. There are many
reasons to why this is the case, including poor ventilation, the burning of toxic candles, use of air
fresheners, chemical laden household cleaners, and more.
Furniture May be the Most Dangerous Culprit
Furniture purchased prior to 2006 contained toxic PBDEs chemicals used as flame retardants, which
have the possibility of sending toxins into the air. Even after 2006, flame retardants continue to be used.
Chlorinated tris (a known carcinogen banned from childrens pajamas in 1977) is also reintroduced.
Air Fresheners are Poison
The NRDC determined most air fresheners contain phthalates, noxious chemicals known to disrupt
hormone function in babies and children, interfere with reproductive development, and aggravate
respiratory ailments such as asthma.
Candles
Most candles, especially the scented ones made with paraffin wax, contain benzene and toluene, two
known carcinogens. These candles also contain hydrocarbons called alkanes and alkenes (chemicals
found in car exhaust).
Inkjet Printers Release Fertility-Robbing Chemicals- Printing inks contain glymes.
The Air Quality in Schools is Among the Worst
Schools accommodate up to 4x more occupants, aka students, than a standard office building with the
same amount of floor space. What makes this alarming is that children breathe more air relative to their
body weight than adults.
Poor Quality Air Exacerbates Asthma
Since the early 1980s, the occurrence of asthma has been on the rise for everyone all races, classes,
and ages.
Improving Your Indoor Air Quality
Improve ventilation
Clean the air using air filters
Dust with a damp cloth to remove particulate matter
Remove sources of air contaminants buy organic furniture avoid harsh chemical air fresheners/
cleaning products
Get outside regularly

Agents of indoor air pollution- toxic mold, asbestos, rats, mice, CO2, lead, bacteria, pollens, fungi,
cockroaches, aisan ladybugs, dust mites, viruses, dust, mildew, paints, solvents, tobacco smoke,
pesticides

As per TERI study report, Indoor air pollution (second biggest killer) is bigger killer than outdoor air
pollution (fifth largest killer) in India.
Around 1.3 million people died of indoor air pollution in 2010 whereas death because of outdoor air
pollution was around 6.20 lakh.
WHO has prescribed 20 of air for particulate matter as a norm for indoor air pollution. In India, the
average indoor air pollution is 375 micro grams in cubic meter and the prime contributor for this is
burning of solid fuels, says a study done by Indian Council for Medical Research.
CPCB and ICMR wanted the Planning Commission to agree for national indoor air pollution norms
during the 12th FYP. The Planning Comm. panel rejected the idea.

Urbanization through respective FYPs

FYP Focus on

1st & 2nd institution and organization building

Delhi development Authority, Town and Country Planning Organization established

3rd importance of towns and cities in balanced regional development and need for urban
land regulation, checking of urban land prices, preparation of master plan, etc.
1961-66

4th continued with the theme of third plan


1969-74 development plans for 72 urban areas were undertaken

Regional studies in respect of metropolitan regions around Delhi, Mumbai and


Calcutta were initiated

5th urban land ceiling act was passed in 1976

Housing and urban development cooperation in 1975 were established

emphasized the urban and industrial decentralization

6th need to develop small and medium sized towns (less than 1 lakh)

1978-83 Integrated development of Small and Medium towns(IDSMT) was launched in 1979

7th the National commission on urbanization submitted its report in 1988

65th constitutional amendment was introduced in Lok Sabha in 1989, this was first
attempt to give urban local bodies a constitutional status with three tier federal
structure but it was passed in 1992 as 74th constitutional amendment act
8th Mega city scheme was introduced in 1993-94 covering five mega cities of Mumbai,
Calcutta, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad

IDSMT scheme was revamped for diverting migration from big cities to the small
and medium towns

9th continued with the schemes of the 8th FYP

emphasized on decentralization and financial autonomy of urban local bodies

Swarna jayanti Shahari Rozgar yojna (SJSRY) in 1997 with two sub plan
1. Urban self-employment program
2. Urban wage employment programme

It was decided by central government to revamp SJSRY in 2013 as National Urban


Livelihood Mission (NULM)

10th stressed that without strengthening the urban local bodies, the goal of urbanization
2002-07 cannot be achieved

11th introduced some innovative changes through

2007-12 capacity building


increasing the efficiency and productivity of the cities
dismantling the monopoly of public sector over urban infrastructure
using technology as a tool for rapid urbanization
12th proposed to consolidate JNNURM and envisaged its wider role in urban reforms

2012-17
JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban renewal mission) 2005
for focused and integrated development of the urban infrastructure and services, initially for 63 cities.
consists of two sub-missions Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG) and Basic Services for
Urban Poor (BSUP).
The Mission focuses on:
a) Integrated development of infrastructure services
b) securing linkages between asset creation and maintenance for long run project sustainability
c) accelerating the flow of investment into urban infrastructure services and Public private
partnership.
d) planned development of cities including the peri-urban areas, out growths, and urban corridors
e) renewal and re-development of inner city areas
The earlier programs, as mentioned above like Mega city, IDSMT, etc. were merged with it.
12th Under JNNURM it was made mandatory for each cities to formulate City Development Plan(CDP)
for long term vision of development.
During 12th plan , the components of JNNURM are :-
o Urban infrastructure governance(UIG)
o Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
o Slum rehabilitation in cities not covered under RAY
o Capacity building
The plan has also highlighted the reasons which are acting as hurdles in the success of the program
as:-
Failure to mainstream the urban planning
Incomplete reform and slow progress in project implementation
Delay in securing land for projects
Delay in getting approval from various regulators

Rajiv Awas Yojana- 2011 for creating slum free India. It is applicable to all slums in the city whether notified or
non-notified and to urban homeless and pavement dwellers.

The 2011 Census found:


around 1/6 households in urban India (17.4%) is in a slum
>1/3 of all slum households (38%) are in cities with a population in >1 million

Challenges in urban development

Urban Governance: 74th amendment act has been implemented half-heartedly by the states, which has not
fully empowered the Urban local bodies (ULBs). ULBs comprise of municipal corporations, municipalities
and nagar panchayats, which are to be supported by state governments to manage the urban development.

Planning: Need of integrated planning- Land use, infrastructure, environmental sustainability, social inclusion,
risk reduction, economic productivity and financial diversity.
Finances: First, the states have not given enough autonomy to ULBs to generate revenues and Second in some
case the ULBs have failed to utilize even those tax and fee powers that they have been vested with.
There are two sources of municipal revenue i.e. municipal own revenue and assigned revenue. Municipal own
revenue is generated through taxes and fee levied by them. There is growing trend of declining ratio of own
revenue because of poor collection property taxes.

There is need to broaden the user charge fee for water supply, sewerage and garbage disposal.
Since these are the goods which have a private characteristic and no public spill over, so charging user
fee will be feasible and will improve the revenue of ULBs.
Once the citys own revenue generating capacity will improve, they can easily get bank loans
For financing urban projects, Municipal bonds can be used
GIS to map all the properties in a city to assess rate of properties that are not in tax net.

Regulator: There is exponential increase in the real estate, encroaching the agricultural lands. Also, the rates
are very high and other irregularities are also in practice. The Real Estate (Regulation & Development) Act,
2016, to protect home buyers from unscrupulous developers, became operational in May, 2017.

Housing: The growing cost of houses comparison to the income of the urban middle class, has made it
impossible for majority of lower income groups and are residing in congested accommodation and many of
those are devoid of proper ventilation, lighting, water supply, sewage system, etc. For instance in Delhi, the
current estimate is of a shortage of 5,00,000 dwelling units the coming decades. The United Nations Centre
for Human Settlements (UNCHS) introduced the concept of Housing Poverty which includes
Individuals and households who lack safe, secure and healthy shelter, with basic infrastructure such as
piped water and adequate provision for sanitation, drainage and the removal of household waste.

Safe Drinking Water

Sanitation- diseases and landfill

Health conditions: The health condition of urban poor in some areas are even more adverse compared to
rural areas. As many as 20 million children in the developing countries are dying consequent to drinking
water.

In case of migrants, they cannot take the benefit of government policies, so they have to pay very high
charges, which keep them in the vicious cycle of poverty.

The condition of public educational institution is dismal.

Urban public transport: more private vehicle and use less public transport, causing more traffic jam, decreases
the efficiency of public transport. Public transport is less disabled friendly + lack of infrastructure and poor
maintenance of existing public transport.

Environmental: According to UNDP, 70 % of Indian population is at risk to floods and 60% susceptible
to earthquakes. The risk are higher in urban areas owing to density and overcrowding. Urban areas are
becoming heat islands, ground water is not being recharged and water crisis is persistent.
Urban Crime: The mega cities are facing increased criminal activities on account of unchecked migration,
illegal settlements and diverse socio-cultural disparities, organized groups, gangsters, professional criminals for
wishing a lavish life in metropolis. The cities of Delhi, Mumbai and Bengaluru have accounted for 16.2%, 9.5%
and 8.1% respectively of the total crime reported from 35 mega cities.

Poverty: There is rise in urban inequality, as per UN habitat report, 2010, urban inequality in India rose
from 34 to 38 % based on consumption in period of 1995 to 2005.

Employment: It is generally observed that the literate and semi-literate migrants are absorbed with minimal
works, carrying lower wage and more hour of work. The UN Habitat Report (2003) has rightly remarked The
cities have become a dumping ground for surplus population working in unskilled, unprotected and low
wage informal service industries and trade. The urban workers are increasingly being pushed into the
informal sector.

The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act came into effect in 1993, emphasizes to strengthen urban planning,
regulation of land use, roads and bridges and providing urban amenities.

National Urban Transport Policy, 2006: to provide affordable, comfortable, safe and rapid, reliable and
sustainable urban transport system, for the growing number of city resident to jobs, education and recreation
and such other needs with in our cities.

Introduction to Metro trains in Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore etc. Recently cabinet has also passes proposal for
second phase of Bangalore Metro (Namma Metro).

Indias first monorail with the Maharashtra government. With this, India will join countries like the U.S.,
Germany, China, Japan, Australia and Malaysia that run monorails.

Smart city concept: In the budget, 2014, it was projected for one hundred Smart cities, as satellite towns of
larger cities and modernizing the existing mid- sized cities. Though there is no clear definition of smart cities,
but it may include creative, cyber, digital, e-governed, entrepreneurial, intelligent, knowledge, harnessing the
power of Information and communication technology (ICT). Smartness has to be there with respect to
governance and service delivery. e-governance (through Digital India initiative, National e-governance
plan, National Optical fiber network, e- panchayat project of MRD)

Continuous improvements in design and management


Climate oriented development
Mass transit oriented development
People centric technological applications (m-health, e- learning)
Planning can be bottom up for future urbanization
Smart PDS rationing
Social inclusive and economically diverse

Swachh Bharat
There should be focussed attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities
there should be establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management
Green buildings
states should undertake activity mapping for municipal governments to be clear about which activities
are essentially for them to manage, which require them to act as agents for higher tiers of government, and
which involve sharing responsibility with other tiers of government. There is no one size fits all here
the answer will vary across municipalities.
The office of an empowered mayor (instead of the municipal commissioner) must take responsibility
for administrative co-ordination internally between municipal departments, and externally with state
and central government agencies.

Kudumbshree model: launched by the Government of Kerala in 1998 for wiping out absolute poverty from
the State through concerted community action under the leadership of Local Self
Governments, Kudumbashree is today one of the largest women-empowering projects in the country. The
programme has 41 lakh members and covers more than 50% of the households in Kerala. Built around three
critical components, micro credit, entrepreneurship and empowerment. Kudumbashree is prosperity (shree) of
family (Kudumbam).

Chhattisgarh PDS model : State government began with computerization of Fair Prices Shops (FPS) and data
related with stocks and sales to enable swift allocation of grains. Mobile based applications including SMS
alerts for interested beneficiaries were offered which improved the access to information about food grains
lifted from godowns and their delivery at ration shops. In Raipur, individuals are given the choice of the fair
price shop of his/her liking, flexibility of buying in smaller quantities rather than in only on transaction, etc.
Portability of ration card across the shops helped to improve customer satisfaction.

Solid waste management in OKHLA: Timarpur Okhla Municipal Solid Waste Management project is the first
commercial waste-to-energy facility in India that aims to convert one-third of the Delhi garbage into the much-
needed electricity, enough to serving 6 lakh homes. It has become the first to get carbon credits from United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the country in 2013.

Delhi metro: For its energy efficient practises, it has earned carbon credit points from UN.

Community policing for security: Community Policing for Students, adopting Student Police Cadet model of
Kerala which is a school-based youth development initiative that trains high school students by inculcating in
them respect for law, discipline, civic sense, empathy for vulnerable sections of society and resistance to social
evils and reducing crimes against women and weaker sections. Locating and reporting to the police about
strangers and other persons of doubtful character, assisting local police in patrolling at night in crime prone
areas, ensuring timely flow of crime related intelligence from the community to the police and ensuring
communal harmony through collective efforts particularly during festivals, religious processions and public
functions are some of the key functions of community policing.

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