u <OU_1 68423

A MENSURATION
FOR
SCHOOLS
INDIAN)
AND COLLEGES
P\PT :. AND PART III.

A. E. PIERPOINT
 A MENSURATION
FOR

INDIAN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

PART II. AND PART III.
 WORKS BY A. E. PIERPOINT, B.Sc.

The Elements of Geometry in Theory and Practice.

Based on the Report of the Committee appointed by the Mathematical Asso-
ciation, 1902.
Part /.Comprising the subject-matter of Euclid, Book I., 1-34, with an Ex-
perimental Section and Additional Theorems and Problems. Crown
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Re x. 4 .

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I.

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ia as*
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Mensuration for Indian Schools and Colleges.

Containing numerous Illustrative Examples and Exercises, and Examination
Questions selected from the Papers of all the chief examining bodies.
Designed to meet the requirements of University Entrance, Engineering
College, European Schools, etc., Examinations.
Part /.The Mensuration of Plane Figures. With Numerous Diagrams.
With Answers. Re 1.14.
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 A MENSURATION 1 (
v

FOR

INDIAN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

CONTAINING
NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES,
EXERCISES, AND EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
DESIGNED TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF UNIVERSITY,
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, EUROPEAN SCHOOLS, ETC.,
EXAMINATIONS

AND PART III.

PART II.

THE MENSURATION OF SOLID FIGURES

BY
A. E. PIERPOINT, B.Sc.
AUTHOR OP "THE IILKMKNTS OF GEOMETRY m THEORY AND PKACTICK," "A Mtorr.K
SCHOOL MENSURATION," KIT.
SOMETIME EXAMINER IN MATHEMATICS TO THE ALLAHABAD AND PUNJAB UNI VEKSITJF-S
WHH ANSWERS

REVISED EDITION
NEW IMPRESSION
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
HORNBY ROAD, BOMBAY
6 OLD COURT HOUSE STREET, CALCUTTA
167 MOUNT ROAD, MADRAS
LONDON, NEW YORK, AND TORONTO
 WORKS BY A. E. PIERPOINT, B.Sc.

The Elements of Geometry in Theory and Practice.

Based on the Report of the Committee appointed by the Mathematical Asso-
ciation, 1909.
Part /.Comprising the subject-matter of Euclid, Book I., 1-34, with an Ex-
perimental Section and Additional Theorems and Problems. Crown 8vo.
Re 1.4.
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION of the above, issued separately under the title
"First Steps in Geometry," to meet the requirements of
the Allahabad School Code. 5 as.
SUPPLEMENT TO PART I.Covering the European Schools' Middle
Course, Punjab. (Not included in tht Matriculation Edition.)
12 as.
Part //.Comprising the subject-matter of Euclid^ Book I., 35-48, Book 111.,
1-34, and Book IV., 1-9 and 15, with an Experimental Section and Addi-
tional Theorems and Problems. Crown 8vo. Re. i .
Parts I. and II. (in one volume). Crown 8vo. Re x.8.
Part ///.Comprising the subject-matter of Euclid, Book II., and Book III.,
35-37 with an Experimental Section and Additional Theorems and Pro-
blems. Crown 8vo, 10 as.
Part /K. Comprising the subject-matter of Euclid, Book VI., i-io, and
A, B, C, D, with an Experimental Section and a Section on Maxima
and Minima. Crown 8vo. 8 as.
INDIAN MATRICULATION EDITION.
//., ///., and IV. (in one volume}.
Parts A, Comprising the subject-matter
of Euclid, Books I., II., III., IV. (1-9 and 15), and VI. (1-19 and A, B,
C, D), with Experimental Sections and Additional Theorems and
Problems. Crown 8vo Re. 3.
THE INDIAN MIDDLE SCHOOL EDITION.
Comprising the subject-matter oi Euclid, Book 1. Crown 8vo, Re 1.4.

Mensuration for Indian Schools and Colleges.

Containing numerous Illustrative Examples and Exercises, and Examination
Questions selected from the Papers of all the chief examining bodies.
Designed to meet the requirements of University Entrance, Engineering
College, European Schools, etc., Examinations.
Part I. The Mensuration of Plane Figures. With Numerous Diagrams.
With Answers. Re 1.14.
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Diagrams. With Answers. Re 2.4.

Mensuration Formulae. With Diagrams. 4 as.

Middle School Mensuration. 12 as.

LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.

HORNBY ROAD, BOMBAY
6 OLD COURT HOUSE STREET, CALCUTTA
167 MOUNT ROAD, MADRAS
LONDON, NEW YORK, AND TORONTO
 A MENSURATION
FOR

INDIAN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

CONTAINING
NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES,
EXERCISES, AND EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
DESIGNED TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF UNIVERSITY,
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, EUROPEAN SCHOOLS, ETC.,
EXAMINATIONS

AND PART III.

PART II.

THE MENSURATION OF SOLID FIGURES

BY
A. E. P1ERPOINT, ANDB.Sc. "A MiorrE
AUTHOR of "THF, KLFMENTS OF GEOMETRY IN THEORY FRACTICK,"

SOMETIME EXAMINER IN MATHEMATICS TO TUB ALLAH AUA.D AND PUNJAB UNIVERSITIES

WITH ANSWERS

REVISED EDITION
NEW IMPRESSION
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
HORNBY ROAD, BOMBAY
6 OLD COURT HOUSE STREET, CALCUTTA
167 MOUNT ROAD, MADRAS
LONDON, NEW YORK, AND TORONTO
1924
All rights reserved
Made in Great Britain
 PREFACE
IN completing this book, I have arranged the material on the
same plan as in Part I.

The Miscellaneous Examples at the end are graduated, and

designed to cover the whole subject. Some of them are original,
but the greater number have been selected from examination

papers set within recent years by the various Indian Universities

and Engineering Colleges. There are three hundred of them,
and they bring the total number of examples to something over
two thousand.
Every example has been worked out several times, so that
I venture to hope that few mistakes will be found among the
answers.
The student is advised to omit the Examination Questions
at the ends of chapters when reading through the book for the
first time.

My warm thanks are due to my colleague, Mr. W. IT. G.

Padfield, M.A., for his careful revision of the proof-sheets; and
I also desire to acknowledge the help that I have received from

many who have used Part I., and who have given me the benefit

of their advice.
A. E. PIERPOINT.
 CONTENTS
PART II VOLUMES
CHAPTER PACK
XIX. INTRODUCTORY TABLE OF UNITS ... = ,.. i

XX. ON RECTANGULAR SOLIDS 4

XXI. ON DUODECIMALS (continued] 14

XXII. ON PRISMS, CYLINDERS, AND RINGS 18

XXIII. ON PYRAMIDS AND CONES 37

XXIV. ON WEDGES AND OBLIQUE FRUSTA OF TRIANGULAR

PRISMS 50

XXV. ON OBLIQUE FRUSTA OF RIGHT REGULAR PRISMS, AND

OBLIQUE FRUSTA* OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDERS .
59

XXVI. ON PRISMOIDS, FRUSTA OF WEDGES, FRUSTA OF PYRAMIDS,

AND FRUSTA OF CONES 64

XXVII. ON SPHERES, SPHERICAL SHELLS, AND SPHEROIDS . .

83

XXVIII. ON ZONES OF SPHERES, SEGMENTS OF SPHERES, AND

SECTORS OF SPHERES 94

XXIX. ON SIMILAR SOLIDS 106

PART HI. SURFACES

XXX. ON SOLIDS BOUNDED BY PLANE SURFACES .... 113

XXXI. ON CYLINDERS AND RINGS . . . 122

XXXII. ON OBLIQUE FRUSTA OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDERS . 128

XXXIII. ON RIGHT CIRCULAR CONES 130

viii Contents.

CHAPTER PAGE
XXXIV. ON FRUSTA OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CONES .... 134

XXXV. ON SPHERES, SEGMENTS OF SPHERES, AND ZONES OF

SPHERES 139

XXXVI. ON SIMILAR SOLIDS 151

XXXVII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES 155

XXXVIII. COLLECTION OF FORMULAE (VOLUMES AND SURFACES),

TABLES 172

ANSWERS 181
 MENSURATION
PART II.

CHAPTER XIX.
INTRODUCTORY TABLE OF UNITS.

108. A solid figure or solid is bounded by one or more surfaces.

Hence a solid must have length, breadth (width), and thickness

(depth or height).
When plane surfaces bound a solid they are called its faces^
and the solid is called a polyhedron. The lines which bound the
faces of a solid are called its edges}- The volume of a solid is the
amount of space enclosed by its bounding surface or surfaces.
109. When the bounding surfaces
of a solid are six equal squares, the
solid is called a cube. It is evident
that the length, breadth, and thickness
of a cube are equal to one another (see
figure).
A cube is called a cubic inch, a

cubic foot, or a cubic yard according

as its length, breadth, and thickness
are each a linear inch, a linear foot,
or a linear yard.
110. The units of volume most commonly used in mensuration
are given in the following table :

Cubic or Solid Measure.

1728 cubic inches make i cubic foot.

27 cubic feet make i cubic yard.

111. One cubic inch of pure water weighs 252*458 grains
(Troy).
1
Somewriters do not limit the term faces to the plane surfaces that bound
a solid. All the bounding surfaces of a solid they call its faces% whether plane
or curved, and the lines of intersection of adjacent faces they call its edges.
B
2 Mensuration.

:. one cubic foot of pure water weighs 252-458 x 1728 grs. (Troy)
.-.
ozs> (Av.)
v '
7000
= 997-137 ozs. (Av.)
This weight differs so little from 1000 ozs. that in practice it
isusual to take 1000 ozs., or 62-5- Ibs., as the weight of one cubic
foot of pure water. This assumption is always made in the
examples that follow unless otherwise stated.
" A pint of pure water
112. .

"
Weighs a pound and a quarter ;
/. a pint of pure water weighs i^ X 7000 grs. (Troy)
^ ii-X 7000 . .

/. a measure contains
pint cub. in. .
g
11
. IT X 7000 x 8
.. a gallon measure contains 5 cub. in.
252-458
= 277*274 cub. in.

This volume differs so little from 27 7 i cub. in. that in practice

it usual to take 277^ cub. in. as the capacity of one gallon.
is

This assumption is always made in the examples that follow unless

otherwise stated.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
113. Example I. How many cubic inches are there in 2 cub. yds.
1 6 cub. ft. 1044 cub. in. ?

2 cub. yds. 1 6 cub. ft. 1044 cub. in.

27

70 cub. ft.

1728

120960
1044

122004 cub. in.

.*. 2 cub. yds. 1 6 cub. ft. 1044 cub. in. = 122004 cub. in.

Example 2. Reduce 526072 cub. in. to cubic yards, etc.

( 12)526072 cub. in.

44
(12) 43839-4 )

4
12)3653- 3 f
~ 5 1
9)354
3 )-- o r
ii
7
[7
cub.ft.

.*. 526072 cub. in. = u cub. yds. 7 cub. ft. 760 cub. in.
 Introductory Table of Units. 3

Example 3. What fraction of a pint has the capacity of I

cub. in. ?

277 \ cub. in. is the capacity of i gallon 112.

1 x 8 r
-
of a pint

8x4..
of
n^
= of a pint

Examples -XIX.
1. Reduce 10 cub. ft. 736 cub. in. to cubic inches.
2. Reduce 2 cub. yds. 1 8 cub. 1232 cub. in. to cubic inches.
ft.

3. How many cubic yards, cubic feet, cubic inches are there in 230,000
cub. in. ?
4. Reduce 136,592 cub. in. to cubic yards, cubic feet, cubic inches.
5. Find in cubic feet the space occupied by a ton of pure water.
8. Find the weight of pure water that occupies a space of I cub. yd.
7. Find the cubical content of a quart jug.
8. Find the weight of 50 gallons of pure water.
 CHAPTER XX.
ON RECTANGULAR SOLIDS.

114. A rectangular solid is a figure bounded by six rectangular

faces. It follows, from
this definition, that the opposite faces of
a rectangular solid are equal rectangles lying in parallel planes.
Thus in the rectangular solid AFH,
the rectangle is ABCD
equal to the rectangle EFGH,
F E and the two rectangles lie in
parallel planes. A common
brick may be
taken as a
familiar example of a rect-
angular solid.
The length, breadth, and
depth of a rectangular solid
are called its dimensions.

B The four straight lines join-

ing the opposite corners of a
rectangular solid are called its diagonals. For example, DH, GC,
FB are three of the diagonals of the rectangular solid AFH.
When the dimensions of a rectangular solid are equal to one
another, the figure is called a cube ( 109). When the dimensions
of a rectangular solid are not equal to one another, the figure
is called a cuboid. A
rectangular solid is sometimes called a
parallelopipedon.

PROPOSITION XXVIII.
115. To find the volume of a rectangular solid, having given its
dimensions.
Let ABCD
be a rectangular
B
solid such that AB
represents a
length of 5 in., AC
a length of 4
in. and
,
AD
a length of 3 in.
required to find the volume
It is
of the rectangular solid ABCD.
Divide AB
into five equal parts,
A
C into four equal parts, and AD
into three equal parts. Then each
of these equal parts will represent an inch,
 On Rectangular Solids.

Through the points of division in AC

draw planes parallel to
the face ABD. These will divide
the solid into four equal layers, each
layer being i in. thick (see figure).
^ s\
Again, through the points of
division in AB
draw planes parallel
to the face ADC. These will divide each layer into five equal
bars, each bar measuring i sq. in. in cross-section
(see figure).
Again, through the points of division in draw AD
planes parallel to the face ABC. These will divide
each bar into three equal blocks, each block being a
cubic inch (see figure).
Note that the number of layers is the same as the
number of inches in A
C, the number of bars in each
layer is the same as the number of inches in AB, and
the number of cubic inches in each bar is the same as the number
of inches in AD.
Therefore the rectangular solid contains

4x5x3 cub. in. = 60 cub. in.

From this special case we may arrive at the general con-

clusion
If the length, breadth, and depth of a rectangular solid
measure b, and c of the same linear unit respectively, then the
,

volume of the solid will measure a X b x c of the corresponding

solid unit.
Hence rule
The continued product of the numbers of any linear unit in tfie
dimensions of a rectangular solid will give t/ie number of the corre-
sponding solid unit in t/ie volume.
Or briefly

Volume of rectangular solid = length x breadth x depth

= length x area of end
= breadth x area of side
= depth x area of base
V=axbxc . . .
(i.)

Hence

Length of rectangular) _ volume volume

solid breadth x depth area of end
a- b~x~c
. . .
(ii.)
6 Mensuration.

_
and
Breadth of rectangular) __
volume _ volume
"~
solid \
~length~x^pth area of side

and
Depth of rectangular) __
"~
volume _
~
volume
solid I

C = V-
length
r
a x b
x breadth area
.......
of base

(iv.)
v '

116. The volume of a rectangular solid can be expressed in

terms of the areas of its base, a side, and an end, thus

Volume of rectangular solid

= J (length X bnadth) X (length X depth) X (breadth X depth)
= tj (area of base) x (area of side) X (area of end)
V = VArx A 2 x A 3

FARTICUIiAB CASE.
117. Cube.
Here the dimensions are equal to one another.
That is, length = breadth = depth = edge
f

anT^ sZh
length

/. volume of cube = (edge)

8

____
/. edge of cube = -J/ volume
a =
Hence rule

Or
The cube root of
a cube gives
briefly
the numbei-
the

_
number of any solid unit in the volume oj
of the corresponding linear unit in the edge.
_
Edge of cube = I/volume
 On Rectangular Solids.

PROPOSITION XXIX.
118. To find a diagonal of a rectangular solid\ having given its

dimensions.
Let A BCD be a rectangular
1

solid. Let its dimensions BA,

BC> BB 1
measure a, b, c of the
same linear unit respectively.
It is required to find the

length of the diagonal DB in

terms of a, b^ c.
Join DB.
BecauseDB' is the hypo-
tenuse of a right-angled triangle
DBB\
:. DB"> = DB + 2
BB"* ..... Euc. I. 47.
But DB* = AB* + AD 2 ...... Euc. I. 47.
= AB* + BC* ...... Euc. I. 34.
.'. DB" = AB* + BC* +
2
BB'*
:. square on DB (a +b
2 2
+<?) square units ... 9.
/. DB = Ja* + l>
2
+72
linear units ... 9.
Hence rule
Addtogether the squares of the numbers qf any linear unit in
the dimensions of a rectangular solid ; then the square root of the
sum will give the number of the same linear unit in the diagonal.
Or briefly

d=
^/a 4-b -t-c
2 2 2

Note. It is obvious that we shall obtain the same expression for

each of the four diagonals of the rectangular solid
"
'. Hence ABC D
we infer that all the diagonals of a rectangular solid are equal to one
another.

PABTICULAB CASE.
119. Cube.
Here length = breadth = depth = edge
"8-
.*.
diagonal of cube
= V3_X (edge)

hence a = ,-
 Mensuration.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
120. Example i. Find the length
of a rectangular solid whose volume
measures 41 cub. ft. 432 cub. in., breadth
2 ft. 9 in., and depth 3 ft. 4 in.

Length of recM _
~ V
ft.. 115.
angular solid) jT>Tc

where V = 4'i,
and b - 2
and c 3

/. length of rectangular solid =

I6 5 x 4 x 3
= ft
4 x ii x 10
= 4ift.
= 4 ft. 6 in.

Example 2. How many fons of water will a rectangular cistern

hold whose length is 9 ft., breadth 7 ft.,
and depth 5 ft. 4 in. ?
Volume of \ = / , N , -
c
cistern (* x J x *) cub. ft.
115.
)
where a = 9,

.'. volume of cistern = (9 x 7 x 5j) cub. ft.

And i cub. ft. of water weighs 1000 ozs. (Av.) . . . in

/. weight of water in cistern = 9 x 7 x 5 J x 1000 ozs.
-
~~
9 x 7 x x icoo
tons
^
3 x 16 x 28 x 4 x 20
= ol tons
Example 3. Find the edge of a cube
whose volume measures I cub. yd. 18
cub. ft. 1747 cub. in.

Edge of cube = \IV\n. .117.

Icy. I8cf.m7ci where V= 79507 ;

/. edge of cube = V7957 n

= 43 in.
= i yd. 7 in.
*
Example 4,r-How many*?haunds of kankar will be required to
metal one mile of road 18 ft.wide, and an average of 9 in. thick, the
kankar weighing i \ maunds per cubic foot ?
 On Rectangular Solids. 9
Volume of kankar required = (a x b x c) cub. ft. .
115.
-

-
where a 1760 x 3,
b=

-
18,
c 3

---
I 4 *

/. volume ofnkankar required

i j i
= 1760 X3XI8X3
- - ,

cub.
-
ft.

/.
.

weight
, 1760
= - x3xi8x3X3
- - 2 maunds
,

= 106,920 maunds

Example 5. Three cubes of metal, whose edges are 3, 4, and 5 in.

respectively, are melted down and formed into a single cube. Find
its diagonal.
Volume of the single cube = (3 3 + 43 + 5 3 ) cub. in. . 1
17.
= 216 cub. in.
.'.edge = V2i6~in
= 6 in.
...... 117.

/.diagonal = 6^/3 in ....... 119-

= 10*392 in.

Example 6. If a Drick occupy a space of 9 in. by 4i by 3, how

man^jvould be required for a wall 100 ft. in length, 10 ft. in height,
and a brick and a half in thickness ?
...
Number of bricks / i i -j =
required
n

-
;
-
volume of wall
r-r-r-
volume ofj a brick
" (ICQ x 10 x |f) cub^
ft. ,
s >'
(rfe x 9 x J x 3)"C ub. ft/
_ 100 X 10 X 27 X 1728 X 2
~~
24x9x9x3
= i6,coo

Example 7.- If gold be beaten out so thin that an ounce (Troy) will
form a leaf of 20 sq. yds., find of these leaves will make an
how many
inch thick, the weight of a cubic foot of gold being 10 cwt. 95 Ibs.

Because 10 cwt. 95 Ibs. is the weight of i cub. ft. of gold

- cub. of gold
/. i oz. is the weight of v in.
12

Hence, if .r in. be the thickness of a leaf

1728
"""
1215 X 12 X 20 X 9 X 144
-
""
*

218700
.*. 218,700 leaves will make an inch thick
10 Mensuration.

Example A box with a lid measures 12 in. long, 10 broad, and

8.
8 deep, outside measure. It is made of wood 2 in. thick. Required
its weight empty, the specific gravity of the wood being 075.

Volume of wood = volume of solid ABC - volume of solid DEF

- (12 x 10 x 8) cub. in. (8 x 6 x
4) cub. in. 115.
= 768 cub. in.

Now, specific gravity! ~

__ weight of any volume of the wood
of the wood /
weight of an equal volume of water
and weight of 768 cub.\ 1000 x 768
in. of water
"
ozs< in.
}~~ jy^j
f tne
loco x 768 ozs.
- 3 x IOOQ x 768
.*. weight of the wood = ozs.
4 x 1728
1000
= ozs.

= 20 Ibs. 13 J ozs.

Examples XX.
Find the volumes of rectangular solids having the following dimensions :

1. Length 7 ft., breadth 6 ft., height 5 ft.

2. Length 5 ft. 6 in., breadth 4 ft. 9 in., depth 4 ft, 3 in.
3. Length 2 yds. 2 ft. 9 in., breadth I yd. 2 ft,, depth I yd. I ft. 6 in.
4. Find the length of a rectangular solid whose volume measures 18 cub. ft.
390 cub. in., width 2 ft. 5 in., and depth 3 in.
5. Find the width of a rectangular solid whose volume measures 56 cub. ft.
'

1440 cub. in., length 1 6 ft. 6 in., and depth 8 in.

6. Find the depth of a rectangular solid whose volume is 14 cub. ft. loo8
cub. in., length 5 ft. 10 in., and breadth 3 ft. 4 in.
7. Find the area of the base of a rectangular solid whose volume is 23 cub.
ft., 396 cub. in., and depth 2 ft. 6 in.
8. Find the depth of a rectangular solid whose volume is 9 cub. yds. 4 cub.
ft. 1584 cub. in., and base 6 sq. yds. 4 sq. ft. 48 sq. in.

9* Find the area of each end of a rectangular solid whose volume is 4 cub.
yds. 6 cub. ft. 1008 cub. in., and length 5 ft.
 On Rectangular Solids. 11

10. Find the volume of a rectangular solid whose base is 3 sq. yds. 8 sq.
ft.28 sq. in., and height I yd. 2 ft. 10 in.
11. Find the length of a rectangular solid whose volume is 4 cub. yds. 23
cub. ft. 432 cub. in., and whose ends each measure 2 sq. yds. 4 sq. ft. 72 sq. in.
12. Find the volume of a rectangular solid whose sides each measure 3 sq.
yds. 5 sq. ft. 68 sq. in., and whose width is I yd. 2 ft. 8 in.
13. Find the cost of a rectangular solid whose length, breadth, and depth
are 10 in., 8 in., and 7 in., at the rate of Rs.3 8 annas per cubic inch.
14. How many bricks will be required to build a wall 80 ft. long, 18 in.
thick, and 6 ft. high, a brick being 9 in. long, 4} in. wide, and 3 in. deep ?
15. Find to the nearest gallon the capacity of a cistern having the follow-
ing dimensions length 7 ft. 8 in., breadth 7 ft. 2 in., depth 6 ft. 8 in.
:

16. Find the weight of a rectangular block of wood 4 ft. 3 in. long, 2 ft.
9 in. wide, 2 ft. 6 in. deep, at 30 Ibs. per cubic foot.
17. What weight of water will a rectangular cistern hold whose dimen-
sions are 10 ft., 8 ft., and 7 ft. ? Give the result in tons, cwts., etc.
18. The length and width of a rectangular tank are 3 ft. 6 in. and 2 ft.
9 in., and the tank is capable of holding 56 gallons of water find its depth
:

to the nearest inch.

19. If the length and width of a tank are 18 ft. 8 in. and 14 ft. 6 in.,
what volume of water must be drawn off to make the surface sink I ft. ?
20. A box without a lid is made of wood an inch thick find the cubical
:

content of the box if its external dimensions are 2 ft. 8 in., 2 ft. 4 in., and
I foot 9 in.
Find the volumes of cubes having the following edges :

21. 2 ft. 10 in.

22. i yd. 2 ft. 9 in.
23. 2 poles.
24. i pole 2 yds.
Find the edges of cubes having the following volumes :

25. 3 cub. ft. 1675 cub. in.

28. i cub. yd. 19 cub. ft. 19 cub. in.
27. 4 cub. yds. 23 cub. ft. 613 cub. in.
28. 163 cub. yds. 23 cub. ft. 701 cub. in.
29. The base of a rectangular cistern measures 18 sq. ft. find its depth
:

to the nearest inch if it is capable of holding 500 gallons of water.

30. Find to the hundredth part of an inch the edge of a cubical vessel
whose capacity is 50 gallons.
31. How many square inches of surface can be covered uniformly by i cub.

ft. of gold, the coating is 0*000005 in. thick ?

if
32. Find the cubical content of a box without a lid which is made of wood
an inch thick, if its external length, breadth, and depth are 2 ft. 2 in., i ft.
10 in., and I ft. 9 in. respectively.
88. Howmany cubic inches of wood are required to build a box without
a lid if the wood is half an inch thick, and if the external length, breadth, and
depth of the box are 2 ft. 9 in., 2 ft. 3 in., and i ft. 10 in. respectively ?
84. Howmany cubic inches of wood are required to build a box with a lid,
if the wood is i in. thick, and if the internal dimensions of the box are I ft.

5 in., i ft. 3 in., and i ft. I in. ?

35. If 300 gallons of water are poured into a rectangular cistern 12 ft. 9 in.
long and 10 ft. 6 in. wide, through how many inches will the surface rise ?
36. If each of the dimensions of any rectangular solid be doubled, show
that its volume will be increased eightfold.
37. If the internal dimensions of a rectangular cistern are 3 ft. 6 in., 2 ft.
10 in., and I ft. 8 in., find to the nearest second how long it will take a pipe
to fill it, if the pipe admits 8 gallons a minute.
1 2 Mensuration.
*
38. The dimensions of a rectangular solid are in the proportion of the num-
bers 2, 5, and 7, and its volume is 13 cub. ft. 1546 cub. in. find its dimen- :

sions.
39. Find the volume of a cube whose diagonal measures 2 ft. 6 in.
40. Find the diagonal of a rectangular solid whose length, breadth, and
depth measure 3 ft. 4 in., 2 ft. 9 in., and 2 ft. 3 in. respectively.
41. Find the diagonal of a cube whose volume measures 10 cub. ft.
296 cub. in.
42. Find the depth of a rectangular solid whose diagonal, length, and
breadth measure 7 ft. 3 in., 5 ft. 3 in., and 3 ft. respectively.
43. The volume of a rectangular solid is 2160 cub. ft., and its diagonal is
25 ft. If the length is 20 ft., find the breadth and depth.
44.' Find the edge of a cube equal in volume to a rectangular solid whose
dimensions are 3 ft. 9 in., I ft. 3 in., and 5 in.

Examination Questions XX.

Allahabad University ; Intermediate.
A.
whose content is 4019*679 cub. ft.
1. It is desired to put a cubical case
through a square hatchway whose area is 37,791*36 sq. in. show whether this :

can be done.

B. Punjab University ; First Exam, in Civil

Engineering.
2. Three cubes of metal whose edges are 3, 4, and 5 in.
respectively, are
melted and formed into a single cube if there be no waste in the process,
:

show that the edge of the new cube will be 6 in.

3. Find the length of the longest rod that can.be placed in a room
30 ft.
long, 24 ft. broad, and 18 ft. high.

C. Madras University : B.E. Exam.

4. Waterdistributed to a town of 50,000 inhabitants from a reservoir
is

consisting of three compartments, 200 ft. x 100 ft., with vertical sides, and
12 ft. depth of water. The allowance is 15 gallons per head per day. How
many days' supply will the reservoir hold ?
D. Calcutta University ; F.E. Exam.
6. In measuring the edges of a cubical box to ascertain its content, an
error of 0*202 in. is made in excess for the length, and of 0*2 in. in defect for
the breadth, the height being properly measured. The calculated volume
agrees with the true volume. Find the volume in cubic inches.

Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Monthly Exam.

E.
6. A box without
a lid is made of wood an inch thick ; the external length,
breadth, and height of the box are 2 ft. 10 in., 2 ft. 5 in., and I ft. 7 in. respec-
tively : find what volume the box will hold, and the number of cubic inches
of wood.
7. The external length, breadth, and height of a closed rectangular wooden
box are 1 8 in., 10 in., and 6 in. respectively, and the thickness of the wood is
half an inch. When the box is empty it weighs 15 Ibs., and when filled with
sand 100 Ibs. Find the weight of a cubic inch of wood and of a cubic inch of
sand.
8. A
reservoir is 24 ft. 8 in. long by 12 ft. 9 in. wide : find how many
cubic feet of water must be drawn off to make the surface sink I ft.

F. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Annual Exam.

9. The diagonal of a cube is 30 in.:what is the solid content ?
 On Rectangular Solids. 13
4
G. Sibpur Apprentice Depart. : Final Exam.
10. A schoolroom is to be built to accommodate 70 children, so as to
allow 8J sq. it. of floor and I loj cub. ft. of space for each child if the room :

be 34 ft. long, what must be its breadth and height ?

H. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

11. Taking the dimensions of a brick to be 9" x 4}" x 3", find the num-
ber required to build a storeroom 14 ft. high and 22' x 15', the walls ieing
2 ft. thick and the room being provided with a doorway 8' X 3$' and two
windows 3' X 2'. -

12. Find how many bricks, of which the length, breadth, and thickness are
9, 4J, and 3 in., will be required to build a wall of which the length, j&ght,
and thickness are 72, 8, and 1$ ft.
13. The three conterminous edges of a rectangular solid are 36, 75, and 80
in. respectively find tHe edge of a cube which will be of the same capacity.
:

14. A river 25 ft. deep and 480 ft. wide is flowing at the rate of 3 miles
an hour : how many tons of water run into the sea per minute.
find
15. A
cubic foot of gold is extended by hammering so as to cover an area
of six acres find the thickness of the gold in decimals of an inch, correct to
:

the first two significant figures.

I. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

16. A rectangular bath long, 9 ft. wide, and 4 ft, deep : how
is 14 ft.

much deeper must it be made to hold 180 gallons more ?

17. A
reservoir contains 3,217,428 cub. ft. of water ; its depth is one-third
of its length, and its breadth is half the difference between the length and one-
third of the depth find the dimensions.
:

18. A
box without a lid measures externally 4 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and 2 ft.
deep ; the material has a uniform thickness of f in. If the wood cost 7;. gd.
per cubic foot, and the making ^ of the material, find to the nearest penny
the cost of the box.
19. A
rectangular solid is 13 ft. long, 3^ ft. broad, and 2 ft. high find :

the length of its diagonal, and also the area of a plane passing through two
opposite edges of 3^ ft.

Additional Examination Questions XX.

20. Find the least length of wall that will be required to enclose a space
of 1200 sq. yds. by the side of an existing wall, so that only three sides require
to be walled up. If the average sectional area of the wall be 18 sq. ft., find
the cost of building it with stones 18 in. X 9 in. x 4i in. at Rs. 80 per 1000
stones. (Madras University ; B.E. Exam.)
21. A rectangular reservoir is 100 ft. long by 64 ft. broad at what rate of :

speed per hour must water flow into it through a pipe whose cross-section is a
square of side 2 in., in order to make the water rise 2 ft. in 8 hrs. ? (Bombay
University: L.C.E. Exam,)
22. If a be the length of each edge of a cube, show that the diagonal of
each face is a*/2 9 and the diagonal of the solid atJz* (Roorkee Upper
Subordinate: Monthly.)
23. How many superficial feet of inch plank can be sawn out of a log of
timber 20 ft. 7 in. long, I ft, 10 in. wide, I ft. 8 in. deep ? (Roorkee Engineer :

Final.)
24. How many sovereigns will a box 1 6 in. long, 7 in. deep, and 5 in.
broad, contain if each sovereign measure j in. X fa in. ? (Roorkee Upper
Subordinate: Monthly.)
 CHAPTER XXI.
ON DUODECIMALS (contimud).

121. WE have seen (Chapter III.) that the area of a rectangle

can conveniently be found by using duodecimals. It is now

proposed to extend this

method to the determina-
tion of the volumes of rect-
angular solids.
122. Consider the cube
ABCD.
Let each of its edges
be taken to represent a
length of i ft. i in. On
the same scale, from -#,
from (7,and from Z>, along
BA and CA and DA re-
spectively, divide off a
length corresponding to
i ft.

Then the remaining parts of these three lines will be lengths

each corresponding to i in.

Through the points of division draw planes parallel to the

sides of the cube.
Wenow see that the whole cube is made up of several pieces
of four different sizes
The largest size is a cube, HKL^ measuring i ft. each way,
that a cubic foot.
is,
The second largest a rectangular solid, MHK, measur-
size is

ing i ft. by i ft. by This is evidently the twelfth part of

i in.
a cubic foot, and we have already spoken of it as a cubic or solid
grime ( 13). Of these there are three.
The third largest size is a rectangular solid, CFH> measuring
i ft. by i in. by i in. This
evidently the twelfth part of a
is

cubic or solid prime, and we have already spoken of it as a

cubic or solid second ( 13). Of these there are three.
The smallest size is a cube, measuring i inch each AFEH^
way, that is, a cubic inch,
 On Duodecimals. 15

Thus the cube ABCD represents a volume equal to the

sum of
1. One cubic foot.
2. Three cubic primes.
3. Three cubic seconds.
4. One cubic inch or cubic third.
be found that the above result may be obtained by the
It will

following scheme of work, in which we multiply each term in the

length of the solid by each term in the breadth, and then each
term in this product by each term in the depth.
i ft. i in.
i ft. i in.

i X i sq. ft. i X i sup.jDrimes

i X i sup. primes i X i sq. in.
i sq. ft. 2 sup. primes i sq. in.
i ft. i in.

i X i cub. ft. 2X1 cub. primes i x i cub. sec.

T X i cub. prime 2X1 cub. sec. T X i cub. in.

i cub. ft. 3 cub. primes 3 cub. sees. i cub. in.

In this scheme of work we assume the law that, in any rect-

angular solid
Square
* inches in base X linear J
feet in \
= ,
,
, . . , > cub. sees, in volume.

Superficial primes in base X linear \

= , . . .
cub -
Pnmes tn volume-
f
in depth
Superficial primes
inches in depth
in base x linear IT
\

=
\
atb' secs ln volume-
,
'

Square in base X linear inches in

=
Afeet \ , . . . ,
y
, , cub .primes in volume.
f

The proof of this law is simple, and is left as an exercise for

the student.
The scheme of work in the above example may be shortened
thus:
i ft. i'

i ft. i'

3"
16 Mensuration.

The plan of work here depends upon that property of a rect-

angular solid, whose length measures (a b) units, breadth +
(c + a) units, and depth (e +/) units, viz. that its volume is
the sum of eight rectangular solids measuring

a X c x e solid units
b X cx e
a x d x e
b X d X e
a x cxf
b X cxf

dimensions of a rectangular solid involve twelfths of an

If the
inch, and we wish to find its volume by the method of duo-
decimals, the principle will be seen to be exactly the same.
Remembering, then, that

i standard unit =12 primes

i prime =12 seconds
i second =12 tlnjrds
i third =12 fourtns

and so on, whether the standard unit be linear, superficial, or

cubic, and remembering that tfie order of a product is the sum of
all the orders of its factors (see Chapter III.), we shall find no
difficulty in understanding the following Illustrative Examples.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
123. Example i. Find by duodecimals the volume of a rectangular
solid which measures 5 ft. 8 ft- 6 in.
by 4 ft. 10 in.
M5 .

95 10'

/. Volume of rectangular) _
" ft IO cub. primes 4 cub seconds
.
solid /
 On Duodecimals. 17

Example 2. Find by duodecimals the volume of a rectangular

solid which measures 3 ft. 4 in. 5 twelfths of an inch by 2 ft. 7 in.
9 twelfths of an inch by 2 ft. 8 in. 4 twelfths of an inch.
Volume of rectangular =
j ft + jn twe , fths x 2 ft ? jn twe fths
,
S01ia '
x 2 ft. 8 in.4 twelfths . . . .
115.
3ft- 4' 5"
2ft. 7' q"

Find, by duodecimals, the volumes of the rectangular solids having the

following dimensions :

1. 3 ft. 2 in. ; 2 ft. 6 in. 2 ft. ;

2. 4 ft. 9 in. ; 3 ft. 5 in. ; 2 ft. 7 in.

3. 3 ft. 6 in. 4 twelfths ; 3 ft. 2 in. 9 twelfths ; 2 ft. 7 in.
4. 4 ft. 7 in. 8 twelfths ; 3 ft. 9 in. 10 twelfths ; 2 ft. 4 in. 6 twelfths.
6. 3 ft. 2 in. 10 twelfths ; 2 ft. 9 in. 7 twelfths ; i ft. 7 in. 6 twelfths.
8. 9 in. ; 4 ft. ; 7 twelfths.
 CHAPTER XXII.

ON PRISMS, CYLINDERS, AND RINGS.

124. A prism is a solid whose sides are parallelograms, and

whose ends lie in parallel planes.
The end on which a prism
may be supposed to stand is
called the base of the prism.
The perpendicular distance
between the ends of a prism is
called the height of the prism.
The straight line joining the
middle points of the ends of a
prism is called the axis of the
prism.
The length of a prism is that
portion of the axis that lies between the parallel
ends.
Thus, in the prism ABD'E
ABCDE the base,
is

F the height,
is

OO is the length.
A prism is called a regular
"~ prism when its
ends are regular figures.
A prism is called a nght prism when its
edges formed by side faces adjacent to one
another are perpendicular to its ends (see figure).
Otherwise it is said to be obKpue.
It follows from this that the sides
of a right prism are rectangles. All
rectangular solids are right prisms.
When the ends of a prism are
parallelograms, the prism is called a

pd^attdo^tped (see figure).

Hence a
pardleTopiped may be defined las

a solid bounded by three pairs of parallel plane faces.

 On Prisms, Cylinders, and Rings. 19
125. When the number of the sides of a prism is indefinitely
increased, and the breadth of each side indefinitely diminished
(the perimeter of the cross-section always remaining finite), the
surface of the prism tends tobecome the surface of a cylinder.
Hence a cylinder may be defined as the limit of a pri$m, the

number of whose sides is indefinitely increased while the breadth

of each side is indefinitely diminished.
The base of a circular cylinder is a circle.
A right circular cylinder may be seen to be generated by the
revolution of a rectangle round one of its sides (see figure).
126. The definition of a prism may be extended so as to
include the limiting case of a cylinder, thus
A prism is a solid whose ends are any two parallel plane
figures, equal, similar, and similarly placed, and whose sides are
determined by straight lines connecting the corresponding points
in the circumferences of the two ends (Elliot). Fluted columns
and the masonry of arched bridges are familiar examples of prisms
in the wider sense of the term.

PROPOSITION XXX.
127. To find the volume of a parallelepiped\ having given the
area of its base and its height.
Let ABGH be a parallele-
piped.
Let its base ABCD measure
A of any square unit.
Let its height FK
measure h
of the corresponding linear unit.
It is required to find the
volume of ABGH in terms of
A and h.
20 Mensuration.

In the plane ABCD, and between the parallels AB and DC,

draw the rectangle ABML.
Then the area of the rectangle ABML
is equal to the area of

the parallelogram ABCD Euc. I. 35.

Now, since parallelepipeds which have equal bases and equal
heights are equal in volume Euc. XI. 31.
Therefore the volume of the parallelepiped is equal ABGH
to the volume of the rectangular solid standing on the base
ABML and of height FK.
But the volume of this)
=A x h solid units
rectangular solid (

the volume of the

=A X h solid units
lelopiped ABGH
paial-}
J

Hence rule
Multiply the number of any square unit in the base of a parallele-
piped by the number of the corresponding linear unit in the height,
then the product will give the number of the corresponding solid unit
in the volume.
Or briefly
Volume of parallelepiped = base x height
V = Axh

PROPOSITION XXXI.
/
128. To find ttie volume of a triangular purism, having given its

base and height.

In-
,
Let ABC be a triangular
Q prism.
Let its base ABC
measure
A of any square unit.
Let its height A'E measure
h of the corresponding linear
unit.
It is required to find the
volume of ABC in terms of A
and h.
Through BB draw the plane BB'D parallel to the plane
CCA.
Through AA' draw the plane AAD parallel to the plane
CCB.
Then the solid DBCA will be a
parallelepiped. And its
volume is double the volume of the prism , ABC
Euc. 28. XL
But vol. of DBCA = area of base DBCA X A'E .
127.
 On Prisms, Cylinders, and Rings. 21

/. vol. of AB C = i area of base DBCA x A'E

= area of triangle ABCxA'E . Euc. I. 34.
= A X h solid units
Hence rule
Multiply the number of any square unit in the base of a tri-
angular prism by the number of ttie corresponding linear unit in the
height^ then the product will give the number of the corresponding
solid unit in the volume.
Or briefly
Volume of triangular prism = base x height
V = Axh
PROPOSITION XXXII.
129. To find the volume of any prism, having given its base
and height.
Let ABDE be a prism.
Let its base ABCDEmeasure A of any square unit.
Let its height E'F measure
h of the corresponding linear
unit.
It is required to find the
volume of ABDE in terms
of A and h.

^ Divide the solid into ttian-

gujarprisms by planes through
AA\
These prisms will all have
the same height, /*, and their
bases will be the triangles
ABC,ACD,ADE. Hence,^
if AH A^ A^ be the areas' of these three triangles respectively,
and if F,, F2, V& be the volumes pf the three triangular prisms
ACB\ ADC, AED 1

respectively, we have

128.
= AJi
or V=Ah
Hence rule
Multiply the number of any square unit in the base of a prism
by the number of the corresponding linear unit in the 1ieight> tfien the
product will give the number of the corresponding solid unit in tfa
volume.
 Mensuration.

Or briefly
Volume of any prism = base x height
V = Axh ..... (i.)

Hence
Base of any prism =

(ii.)
h
And
Height of any prism = volume
base

(iii.)

PROPOSITION XXXIII.
130. To find the volume of a prism> having given its cross-
section and length.
Let ABCLf be a prism (Fig. i).
Let its cross-section A"B"C'I)" measure A! of any square
unit.
-
Let itslength AA
measure / of the corresponding linear unit.
It is required to find the volume of ABCjy
in terms of
and /.

Apply the lower portion ABC'D" of the prism ABCD to

the upper portion A"B"C'D, so that the face ABCD may
coincide with the face A' BCD'
(Fig. 2).
The solid thus formed will be a right prism having A"B"C'iy
for its base and A"A" (= AA' in Fig. i) for its length or height.
 On Prisms y Cylinders, and Rings. 23

And the AJ
volume of this right prism will contain solid
units
But the
.................
volume
129.
of this right prism is evidently the same as
the volume of the original prism ABC'D '.

.". the vol. of the original prism ABCD* = AJ solid units

Hence rule

Multiply the number of any square unit in the cross-section of a

prism by t/ie number of the corresponding linear unit in the length,
then the product will give the number of tfie coiresponding solid unit
in the volume.

Or briefly
Volume of a prism = cross-section x length
V = A,1 ........ (i)
Hence

Cross-section of r
prism = -
length

And
= volume
length of prism
cross-section

PARTICULAR CASE.
131. Cylinder.
Here the number of sides of the prism is indefinitely increased*
But whatever be the number of sides of the prism
Volume of prism = base X height .
129.
/. volume of cylinder = base X height
V=A xh
'

For a circular cylinder, this formula may be

written
V^ir^Xh
where r linear units = radius of base.
132. Consider a segment of a prism or of a
cylinder made by
a plane parallel to the axis (see
figure). from what has been said about
It follows,
the prism and the cylinder, that the volume of such
a segment will be determined by the formula
 Mensuration.

where A square units = area of end of segment,

and h linear units = height of segment.

^/ Rings.
133. A cylindrical may be roughly
ring described as a right
circular cylinder bent round in a circle until its ends meet.
Since in bending the cylinder to form a ring the inner portion
is as much contracted as the outer por-
tion is
expanded, the volume of the ring
may be seen to be the same as the
volume of the original cylinder. Hence
the volume of a cylindrical ring is equal
to the volume of a right circular cylinder
whose base is the same as the cross-
section of the ring, and whose height
is equal to the length of the ring.
That is

Vol. of a cylindrical
-- - ring
= area of cross-section x length of ring
== A
x /

Note. By the length of a ring is meant its mean circumference or

circumference midway between its inner and outer circumferences.
The same reasoning applies to
the case of any ring whose cross-
section is a figure symmetrical
about a line in its own plane
perpendicular to the plane of the
ring that is to say, having the
outer half corresponding to the
inner, as in the figures.
134. In the particular case of
the cylindrical ring, the following
formulae may be easily verified :
 On Prisms, Cylinders, and Rings.

V= -(C + e)(C - V
where V is the volume, R
and ; are the outer and inner radii
respectively, C and c the corresponding circumferences.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
135. Example i. The base of a right prism is an equilateral
triangle with a side of 7 in., and itsheight is 24 in.:^
find its volume.
Volume of prism = A x // cub. in. . 128.

where A= :

h = 24 ;

r 49 x 24 x Ji .

volume of prism =
,
/.
i
*-* cub. in.

= 509-2 cub. in.

Example 2. Find the co^t, at the rate of $d.
per cubic yard, of digging a pit whose dimensions
at the top are 34 ft. 4 in. by 30 ft., and whose depth
is 13 ft. 6 in., the sides sloping at an angle of 45,
and the ends being vertical.
Let A BCD represent a cross-section of the pit.
Then ED = CF = AE = 13^ ft.
.-./>C=(3o- I3jx 2) ft.

A.- 3Q! B
ft. . .
129.
. 33 x 27 x 103 x 4
X 2 X 3 X 27
2
pence. t u
:

1133 pence E D C

Example 3. Find the number of tons of copper in a wire, length

3000 miles, diameter \ in.
Copper wire weighs 555 Ibs. per cubic foot.
Volume
2
of wire = Ah cub. ft ...... 131.

where ^= IT
-

h = 3000 x 1760 x 3
. x 3000 x 1760 x 3
e .
fTT
'
volume of wire =
Cub ft
,
'
x 16 x 12 x .2 .6

of wire =
x 3oo x 1760 X 3 X 5S
tons
" 5_
.-. weight
5
7 x 16 x 16 x 12 x 12 x 112 x 20
26 Mensuration.

Example 4. A
reservoir is supplied from a pipe 6 in. in diameter.
How many pipes of 3 in. diameter would discharge the same quantity,
supposing the velocity the same ?
Let Fcub. in. = volume of water contained in I in. of the 6-in. pipe.

= volume
Then V- * x 3* ....... 131.
Let v cub. in. of water contained in I in. of the 3-in. pipe.
Then v = * x (|)
2
.... 131.

But number of pipes required =

V

= 4
Example 5. Find the weight of iron in a pipe whose interior and
exterior diameters measure 10 in. and
ii in. respectively, and length 10 ft., a
cubic inch of iron weighing 0*26 Ib.

Volume of iron = (/?! A 2 )/tcub. in. 131.

where A = l
v x (V-) 2 . .
7i.
7i.
J= 120;
.'. volume of iron = 7r{(Y)
2 - 1
C .?) }
2
120
cub. in.

- *
""
x 2I
^ 1 20 ,
cub. in.
.

~~4~
/. weight of iron = 3'Hi6 x 21 x 120 x 0-26
4
^
= 5 14-594 Ibs.
Example 6.- A well isft.todeep, and lined with a cir-
be dug 30
cular ring of masonry i ft. in thickness the interior ;

diameter of well when completed will be 6 ft. Find

the total cost of the work, the excavation costing at
the rate of Rs. 5 per 100 cub. ft, and the brickwork
Rs. 25 per 100 cub. ft.
Volume of earth excavated =A x h cub. ft.
131.
..Q'..
where A
= IT x (4^)
2
, 71.
and h = 30 ;

.*. volume of earth excavated = ~ cub. ft.

4
*
/. cost of excavating earth = - -^ Rs.
4 ^ ico
= * X 243
8
Volume of masonry = (A l
cub. ft. 131-
where A =1 x 7L
A = ,rX3
,
2
7i.
k ==
30 ;

/. volume of masonry = w{(4j)

2 - 32 }3O cub. ft.
 On Prisms, Cylinders^ and Rings. 27

f *
masonry' =
* r>
. . cost of Rs,
2 X 2 X 10O
_ 7T X 675
Rs.

/. total cost = Rs.

= Rs. 360 10 as. 3^ p. -

Example 7. A bridge arch has a span of 20 ft., a rise of 3 ft.,

depth of voufigpjr 2 ft., and its

length from face to face is 30 ft. :

find how many cubic feet of
masonry it contains.
Take the figure as a cross
section of the arch.
Let OG = x ft.

Then 3(2.*- + = 3) 100 75.

= ** V
/. radius of arc DEF - *%* ft
Again
DE = Vll + 3
2
ft. 16,
= y 109 ft.

ft . '. . 8r.
/. area of sector ODEF = i
x x J( 8 Vi9 - 20}
= \ x ^Ir x 21-174 sq. ft
^ sq. ft. 86.

Now, sectors ODEF and OABC are similar figures ;.

/. area of OABC : area of ODEF = OB* : OE* 104.

that is
area of OABC :
\ X ^ x 21*174 sq. ft
= C
1 1
! )
1
2

2
: C
1
^)2
area of OABC = * x 1$* x 21-174 x- ,
1
'^ sq. ft
1 09;
2
/(I2I) \
.'. area of section = \ x x 21-174 x
i) sq.ft.
tffy5-
= 44-68 sq. ft.
and volume of masonry = 44*68 x 30 cub. ft.
129.
'^/l/i'
= 1340*4 cub. ft
Example 8. A cylindrical uoy, 8
ft. long and 6 ft. in diameter, floats with
its axis horizontal and i ft. above the
surface of the water : find the weight
of the buoy.
Let A BCD
represent a cross-section
of the floating buoy, and the level AC
of the water.
Then OA = 3 ft
OE = i ft
and AE = V9.
- i ft

= V8 ft . 16.
Also segment A ECD = $ kj(c* -f p 2
)

sq. ft .
90.
28

where h

.'.
= 2,

segment AECD =

Now, volume of
Mens^lration.

$ x 2 x V(i x 32

solid immersed =
_ -h

^
f x 4)

cub. ft.
sq.

.
ft.

.
132.

_
z
/. volume of solid immersed = -5-_v 5
cu ^ ^
.'. water displaced = 2$6I 5
.

cub. ft.

But weight of buoy =

weight of water displaced
and i cub. foot of water weighs 62 J Ibs. . . . in.
2 5 6 ^'5 x I2 ?
.-. weight of buoy = ] bs .

= 4131 Ibs. nearly

Example 9. The thickness of a solid
cylindrical ring is i "5 in., and its
outer diameter 8 in. find its volume.
(= 3*1416.)

Volume of ring = Al cub. in. 133.

where A =
-;
/ = (8-1-5) 69.

volume of ring = (o75) 2 (6'5) cub. in.

.". . <7r

= 36*085 cub. in.

Example 10. The volume of a cylin-
drical ring is 1386 cub. in., and the length
is 4 ft. i in. : find the diameter of the cross-
section.
Let r in. = radius of cross-section.
Then vr2 sq. in.
= area of cross- sec-
tion . .
71.
A = 1386 2
*r x 49 . .
133.
3 86 * 7 = !
r* = *
22 x 49
r = 3 .'.

Hence diameter \ _ 5 n :

of cross- section/

Example n. A ring is formed by the revolution of a regular

octagon of side I in. about an axis in its plane. If the central point
of the octagon is 7 in. distant from the axis, find the volume of the ring.
Volume of rirg = /I/ cub. in I33i
 On Prisms, Cylinders, and Rings. 29
where A= 2 x i
2
x (i + 45.
/= 2.T.7 . .
69.
/. volume of ring = 2(1 + V 2 .2.^.7
) cub. j,n.
= 212*45 cu k- in -

Example 12. The cross-section of a solid ring is an ellipse whose

major and minor axes are 6 in. and
4 in. respectively. The mean dia-
meter of the ring is 30 in. It is
made of material weighing 30 Ibs.
per cub. foot. Find its weight.
Or = 3*1416.)
Volume of ring = Al cub. in. 133
where A= it .
f .
.*,

/.
.

weight
.
=
=
-
IT x6x

30*84 Ibs.
ir

^jj?
-
x 70 x 10
=?-
,,
Ibs.

Example 13. A circular en-

trenchment of 60 yds. diameter is
to be surrounded by a ditch 10 yds.
wide at top and 6 at bottom, and
8 yds. deep, sloping equally on both
sides. How many cubic yards must
be excavated? (IT = 3*1416.)
The ditch may be regarded as
a ring whose cross-section is the
cross-section of the ditch, and whose
inner diameter measures 60 yds.
Hence volume) = A1 , ,

of ditch
^/cub. yds.i 3 3
}

where A= 10 + 6
x 8
2
/ = 7T X 70 .
69. . . .

.'. volume of ditch = n x 70 x 64 cub. yds.

= 14,074-368 cub. yds.
 3O Mensuration.

Examples XXII.
, Take IT = *f unless otherwise stated.

Find the volumes of the following prisms, having

1. Base 4 sq. ft. 46 sq. in. ; height I ft. 9 in.
2. Base 9 sq. ft. 30 sq. in. height 3 ft. 6 in.
;

3. Base 19 sq. ft. 120 sq. in. height 2 yds. I ft. 3 in.
;

4. Base 2 sq. yds. 7 sq. ft. 96 sq. in. ; height I yd. 2 ft. 8 in.
Find the heights of the following prisms, having
5. Volume 4 cub. ft. 1512 cub. in. ; base 3 sq. ft. 36 sq. in.
6. Volume 21 cub. ft. 540 cub. in. ; base 7 sq. ft. 108 sq. in.
Find the areas of the bases of the following prisms, having
7. Volume 23 cub. ft. 1080 cub. in. ; height 2 ft. 3 in.
8. Volume 5 cub. yds. 19 cub. ft. 648 cub. in. ; height 2 yds. I ft. 6 in.
9. A prism stands upon a triangular base whose sides are 13 in., 20 in., 21
in. If its height is 9 in., find its volume.
10. The base of a prism is a quadrilateral ABCD. If its height is 15 in.,
and if AB = 9 in., BC = 8 in., CD =
3 in., DA =
4 in., and if the angles at
A and C are right angles, find the volume of the prism.
11. The base of a prism is a trapezoid whose parallel sides measure 13 ft.
and 17 ft. respectively, the distance between them being 9 ft.: find the volume
of the prism if its height is 12 ft.
12. A prism stands upon a triangular base. The volume of the prism is
20 cub. ft. 90 cub. in., and the sides of the base are 5 ft. 8 in., 6 ft. 3 in., and
6 ft. 5 in. Find the height of the prism.
18. The cross-section of a prism is a triangle whose sides are 8 ft. 9 in.,
9 ft. 8 in., and II ft. II in. The volume of the prism is 12 cub. yds. 23 cub.
ft. 984 cub. in. Find the length of an edge.
14. What weight of water will fill a vessel in the form of a prism whose
base is a regular hexagon of side 2 ft., and whose height is 6 ft. ?
Find the volumes of the following circular cylinders :

15. Radius of base 2 ft. ; height 4 ft. 3 in.

16. Radius of base I ft. 6 in. ; height 3 ft. 9 in.
17. Radius of base I yd. 2 ft. 3 in. ; height 2 yds. I ft. 9 in.
Find correct to the tenth part of an inch the radii of the bases of the follow-
ing circular cylinders, taking v = 3*14159 :

18. Volume 5000 cub. in. ; height 2 ft. 6 in.

19. Volume 40 cub. ft. ; height 7 ft, 6 in.
20. Volume I cub. yd. ; height 4 ft. 6 in.
21. Find to the nearest gallon the quantity of water that will fill a ditch
having the following dimensions: length 45 ft., breadth at the top 12 ft.,
breadth at the bottom 9 ft., and depth 6 ft.
22. What is the cubical content of a well 3 ft. 6 in. in diameter and 42 ft.
deep? (*~ 3-1416.)
23. How many coins f of an inch in diameter and J of an inch thick must
be melted down to form a rectangular solid whose dimensions are 5 in., 4 in.,
and 3 in. ?
24. Find tfce cpst of digging a well 3 ft. in diameter and 26 ft. in depth,
at the rate of Rs.7 per cubic yard.
25. Find the length of wire 0*05 of an inch thick that can be drawn out of
a cubic foot of gold, (ir
= 3-1416.)
26. The thickness of a cylindrical shell is 2 in., the diameter of the outer
surface 2 ft. 6 in., and the length 10 ft. : find the number of cubic feet of
material in the shell, (w =
3- 1416.)
27. Find the cost of a pipe whose bore is 3 in., length 6 yds., thickness J
of an inch, at the rate of 2 annas per cubic inch.
 On Prisms, Cylinders, and Rings. 31

28. Find the edge of a cube whose volume is the same as that of a prism
4 ft. high standing on a triangular base whose sides are 5 ft. 5 in., 5 ft. 5 in.,
and 9 ft. 4 in.
29. Find the solidity of a prism 5 ft. 4 in. high, and whose base is an
equilateral triangle of side I ft. 3 in.
30. A solid cylindrical ring is I in. thick, and contains 30 cub. in. : find
itsinner and outer diameters, (it 3*14159-) =
31. If the length and breadth of a cistern are respectively twice and one
half the depth, and if the cistern is capable of holding 8000 gallons, find the
depth.
32. How many
gallons of water flow through a pipe in 20 minutes if the
bore of the pipe in., and if the water flows at the rate of 4 miles an hour?
is 2
33. How
many cubic yards of earth must be removed to make a rajlway
cutting 2 miles long, 64 ft. wide at the top, 34 ft. at the bottom, and 28 ft.
deep?
34 marble is 2*7, find the weight of a cylindrical
If the specific gravity of
shaft of marble 40 ft. high and 2 ft. in diameter, (ir = 3*1416.)
36. Find the thickness of a cylindrical ring whose mean circumference is
2 ft. and solidity 10 cub. in. (rr = 3' 141 59.)
36. A cylindrical vessel holds 500 gallons of water, and its diameter is 5 ft. :

find its
depth.
37. Find the volume of a right circular c) Under whose height is 6 ft. 6 irf.
v
and circumference 5 ft. 4 in.
38. A circular shaft is 75 ft. deep, and 3 ft. 4 in. in diameter find the cost
:

of sinking it at the rate of 8 annas per cubic foot.

39. The cross-section of an oblique triangular prism is an isosceles triangle
of sides 13 ft., 13 ft., and 10 ft. The length of the prism is 2 yds. 2 ft. 9 in.
Find its volume.
40. What is the volume of a flat ring whose height is ij in., inner circum-
ference 2 ft, 6 in., and outer diameter 10 in. ?
41. A right circular cylinder whose length is i ft., and the radius of whose
base is 6 in., is cut into two segments by a plane parallel to the axis and
distant 3^3 in. from it : find the volume of the smaller segment, (w =
3*r4i6.)
42. If the plane in Example 41 is distant 3/^/2 in, from the axis, find the
volume of the smaller segment, (tr = 3*1416.)
43. The length of a cylindrical ring is 45 in., and the diameter of the cross-
section is 2j in. find the volume.
:

44. The radius of the inner circumference of a cylindrical ring is 9 in., and
the diameter of the cross-section is 3^ in. find the volume. :

45. The diameters of the outer and inner circumferences of a cylindrical

ring are lof in. and 9^ in. respectively find the volume.
:

46. The radius of the outer circumference of a cylindrical ring is 3J in., and
the diameter of the cross-section is f in. find the volume.
:

47. The volume of a cylindrical ring is 1782 cub. in., and the length is
5 ft. 3 in. find the diameter of the cross-section.
:

48. The volume of a cylindrical ring is I cub. ft. 274 cub. in., and the
radius of the cross-section is 3} in. : find the length.

Examination Questions XXII.

Take TT = ^ unless otherwise stated.
Prisms.
A. Bombay University. Diploma in Agriculture : Second Exam.
1. A vessel in the shape of a prism on 9,
regular hexagonal base,
whose side
32 Mensuration.

is 4 in., is filled with liquid : find to three decimal places of an inch how much
the liquid will sink if half a pint is taken away.
2. A
subway is to be constructed beneath a railway station from one plat-
form to another, and the horizontal portion of the tunnel, 20 yards long, is to
have its cross-section a rectangle surmounted by a semicircle, and its sides and
top
are to be lined with brick, The total height and breadth, exclusive of the
bricks, are 3 yds. and i^ yds. respectively, and the thickness of the bricks is
4} in. Find the weight in tons of the bricks required for the work, if each
brick contains ft of a cubic foot and weighs 5 Ibs.
3. What are the cubic contents of a shaft the mean section of which is a
regular hexagon, 2j ft. in side, and the height 60 ft. ?

B. Punjab University : First Exam, in Civil Engineering.

4. Give the rules for finding the contents of a prism. V?

^
\ \Jc. Madras University, B.E. Exam,
6. Find the contents of an elliptical arch 40 ft. spa^i and 8 ft. rise ; thick-
ness of arch 3$ ft. at hajinch and 2j ft. at crown ; width of arch 21 ft.
6. The intrados and extrados of an arch 33 ft. long, 30 ft. span, and 7 ft.
6 in. rise ace true serokellipses the thickness of arch at springing is 3 ft.
; ,

and at >tfie GfWji 2 ft./f^find the volume of the arch. ^ J?

i< /
<* & /
v
*x fc

r " j**
-^ D.
t Sibpur Apprentice Dept. :
Monthly Exam.
7. The base of a certain prism is a regular hexagon ; every edge of the
prism measures I ft. : find the volume of the prism.

E. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Anmial Exam.

8. Find the quantity of masonry in the segmenjtal-a*ch of a masonry bridge,
radijjsjD-tli&-intrados or soffit is 20 ft., tEickness
whosee rajdyjs_xi-th&-intrados tKickness of arch
a is 2 ft., length of

arci-is^o ft.j angle subtended by the arch at the centre is 84.

F. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

The section of a canal is 32 ft. wide at the top, 14 ft. wide at the bottom,
9.
and 8 ft. deep. How many cubic yards were excavated in a mile of the canal ?
also, if the surface of the water be 26 ft. wide, what is its depth ?
10. A room 30 ft. wide and 40 ft. long is roofed by an arch having a rise
of 4 ft.at the centre. The arch is 2 ft. thick. Find the quantity of masonry
in it to the nearest cubic foot.

G. Roorkee Upper Subordinate: Entrance.

11. Find the number of cubic feet of arched masonry in a bridge whose
dimensions are as follows span 60 ft., rise 15 ft., depth of masonry 4 ft., and
:

length from face to face 50 ft.

12. A
pond whose area is 4 acres is frozen over with ice to the uniform
thickness of 6 in. : if a cubic foot of ice weigh 896 ozs.
avoirdupois, find the
weight of ice on the pond in tons.
13. Find the number of cubic feet of masonry in an arch whose span is
20 ft., rise 3 ft., length from face to face 30 ft., and depth of voussoir 2$ ft.

H.
Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Monthly. ^
14. A hollow
column is circular inside and elliptical outside ; the axes of
the ellipse are 4j and 5 ft., and the diameter of the circle 4 ft. find the :

volume, the column being 30 ft. high.

16, Find the quantity of masonry in a roof arch, and its cost at the rate of
 On Prisms, Cylinders, and Rings. 33

Rs.35 per loocub. ft. Dimensions length of arch 40 ft., span 15 ft., rise 3 ft.,
:

and thickness 6 in.

16. What must be the length to the nearest foot of a hospital to accommo-
date 50 patients ? the building to be 24 ft. wide, side walls 20 ft. high, and the
rise of the roof, which is gaJblsd, two-sevenths of the span, allowing 1200 cub.
ft. of air space to each patient.

I. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

17. The span of a bridge is 30 ft., risef to intrados 7 ft. 6 in., thickness of
arch 3 ft. length 30 ft.
,
how many cubic feet of masonry does the arch con-
:

tain, and what would be the cost of constructing it at the rate of Rs.3O per
100 cub. ft. ?
18. Find the quantity of masonry in a bridge arch of 30 ft. span, rise one-
fourth of span, thickness of arch 3 ft., and length 21 ft., and the cost of con-
structing the same at Rs.3O per 100 cub. ft.
19. Find the quantity of earthwork in a section of a bund 100 ft. long,
of which the breadth at the top is equal to the height, the inner slope is 3 to I,
and the outer ij to I, and the height of the embankment 15 ft.
20. Find the number of cubic feet of masonry in an arch whose clear span
is 20 ft., rise 5 ft., length from face to face 30 ft., and depth of voussoir 18 in.

Cylinders.
A. Allahabad University: Intermediate.
21. The trunk of a tree is a right circular cylinder 5 ft. in radius and 30 ft.
high find the volume of the timber which remains when the trunk is trimmed
:

just enough to reduce it to a rectangular parallelepiped on a square base.

B. Bombay University, L. C.E. : Second Exam.

22. A cubical foot of brass is drawn into a cylindrical wire ^ of an inch in
diameter. This wire is just long enough to go round a circular field find :

approximately the area of the field in acres.

C. Punjab University : First Exam, in Civil Engineering.

23. A cubic foot of brass is drawn into a wire one-tenth of an inch in

diameter find its length.
:

24. A
well, 7i ft. inside diameter, is to be sunk 22 ft. deep, with a brick
lining of 13 J in. in thickness. Find
(a) Excavation of earthwork.
Quantity of brickwork.
(o)
25. Awell is to be dug 5 ft. diameter clear inside, and 36 ft. in depth
(excluding the cujh), with a brick lining of 9 in. in thickness. Find
(a) Excavation of earthwork.
(t>) Quantity of brickwork.

D. Calcutta University : F.E. Exam.

26. From a cylindrical tank 4^ ft. in diameter, water is drawn off at the
rate of 1 10 gallons per hour find (to the tenth of an inch) by how much the
:

surface would be lowered in 27 minutes. (IT = 3*1416, and I gallon = 277* 2 5

cub. in.)
27. Prove that the volume of material in a hollow cylinder is equal to
- (r 7
-)
}, and explain
the meaning of the various symbols.
C
34 Mensuration.

28. A railing is to be constructed of cylindrical posts and two rows of

rectangular rails. If the posts be 6 ft. long, 6 in. in diameter, and
separated
by distances of 7 ft., also if the cross-section of the rails be a rectangle o in. by
I in,, find the number of cubic feet of timber required for a railing I mile long.

E. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. :

Monthly Exam.
89. An iron pipe is 3 in. in bore, J in. thick, and 20 ft. long : find its
weight, supposing that a cubic inch of iron weighs 4^526 ozs.

F. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Annual Exam.

80. The trunk of a tree is a right circular cylinder, 3 ft. in diameter and
20 ft. high find the volume of the timber which remains when the trunk is
:

trimmed just enough to reduce it to a rectangular parallelepiped on a square

base.
31. Find how many pieces of money f in. in diameter and J in. thick, must
be melted down in order to form a cube whose edge is 3 in. long.

G. Sibpur Apprentice Dept.: Final Exam.

32. A
well is to be dug 5 ft. inside diameter, and 36 ft. in depth find the :

quantity of earth to be excavated, and the quantity of brickwork required for a

lining of 10 in. in thickness.

H. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

33. A
hollow circular cylinder of cast iron is 31*43 ft. in circumference,
and 9 ft. 9*5 in. in diameter inside find its thickness. (TT = 3-14159.)
:

34. A cubic foot of brass is to be drawn into a cylindrical wire ^ of an in.

in diameter what will be the length of the wire ?
:

I. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

36. Find the weight of a cast-iron pipe whose length is 9 ft., the bore
7 in., and the thickness of the metal I in. A cubic inch of cast iron weighs
Jib.
38. If I mile length of copper wire weigh I cwt., find the area of a section,
copper being 8-96 times as heavy as water, and I cub. ft. of water weighing
1000 ozs. avoirdupois.
37. Find how many gallons of water can be held in a leathern hose 2 in. in
bore and 40 ft. long.
38. A roller is wanted which must be 3^ ft. in length and weigh 10 maunds.
It is to be of freestone of the specific gravity 2*5. What must be its diameter ?
(i seer = 2 Ibs.)
89. The length of an iron cylindrical vessel with closed ends is 4 ft., its
outside circumference is 40 in., and the thickness of the metal I in. Find the
entire weight when the cylinder is filled with water, iron being 7J times heavier
than water, and water weighing 1000 ozs. per cubic foot.
40. The internal depth and the diameter of a hollow cylinder are respec-
tively 4 ft. 2j in. and 8 in. A solid cylinder of the same depth and 6i in.
diameter, stands inside it. How many gallons of water can be poured into the
remaining space if a gallon contain 27775 cub. in., and the area of a circle is
}J of the
square
of its diameter ?
41. Find the cubic inches of material in a cylindrical tube, the radius of
the outer surface being 10 in., the thickness 2 in., and the height 9 in.
 On Prisms, Cylinders, and Rings. 35

J. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

42. The radius of the inner surface of a leaden pipe is I J in., and the radius
of the outer surface is i-ft in. If the pipe be melted and formed into a solid
cylinder of the same length as before, find the radius.
43. Find the quantity of masonry in a well 10 ft. interior diameter, 50 ft.
deep ; thickness of masonry ring is 18 in. what would be the cost of construct-
:

ing the masonry at the rate of Rs.25 per 100 cub. ft. ?
44. Find the thickness of lead in a pipe 1} in. bore which weighs 14 Ibs.
per yard in length, a cubic foot of lead weighing 1 1,325 ozs.
46. If a round pillar 7 in. in diameter contain 4 cub. ft. of stone, what is
the diameter of a pillar of equal length which contains ten times as much ?
46. A well, 10 ft. inner diameter and 40 ft. deep, is to be made ; 15 ft. will
be through clay, the remainder in rock. The portion in clay will be protected
by a masonry ring 18 in. thick. Find what the cost of making it will be at the
following rates per 100 cub. ft. masonry, Rs.ao ; excavating clay, Rs.3 ; rock-
:

cutting, Rs.i4.
K. Superior Accounts.
47. A
hollow cylinder of cast iron, 20 ft. in length and 6 ft. in diameter
outside, is placed on end and loaded uniformly on the top with a weight of 30x5
tons determine the thickness of the metal so that the pressure on the base may
:

be I ton per square inch, the weight of a cubic foot of the iron being 441 Ibs.

Segments of Cylinders.
A. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Final.

48. A prism having a square section, each side of which is 10", penetrates
into a solid cylinder, the diameter of which is 26"; the axes of the two intersect
at right angles : find the volume of that part of the prism which is inside the
cylinder.
B. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

40. A square hole 2 wide is cut through a solid cylinder of which the
in.

radius is J^2 in., so that the axis of the hole cuts at right angles the axis of the
cylinder : find how much of the material is cut out. (ir 3*1416.) =
C. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

60. A cylinder of 3 ft.radius, 12 ft. in length, is immersed one third of its

depth in water, with its axis horizontal : find the weight of the cylinder.

Rings.
A. Bombay University, Diploma in Agriculture : Second Exam.
51. Find the solid contents of a cylindrical ring, whose thickness is 9 and
inner diameter 32.

B. Bombay University, L. C.E. : First Exam.

52. The inner diameter of a cylindrical ring is 2*5 in., and the outer diameter
3 '8 in. find the volume of the ring and the weight at the rate of 11,000 ozs. to
:

the cubic foot.

C. Bombay University, L.C.E. : Second Exam.

53. Investigate the volume of a cylindrical ring.
36 Mensuration.

D. Calcutta University : F.E. Exam.

64. A
cylindrical ring whose mean diameter
1

is 18 in. weighs 4033} ozs. :

find the radius of the transverse circular section if 240 cub. in. of the substance
of which it^s made weigh 1000 ozs.

E. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. :

Monthly Exam.
55. The volume of a cylindrical ring is 800 cub. in., the radius of cross-
section is 2" find the length of the ring.
:

F. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

56. A
carriage drive is to be made round the outside of a circular park
whose radius is 585 ft. ; the metalling is to be 30 ft. wide and 9 in. deep ;
what will it cost at Rs.6 per 100 cub. ft. ?
57. A circular entrenchment 54 yds. in diameter is to be surrounded by a
ditch 6 yds. wide at top and 4 yds. wide at bottom, and 5 yds. deep : find the
number of cubic feet to be excavated.

G. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

58. The volume of a cylindrical ring is 100 cub. in., and the length is
20 in. : find the inner diameter.

Additional Examination Questions XXTL

59. If there are 277*2738 cub. in. in a gallon of water, how many tanks,
each containing 1000 galls, would be completely filled by a rainfall of i '25 in.
upon a field 513*47 ac. in area? (Allahabad University Intermediate.) :

60. Water flows from a tank through a circular pipe at the rate of 30 yds.
per minute. If the pipe is 7 in. in diameter, and the tank is rectangular in
shape, 40 yds. long by 25 yds. 2 ft. broad, how long will it be before the level
of the water falls 3 in. ? (Allahabad University Intermediate.) :

61. Find the weight of an iron pipe 10 ft. long, 2 ft. 6 in. in inside
diameter, and \\ in. thick, the specific gravity of iron being 7*14, and the
weight of a cubic foot of water 1000 ozs. (Roorkee Engineer Entrance.) :

62. A swimming bath is 20 yds. long and 8 yds. wide, with steps at one
end I ft. 6 in. wide and 9 in. deep, extending over the whole width of the bath
till a depth of 4 ft. 6 in. is reached. Then the bottom slopes down to the
other end with an inclination of I in 15, Find in gallons the quantity of water
the bath can contain when full. (Madras University: B.E. Exam.)
63. A cubic foot of brass is drawn into wire ^ in. in diameter find the :

length of the wire. (Madras University : B.E. Exam.)

64. A sheet of metal \ in. thick is made into a pipe whose internal diameter
is J in. This pipe is placed round a cylinder I ft. in radius. Find how many
cubic inches of water it will contain, and how many cubic inches of metal
are required to make it. (Calcutta University: F.E. Exam.)
 V
CHAPTER XXIII.
ON PYRAMIDS AND CONES.

136. A pyramid is a solid whose sides are triangles, having a

commooj^rtex, and whose base is a plane rectilineal figure.
The common vertex of its side faces
is called the vertex of the pyramid.
The perpendicular drawn from the
vertex of a pyramid to its base is called
the height of the pyramid.
The straight line joining the vertex
to the middle point of the base is called
the axis of the pyramid.
Thus, in the pyramid OABCDE
ABCDE is the base,
fa O is the vertex,
s OP is the height,
OO' is the axis.
A pyramid is called a regular pyramid when its base is any
regular figure.
A pyramid is called a right pyramid when the foot of the
perpendicular from the vertex on to
the base is the middle point of the
base.
Otherwise it is said to be oblique.
The slant height of a right regular
pyramid is the straight line joining

the vertex to the middle point of one

of the sides of the base.
Thus, in the right regular pyra- *.

mid OABCDE \
P is the middle point of the base
ABCDE, 'J
OF is the slant height. J?
A pyramid is called
A triangular pyramid or tetrahedron when its base is a triangle,
38 Mensuration.

A square pyramid when its base is a square,

A pentagonalpyramid pentagon,
A hexagonal pyramid hexagon,
and so on.
137. When the number ofthe sides of the base of a pyramid is
indefinitely increased, and the magnitude of eachside indefinitely
diminished (the perimeter of the base always remaining finite),
the surface of the pyramid tends to become the surface of a cone.
Hence a cone may be defined as the limit of a pyramid, the

number of the sides of whose base is indefinitely increased, while

the magnitude of each side is indefinitely diminished.
The base of a circular cgne is a circle.
A right circular cone may be seen to be generated by the
revolution of a right-angled triangle about one of the sides con-
taining the right angle (see figure).
138. The definition of a pyramid may be extended so as to
include the limiting case of a cone, thus
A Pyramid is a solid whose base is any plane figure, and whose
sides are determined by straight lines connecting the various
points in the circumference of the base with a common point out
of the base, called the vertex (Elliot).
The great pyramid of Egypt, Cheops, is a familiar example of
a square pyramid.

PROPOSITION XXXIV.
139. To find the volume of a tetrahedron^ having given its base
and height
Let D4J3C be artetrahedron.
 Let
p *>*^
/
its

_
base
On Pyramid^ and
ABC measure A
p
^
,
Cones.

of any square unit,

Let its height measure h of the
corresponding linear unit.

of
required to find the volume
It is
DABC in terms of A
and h.
Complete the prism ABF, of
which the tetrahedron DABC
39

is

a part, as in the figure.

Join BF.
Now, the prism ABF may be
seen to be made up of three pyra-
mids
DABC.
BDEF.
BDFC.

And because = DEF.

A ABC A
Therefore the pyramids andDABC may be con- BDEF
sidered as having equal bases and equal heights.
Also because &DCF = &ADC Euc. I. 34.
Therefore the pyramids BDFC
and DABC
(that is, BADC)
may be considered as having equal basics and equal heights.
But pyramids on equal bases and of the same heights are equal
in volume. 1
Hence the three pyramids DABC, BDEF, and BDFC are
equal to one another in volume.
.'. vol. of tetrahedron DABC = | X vol. of prism ABF
= | X Ah solid units . 128.
Hence rule

Multiply the number of any square unit in tJte base of a tetrahedron

1
The truth of the Proposition " Pyramids on equal bases and of the same
heights are equal in volume," follows immediately from Euclid xii. 6, which
"
proves that Pyramids of the same heights which have polygons for their bases,
are to one another as their bases."
 Mensuration.

by the number of the corresponding linear unit in the height, then one-
third the product will give the number of the corresponding solid unit
in the volume.
Or briefly
Volume of tetrahedron = , base x height

140. Since the foot of the perpendicular from the vertex on

to the base of a regular tetrahedron is the middle point of the

base, and since all the faces of a regular tetrahedron are equal and
equilateral triangles, it can easily be proved that

(i.) its height = 2a*/%

(ii.) its volume _

= 2 A/ 2

3~
where 2a = the measure of each edge.
These results are useful, and their investigation is left as an
exercise for the student.

PROPOSITION XXXV.
141. To Jind the volume of any pyramid\ having given its base
and fieight.
Let FABCDE be a pyramid.
Let base ABCDE measure
its
A of any square unit.
Let its height FG
measure h of
the corresponding linear unit.
It is required to find the volume
of FABCDE in terms of A and h.
1 Divide the solid into tnangular
Q pyramids by planes through JFE.
These pyramids will all have
the same height ^, and their bases
will be the triangles EAB, EBC,

Hence, if A^ A^ A 3 be the
areas of these three triangles re-
spectively, and if V^ V^ V* be
**
J> the volumes of the three triangular
pyramids FEAB FEBC, FECD respectively, we have
y

139-
 On Pyramids and Cones.

Hence rule
Multiply the number of any square unit in the base of a pyramid
by the number of the corresponding linear unit in the height\ then one-
third tfie product will give the number of the corresponding solid unit
in the volume.
Or briefly
Volume of any pyramid = | x base x height
V = -|.Ah ..... (i.)
Hence
Base of any pyramid =3 x
height

And
= 3 x volume
Height of any pyramid base
(iii.)

%y PARTICULAR CASE.
142. Cone.
Here the number of sides of the base of the pyramid is

indefinitely increased.
But whatever be the number of sides of the base of a
pyramid
Volume of pyramid = i X base X height .... 141.
.'. volume of cone = 1 x base X height

For a circular cone this formula may be written-

V= \ . wr* X h
where r linear units = radius of base.
143. Consider a segment of a pyramid
or cone made by a plane through the vertex.
It follows, from what has been said about
the pyramid and cone, that the volume of
such a segment will be determined by the
formula

where A square units = area of base of

segment,
and h linear units = height of segment.
42 Mensuration.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
144. Example A right pyra- i.

mid 10high has a square base,

ft.

of which the diagonal is 10 ft. find :

its volume.

Volume of) , f
cub. ft. 141.
pyramid/
where A= J x 10 x 10. .
31.
h = 10 ;

/. volume of pyramid = J x & x 10

cub. ft.
= i66f cub. ft.

Example Find the volume

2.
of a right pyramid on a
regular
nexagonal base ; each side of the base is ro ft, and
the height 90 ft.

Volume of pyramid = \Ah cub. ft ..... 141.

where ^ = 45 .

h = 90 ;

volume of pyramid = 3 x Io2 x

.*.
\ x x 90 cub. ft.

= 7794*228 cub. ft.

Example
3. A
right cone is 200 ft. high, and its
Eatingrh'ne is inclined at an angle of 30 to the
horizon find its volume.
:

Let ABCD represent a vertical section of the cone through the

axis

Then BC = radius of base of cone = 4 ft

.'. volume of cone_ = \Ah ..........

cub, ft
142.

where .4 ^r 4
^) *
............. 7I .'

h 5=
200;
/. volume of cone = J x y x I 6oooox
4
.3 x 200 cub ftt

= 25, 142,857^ cub. ft.

 On Pyramids and Cones. 43

Example 4. Find the Volume of the

largest righL-Coae that can be cut out of a
cube whose edge is 3 ft. (K = 3*1416.)
The base of the cone will be the circle
inscribed in a side of the cube, and the
height of the cone will be equal to an edge
of the cube.
.*. volume of cone = \A x h cub. ft. 142.
where A = ?r(f) 2 71.

.'. volume of cone = Jxirxx3 cub. ft.

= 3'i4i6x 9cub .ft.

4
= 7-0686 cub. ft.

Example 5. The
area of the base of a hexagonal pyramid is
54/3, and the area of one of its side faces is 9^6: find the volume
of the pyramid.
Let the figure ABCD represent the pyramid.
Then volume of ABCD -\.Ah solid units . .
141.
where A - 54/3>
h = number of linear units in
AE.
To find AE.
Let BC measure a linear units. ^

.". a = 6
Again
\ a x
. AF - 9/6 square units 20.
.*. AF 3/6 linear units
Also,^=~-^ 17.

EF 3^/3 linear units .*.

Now, AE = V^TF -Tg* . . . . 16.

AE - /j>4 - 27 linear units
:.
= V 2_7 linear units
= 3 V3 linear units _
Hence volume of pyramid = J x 54/3 x 3^3 solid units
= 162 solid units

Example .6. The base of a pyramid is a rectangle which measures

2 by 3 ft., and the slant height from the vertex to either of the
ft.

longer sides is 5 ft. : find the height of a cylinder the radius of whose
base is 6 in., and of which the solid content is half that of the
pyramid.
Vol. of pyramid = ^Ah cub. ft 141.
44 Mensuration.

where A = 3 x 2 {

= 2^6; '

vol. of pyramid =
.".
J x_6 x 2^/6 cub. ft.

= 4 */ 6 cub. ft.

Hence, if xi\.. = height of required

cylinder
ir.(J)3.*-= 2^6 . . .
131.

v- ____

- 6-23 . . .

height of required cylinder = 6*23 ft. nearly

Example 7. A right-angled triangle, of which the sides are 5 and
12 in. in length, is made to turn round its hypotenuse :

find the volume of the double cone thus formed.

(TT
= 3'14l6.)
ABC be the right-angled triangle.
Let
the right angle B draw BD perpendicular
From
to the hypotenuse AC.
Let BD measure x inches.
Then, by similar triangles
x : 12 = 5 :
13 . . . . 66.

Now
Vol. of double cone formed by the)/, AT \\ Ait \
revolution of ABC
round AC}- cub in 142
where A= 71.

.*. volume of double cone = J . if .

(f %)* .
13 cub. ft.
= 289*99 CUD - ft.

Example 8. A pyramid on a square base has every edge 100 ft.

long find the edge of a cube of
:

equal volume.
Let h feet = height of pyramid.
Then
t Vol. of pyramid = \Ah cub.

_
'

ft. I4N
where A = 100 x 100 . .
9.~

h6, 17.
= V 10,000 - 5000

/. volume of pyramid = J.. 1002^/5000 cub. ft,

 On Pyramids and Cones. 45
Let a ft. = edge of required cube.
Then a* = J . ioo2 .
v^oc 117-
= 235,702-25
.'. a 617 nearly
hence edge of required cube = 617 ft. nearly
Example 9. Find the edge of the
greatest cube that can be cut out of a
right cone, 10 in. high and 6 in. diameter
at the base, the base of the cube to coin-
cide with the base of the cone.
Let x in. = edge of cube.
Then x^/2 in. = diagonal of face of
cube . .
17.

Therefore by similar triangles

10 - x xfZ
: 10 : 6 . . . . 66.

*= _3o__
3 + 5^2 __
30(5^2-3)

= 30(5^2 -3).
50-9
= 2-978
Hence each edge of the greatest cube
measures 2-978 in.
Example 10. Find the volume of the pyramid formed by cutting
off a corner of a cube whose edge is 16 ft.
by a plane which bisects three cpjit.gr-
minous edges.
If we regard one of the three isosceles -
8'-
right-angled triangles whose equal sides
each measure 8 ft. as being the base of
the pyramid, then the height of this
pyramid will measure 8 ft. and its volume
= \Ah cub. ft. ... 139.

where A = \ x 8
2

and h - 8
hence volume of pyramid
= \ x J x 8 2 x 8 cub. ft.
= 85^ cub. ft.
46 Mensuration.

Examples-XXIII.
(Take IT = y, unless otherwise stated.)

Find the volumes of the following pyramids, having

1. Base 5 sq. ft. 74 sq. in. height 2 ft. 6 in.
;

2. Base 13 sq, ft. 105 sq. in. ; height 3 ft. 3 in.

3. Base 19 sq. ft. 78 sq. in. height 6 ft. 2 in.
;

4. Base 3 sq. yds. 8 sq. ft. 114 sq. in. ; height 2 yds. 2 ft. IO in.
Find the heights of the following pyramids, having
6. Volume 8 cub. ft. 1616 cub. in. ; base 2 sq. ft. 98 sq. in.
6. Volume I cub. yd. 19 cub. ft. 812 cub. in. ; base 7 sq. ft. 92 sq. in.
Find the areas of the bases of the following pyramids, having
7. Volume 10 cub. ft. 1080 cub. in. ; height 2 ft. 10 in.
8. Volume 21 cub. ft. 274 cub. in. height 2 yds. 2 ft. 5 in.
;

Find the volumes of the following circular cones, having

9. Radius of base 7 in. ; height 10 in.
10. Radius of base 2 ft. 1 1 in. height 6 ft.;

11. Radius of base 3*5 ft. height 4'6 ft.

;

12. Radius of base 5 ft. 10 in. ; height I yd.

Find the radii of the bases of the following circular cones, having
13. Volume 198 cub. in. ; height 21 in.
14. Volume 132 cub. in. ; height 14 in.
15. Volume 440 cub. in. ; height 7 in.
16. Volume 2200 cub. in height 2'3 in.
;

Find the volumes of the following teJrajiejIrjQ&s, having

17. Sides of base 51, 37, 20 ft. ; height 10 ft.

18. Sides of base 7, 24, 25 yds. ; height 13 yds.

19. Sides of base 13, 14, 15 ft. ; height 12 ft.
20. Sides of base 35, 44, 75 in. ; 20 in. height
21. Find the volume of a pyramid whose base is an equilateral triangle of
side i ft., and whose height is 4 ft.
22. The radius of the base of a right circular cone is 6 ft., and the slant
height is 6 ft. 6 in. : find the volume.
23. The faces of a pyramid on a square base are equilateral triangles. If
each side of the base is 20 in., find the volume of the pyramid.
24. Find to the nearest pound the weight of a cone whose base diameter
measures 10 in. and height 15 in., if the material of which it is composed weigh
500 Ibs. per cubic foot.
25. The generating, line of a right cone is inclined at an angle of 60 to the
horizon. If the height of the cone measure 15 in., find its volume.
26. The base of a pyramid is a square of side 54 ft., and its slant height
measures 45 ft. find its volume.
:

27. Find the volume of the largest right cone that can be cut out of a cube
whose edge is 5 in. (ir = 3*1416.)
28. Find the edge of the greatest cube that can be cut out of a right cone
I ft. high and 8 in. diameter at the base, the base of the cube to coincide with

the base of the cone.

29. The base of a pyramid is a
rectangle which measures 4 yds. 2 ft. 2 in.
by 3 yds. I ft., and the slarUhejglit from the vertex to either of the shorter
sides of the base is 4 yds. I TtTTmT: find the volume.
30. The base of a right pyramid is a regular octagon of side 2 in., and its
slant surfaces are inclined to the horizon at an. angle of 30 : find the volume.
 On Pyramids and Cones. 47

Examination Questions XXIII.

(Take = ?.)

Pyramids.
A. Bombay University ', Diploma in Agriculture : Second Exam.
1. Fud volume of a pyramid when
the its base is a regular hexagon, each
side measuring 6 ft. and height 30 ft.
2. A
pyramid is cut out from a cube (edge a) by
a plane passing through
the extremities of three edges meeting at a corner of the cube : find the volume
of the pyramid cut out.

B. Bombay University: L.C.E. Second Exam.

3. Two of the side faces of a pyramid are equilateral triangles, and the
other two side faces are right-angled triangles : find the volume of the pyramid
if the length of each side of the
equilateral triangles is 6 ft.
4. The base of a pyramid is a square, and its faces equilateral triangles :

prove that its volume is ? /J2, where a is a side of the base.

C. Punjab University : First Exam, in Civil Engineering.

5. A
regular hexagonal pyramid has the perimeter of its base 15 ft,, and its
altitude 15 ft. : find its volume.
6. State the formula for finding the volume of a pyramid.

D. Calcutta University : F.E. Exam.

7. Show of a tent considered as a prism of n sides sur-
that the
capacity
mounted by a pyramid whose heights are respectively // and // lf and the length
of side a is ^

\j . . no? 180 . .
~ - cot
t

ty (3^ ^i)
I2
+
,

8. The spire of a church is a right pyramid on a regular hexagonal base ;

each side of the base is 10 ft., and the height is 50 ft. There is a hollow part,
which is also a right pyramid on a regular hexagonal base ; the height of the
hollow part is 45 ft., and each side of the base is 9 ft. Find the number of
cubic feet of masonry in the spire.

E. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. :

Monthly Exam.
9. A
pyramid on a square base has four equilateral triangles for its four
other faces, each edge being 20 ft. find the volume. :

10. The faces of a pyramid on a square base are equilateral triangles, a side
of the base being 120 ft. find the volume. :

11. Find the number of cubic feet in a regular hexagonal room, each side
of which is 20 ft. in length, and the walls 30 ft. high, and which is finished
above with a roof in the form of a hexagonal pyramid 15 ft. high.

F. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Annual Exam.

12. Find the volume of the pyramid formed by cutting off a corner of the
cube, whose edge is 20 ft., by a plane which bisects its three conterminous
edges.
18. A solid is bounded by four equilateral triangles, a side of each triangle
being 12 in. : find the volume.
48 Menstiration.

14. The edge of a cube is 14 in. ; one of the corners of the cube is cut off,
so that the cut off forms a pyramid with each of its edges terminating in
part
the angle of the cube 6 in. in length : find the volume of the solid that remains.

G. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Final Exam.

15. Every edge of a pyramid on a triangular base is I ft. : shew that the

volume of the pyramid is of a cubic foot, and that the volume of jny pyramid

on a triangular base which has all its edges equal may be obtained by multi-
A/2
^-
plying the cube of an edge by

H. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

10. A
pyramid whose height is h has base a segment of a parabola,
for its
the chord of the segment being a, and the perpendicular distance between the
chord and the paraJlelJLangent being b write down the volume of the
:

pyramid, and compare it with that which the pyramid would have if the base
were a segment of a circle of the same dimensions. (Area of segment of para-
bola = X area of circumscribing parallelogram.)
17. Find the volume of the regular triangular pyramid, a side of its base
being 6 ft., andaltitude 60 ft.
its
18. What the solidity of a pentagonal pyramid, with a regular base, each
is
side of which 4 ft., and the altitude of the pyramid 30 ft. t
is

19. Apyramid on a square base has four equilateral triangles for its four
other faces, each edge being 30 feet : find the volume.

I. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

20. A pyramid has for its base an equilateral triangle of which each side is

2 ft., and its slant edge is 6 ft. find its solid content.
:

J. Superior Accounts.
21. The representative gold pyramid in the International Exhibition of
1862, was loft, square at the base, and 44 ft. 9$ in. in height. Find the volume
in cubic feet ; also the weight if I cub. in. of gold weigh 10*14502 ozs. Troy,
and the value at 8oj. per ounce.

Cones.
A. Punjab University : First Exam, in Civil Engineering.

22. State the formulae for finding the volume of a cone.

B. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Monthly Exam.

23. Aright-angled triangle, of which the sides are 3 ft. 6 in. and 5 ft. in
length, is made to turn round on the longer side : find the volume of the solid
thus formed.
24. The section of a right circular cone by a plane through its vertex per-
pendicular to the base is an equilateral triangle, each side of which is 12 ft. :

find the volume of the cone.

25. Acone 3 ft. high and 2 ft. in diameter at the bottom is placed on the
ground, and sand is poured over it until a conical heap is formed 5 ft. high
and 30 ft. in circumference at the bottom find how many cubic feet of sand
:

there are.
 On Pyramids and Cones. 49
26. A pyramid on a regular hexagonal base is trimmed just enough to
reduce it to a cone show that rather less than ^ of the original volume
: is

removed.
C. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Annual Exam.
27. A right-angled triangle, of which the sides are 3 in. and 4 in. in length,
is made to turn round on the longer side ; find the volume of the cone thus
formed.
D. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Final Exam.
28. A
right-angled triangle, whose remaining angles are 60 and 30,
revolves about its hypotenuse, which is 12 in. long find the volume of the :

solid thus described.

29. The sides of a right-angled triangle are 3 in. and 4 in. respectively :

find the volume of the double cone formed by the revolution of the triangle
round its hypotenuse.
E. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

30. Find how many gallons are contained in a vessel which is in the form
of a right circular cone, the radius of the base being 8 ft. and the slant
side 17 ft.

31. Find the solidity of a cone, the diameter of whose base is 3 ft. and its
altitude 30 ft.
32. Find the side of the greatest cube that can be cut out of a right cone
10 in. high and 6 in. diameter at the base, the base of the cube to coincide with
the base of the cone.
33. The diameter of the base of an oblique cone is 13 ft., the greatest slant
height 20 ft., and the least slant height 15 ft. required the solidity of the
:

cone.
F. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

34. A conical required to accommodate 5 people ; each person must

tent is
have 16 sq. ft, of space on the ground, and 100 cub. ft, of air to breathe give :

the vertical height, slant height, and width of the tent.

35. Acone whose height is 15 in. and radius of base 6 in. is trimmed
sufficiently to reduce it to a pyramid whose base is an equilateral triangle :
find the volume of the portion removed.

G. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

30. If 6 in. and I in. respectively be the radii of two spheres inscribed in a
cone so that the greater may touch the less and also the base of the cone, then
what will be the volume of that cone ?
37. A piece of tin having the form of a quadrant of a circle is rolled up so
as to form a conical vessel : required its content, when the radius of the
quadrant 10 in.
is
88. Aright-angled triangle of sides equal to 20 in., 16 in., and 12 in.
respectively is made to spin round on its hypotenuse as axis : find the volume of
the double cone thus formed.

Additional Examination Question XXIII.

^39.
How many gallons of water will result from the melting of a pyramid
of ice 3 high, and with a hexagonal base of I ft. each side, it being given
ft.

that ice loses 7 % of its volume on melting, and that I cub. ft. of ice contains
6J galls. ? (Allahabad University : Intermediate.)
 CHAPTER/ XXIV.
ON WEDGES AND OBLIQUE FRUSTA OF TRIANGULAR
PRISMS^
145. A
wedge is a solid bounded by five plane surfaces, of which
the base is a rectangle, the two ends are triangles, and the two
sides are trapezoids.
The line in which the two side faces of a wedge intersect is
called the edge of the wedge.

jr f* p The edge of a wedge is evidently

parallel to the base.
The perpendicular distance be-
tween the edge of a wedge and
the base is called the height of the
wedge.
H Thus, in the wedge ABCDEF
ABCD is the rectangular
base,
ADE and BCFzxz the triangular ends,
ABFE and CDEFaxe the trapezoidal sides,
EF is the edge,
Gil is the height.
When the edge of a wedge
is equal in length to that of the
base, the wedge may be seen
to be a triangular prism ( 124).
A railway cutting through
a ridge may be taken as an example of a wedge.

PROPOSITION XXXVI.
146. To find the vohtme of a wedge, having given its edge, its

height, and the length and breadth of its base.

Let ABCDEFte a wedge.
Let its edge EF measure e of any linear unit.
Let its height GH measure h of the same linear unit.
On Wedges and Oblique Frusta of Triangular Prisms. 5 1

Let AB and BC, the length and breadth of its base, measure
/ and b of the same
linear unit respectively.
It is required to find
the volume rfABCDEF
in terms of <?, /#, /, and b.
Divide the wedge
into a prism ADF
and
a pyramid FLBCM
by
a plane through F
parallel to the plane ADE.
Now, volume of prism)> = cross section X
ADF length . .
130-
= \bh X e solid units . . . 20
also volume of pyramid) \ ,
^ ,
u . ,

FLBCM base X height & 141.

}= i-

=:
|(/
- <) X k 8.
.*. volume of wedge = \\bh X e + \(l <?)
X //} solid units
zbhl 2bhe\ <,

)
solid units
6 6 /

e) solid units
U7

Hence rule
Add the number of any linear unit in the edge of a wedge to twice
the number of the same linear unit in the length of the base ; multiply
the sum by one-sixth of the product of the numbers of the same linear
unit in the breadth of the base and in t/ie height of the wedge respectively >

then the result will give the number of tfie corresponding solid unit in
the vohime.
C
Vo?ume S wedge = te25^ofbM^_hWitof
6
_wedge

X (2 x length of base + edge of

wedge)
Dli. /* i \
If
" "

| ^/ _ i-.-r
ftl

6
important to remember that the length of the base of a
It is

wedge is always taken to be that dimension which is parallel to

the edge of the wedge.
bk f .
-

Note. Since square units = area of cross-section, this rule may

2 n ' '

also be briefly stated thus

V = areaofcross
-
section
x (2 x length of base + edge of wedge)
wedge^
$2 Mensuration.

When the edge of a

wedge is longer than the base, the
same formula may be proved to
\
i hold good by completing the prism,
1 of which the wedge is a part as
\ / 1
\

\ / // in the figure, and then regarding

, the volume of the wedge as the
y-<^
J M difference between the volume
of a prism and the volume of a
pyramid.
PARTICULAR CASE.
147. Triangular prism.
Here edge of wedge = length of base

/. vol. of triangular prism

= -j- (2/4- e) solid units .
146.

where e = /;

that is, vol. of triangular prism = -r X 3/ solid units

bh
= X , r ,
/ solid units
.

2
= ^!/ solid units
where A l = number of square units in the cross-section.
This result has been already obtained in 130.
148. The definition of a wedge may be extended so as to
include the case when the base is any trapezoid^ and not
necessarily a rectangle.
It can be shown that the volume of such a wedge is the same
as the volume of a wedge of equal edge and of equal height on a
rectangular base, whose breadth is the same as the breadth of the
On Wedges and Oblique Frusta of Triangular Prisms. 53

trapezoidal base, and whose length is equal to half the sum of the
parallel sides of the trapezoidal base.
For 'consider the wedge ABCDEF^ whose base ABCD is a
trapezoid.
Through the middle points G and of H
and BC AD draw
A'D' and B'C perpendicular to AB, meeting* or DC DC pro-
duced in jy and C.
Join A'E> GE, D'E, B'F, HF, CF.
Then, because pyramids on equal bases and of the same
heights are equal in volume 139.
/. vol. of pyramid EAAG = vol. of pyramid EDD'G
and vol. of pyramid FBB'H = vol. of pyramid FCCH
:. volume of wedge ABCDEF = volume of wedge A'B'CD'EF
Hence [\ '^>

Volume of wedge on trapezoidal base = ~(zl + e) solid units

where / = number of linear units in half the sum of the parallel

sides of the trapezoidal base.
149. A wedge on a trapezoidal
base may be regarded as an obliqi;
'
frustum of a triangular prism, that is,
a part of a triangular prism included
between two planes inclined to one
another.
For example, the wedge ABCDEF
may be regarded as an oblique frustum
of the triangular prism GHKLMN.
If the three parallel edges of the
wedge ABCDEF measure el9 <?2 <% of
the same linear unit respectively, we
may make the following substitutions
in the formula :

namely M

The formula can now be written

But = area of cross-section of wedge

= A square units
l
54 Mensuration.

Hence rule
Multiply the number of any square unit in the cross-section of a
wedge (or oblique frustum of a triangular prism) by the number of the
corresponding linear tmit in the mean length of the parallel edges then ,

the product will give the number of the corresponding solid ^tnitin the
volume.
Or briefly
Volume of wedge (or oblique) _
"~
( area of cross-section x
frustum of triangular prism) f \mean length of par. edges
' "'
3
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
150. Example i. Find the weight of an iron
wedge, the length and breadth of the base being 4^
and 2% in., the length of the edge 4 in., and the
height i ft., at the rate of 7788 oz. per cubic foot.

Vol. of we%e = ~(2/ + <?)

cub. in. 146.

where b 2j,
h 12,

v
.*. volume of wedge = 2*. 12 (2 x 4^ + 4) cub. in.

= x 13 cub. in.
ll x 13 x 7788
.'. weight of wedge = oz.
1728
= 263! \ oz.
Example 2. The breadths of the sides of a
triangular prism are 4, 5, and 6 ft. The 6-ft. side
is a rectangle 20 ft. long, but the other edge of the

prism is only 17 ft. Find the volume.

Volume of prism =A x - 1
-
cub. ft. 149.

where A, = - 6XV - 5 XV - 4) -
23.

volume of prism = 20+2O+l7 cub. ft,

/.

= 188*509 cub.
On Wedges and Oblique Frusta of Triangular Prisms. 55

Example 3. The transverse section of a wedge is an isosceles

which are double
triangle, the sides of
the base, and the perimeter of which
is 25 in. also the three parallel edges
;

of the wedge are 15, 17, and 22 in.

respectively : find its volume.
Let
section.
Then x + 2x
x in.

+
= base

2x =
of transverse

2$
\

I
x
\ V
$>/ V^
V * ^ /

*^.

/. volume of wedge = cub.

-^-(2/4- e}
in. .
148.
where b -
5,

16.

volume of wedge = * '

.'.
g-^(
x 16 + 22) cub. in.

= 5 V375 x 54 cub. in.

12
= 4357 cub. in.

Example 4. The edge of a wedge is 24 in., the length of its base

8 in., and the breadth 7 in. ;
the height of the wedge is ------- ,. _____ 24.
16 in. The wedge is divided
into two parts by a plane
parallel to the base midway
between the edge and the
base. Find the volume of
each part.
Vol. of whole\ bh
wedge /
cub. in. 146.
where b = 7,
^= 16,
/=8,
e ~ 24 ;

l
/. volume of whole wedge = (2 x 8 + 24) cub. in.
cub. in.

Volume of smaller wedge cut\ = bk. , , .

c ^
(a/ +
N
,

) cub. m. 146.
off by the plane ) -5
 Mensuration.

where b =

24 + 8

*= 24;

.'. volume of smaller wedge =^

^
~- cub. in.
= 26 1 J cub. in.
.'. volume of remaining part oft ,
b
.

* g **
whole wedge /

Example 5. A cutting for a road is to bt made through a ridge

which has a slope of
5 to i on the one side,
and of 3 to i on the
other side. The highest
point the ridge is
of
ipo ft. above the forma-
tion level, the width of
the road 20 ft., and the
slopes of the sides of
the cutting 2 to i. What
will it cost at Rs.5 per
1000 cub. ft. ?
The cutting is seen
by the figure to be a
wedge of the following
dimensions :

Breadth of base = + ft.

length of base = 20 ft.

height = ico ft.
edge = (20 +i ft.
= 120 ft.
'

V
/. cubical content of cutting = (2/ + e) cub, ft. 146.
-g-

where b = ^ Q
,

h - ico,
/= 20,
e 1 20 ;

r
hence cost of cutting = x (40 + 120) x Rs.
= Rs.7ii i anna gj pies
On Wedges and Oblique Frusta of Triangular Prisms. 57

Examples XXIV.
1. The edge of a wedge is 18 in., the length of the base is 15 in., and the
breadth of the base is 9 in., the height of the wedge is 14 in. find the volume. :

2. The edge of a wedge is 2 ft. 9 in., the length of the base is 3 ft., and the
breadth of the base is I ft. 3 in., the height of the wedge is I ft. 6 in. find the :

volume.
3. The edge of a wedge is I ft. 8 in., the area of a section of the wedge
made by a plane perpendicular to the edge is I sq. ft. : find the volume if the
length of the base is 2 ft.
4. The section of a wedge made by a plane perpendicular to the edge is an
equilateral triangle each side of which is 8 in. find the volume if the edge of
:

the wedge is 18 in. and the length of the base 21 in.

5. The base of a wedge is a square of side 12 in., the height of the wedge
is 21 in., and the
edge 27 in. find the volume.
:

6. A wedge-shaped trench is 7 ft. wide at the top and 30 yds. long ; the
length of the edge along the bottom is 26 yds., and the depth of the^lrejich, is
9 ft. : find the weight o? the earth excavated if I cub. ft. of earth weigh 95 Ibs.
7. Find the volume of the frustum of a prism whose cross-section is an
equilateral triangle of side 3 ft., and the sum of whose three parallel edges
is 12 ft.

Examination Questions XXIV.

Wedges.
A. Bombay University -, Diploma of Agriculture : Second Exam.
1. The length of the edge of a wedge is 5^ in., the length of the base is
3 in., and its breadth is 2 in., the height of the wedge is 4 in. find its volume. :

2. Find the volume of a wedge, the length and breadth of the base being
5 ft. 4 in. and 9 in. respectively, the length of the edge being 3 ft. 6 in., and
the height 2 ft. 4 in.

B. Bombay University: L.C.E. Second Exam.

3. Acutting for a canal is to be made through a uniform ridge in the shape
of a double inclined plane, the altitude of the highest point of the ridge above
the level of the bed of the canal being 16 metres, and the gradient being 9
in 41 at each side. The breadth of the canal bed being 5 metres, and the
uniform slope of the banks I in 2, find the total quantity of earth excavated.

C. Punjab University: First Exam, in Civil Engineering.

4. State the formula for finding the volume of a wedge.

D. Calcutta University : F.E. Exam.

5. The edge of a wedge is 15 the length of the base is 24 in., and the
in.,
breadth 7 in. ; The wedge is divided into a pyramid and a
the height is 22 in.
prism by 'a plane through one end of the edge parallel to the triangular face at
the other end. Find the volume of each part.

E. Sibpttr Engineer Dept. : Annual Exam.

6. A cylindrical vessel I high, and the radius of whose base is 6 in., is
ft.

full of water. A wedge whose edge is 7in., whose base is 5 in. long and 4 in.
broad, and whose height is 6 in., is gently dipped into the water so that the
is then withdrawn.
water runs over ; it At what height in the vessel will the
water now stand ?
58 Mensuration.

F. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. :

Monthly Exam.
7. The edge of a wedge is 21 in., the length of the base is 27 in., the area
of a section of the wedge made by a plane perpendicular to the edge is 160 sq.
in. find the volume.
:

8. The edge of a wedge is 21 in., the length of the base is 15 in., and the
breadth 9 in., the height of the wedge is 6 in. The wedge is divided into three
parts of equal heights by planes parallel to the base. Find the volume of each
part.
G. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.
The edge of a wedge is 9 ft., the length
9. of the base is 6 ft., and the
breadth is 4 ft,, the height of the wedge is 2\ ft. : find the volume.

H. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

10. The edge of a wedge is 25 in., the length of the base is 22 in., a
section of the wedge made by a plane perpendicular to the edge is an equilateral
triangle, each side of which is 10 in. : find the volume,

I. Staff College.
11. AE, BF, CG> DH) are the vertical edges of a cubic foot of wood
whose horizontal faces are ABCD, EFGH. In
is taken 7 in. AB a M
from A and in
9
a pointAD 5 in. from A. N point
portion of the cube is cut A
away by a plane through J/, F, G, and then a second portion by a plane
through JV, H) G. Find the volume of the three portions into which the cube
is thus divided.

Frusta of Triangular Prisms.

Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Monthly Exam.
12. The base of a prism is an
equilateral triangle, each side of which is
4 in. : find the volume of the solid obtained by cutting off a piece of this
prism
so that the sum of the parallel edges is 42 in.

Additional Examination Question XXIV.

13. The base of a wedge is a square, a side of which is 1 5 in. , the edge is
24 in., and the height of the wedge is 24 in. : find the volume. (Roorkee
Engineer: Final.)
 CHAPTER XXV.
ON OBLIQUE FRUSTA OF RIGHT REGULAR PRISMS, ANb
OBLIQUE FRUSTA OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDERS.
y%

151. An frustum of a prism is the

oblique
part of a prism included between two planes
inclined to one another.
The length of an oblique frustum of a
prism is that portion of the axis of the prism
which intercepted by the two
is
planes in-
clined to one another.
Thus 0J02 is the length of the oblique
frustum AJ3CD.

PROPOSITION XXXVII.
152. To find the volume of an oblique frustum of a right regular
prism, having given the area of its
cross-section and its length.

Let z A
Ci be an oblique frus-
2

tum of a right regular prism.

Let its cross-section ABODE
measure A l of any square unit. E

Let its length O^O* measure /

of the corresponding linear unit. /

It is required to find the volume^ E ct-

i in terms of 1 and /. A
E^E* measure /b /2 , 4 4 4 of the
same linear unit respectively.
Now, the whole frustum can
evidently be divided into five trian-
gular frusta, namely C2

and each of these frusta has for its cross-section a triangle,

6o Mensuration.

which is the fifth part of the regular pentagon ABCDE, and

which therefore measures square units.

Hence, if

be the number of the corresponding solid unit in each of these

five triangular frusta respectively, we have

and volume of = ]

whole frustum (

~AJ solid units

Hence rule
Multiply the number of any square unit in the cross-section of an
obliquefrustum of a right regular prism by the number of the
corresponding linear unit in the length, then the product will give the
number of the corresponding solid unit in the volume.
Or briefly
Volume of oblique frustum of)
light regular prism J
^oa a ^*^
= cross-section i^^
v length
x

PARTICULAR CASE.
153. Oblique frustum of right circular cylinder.
A cylinder has been defined as the limiting case of a prisrn
(
 On Oblique Frusta of Right Regular Prisms. 61

In the same way, an oblique frustum of a cylinder

may be defined as the limiting case of an oblique
frustum of a prism.
Hence the formula

will determine the volume of the oblique frustum

of a right circular cylinder, where A^ is the number
of any square unit in the cross-section of the frus-
tum, and / is the number of the corresponding
linear unit in the length.
If r linear units be the radius of the cross-
section, this formula may be written

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
154. Ex-ample i. The base of a right prism
is a regular octagon of side 2 ft. frustum is A
obtained by cutting off a portion of this prism, so
that the sum of the eight parallel edges is 64 ft.
\
Find the volume of the frustum.
Volume of frustum = A-J cub. ft. .
152.

where A =
l
2 x 22 x (i -h V 2) 45-
i5 2 -

.'. volume of frustum = 64(1 + V ^ 2) ,ft.

= 1 54-509 cub. ft.

Example 2. The
radius of the base of a
right circular cylinder
is i ft. 9 in. : find the
volume of a frustum of
this cylinder, if the length
of the frustum is 4 ft. 6 in.

Volume of frustums-^!/ cub. ft.

153.
where ^= *
() ?I .

2
/. volume of frustum =^x f \ x f "cub. ft.
= 43& cub. ft.

Example 3. A regular hexagonal prism

stands partially buried in a bank sloping at
45, with one face parallel to the foot of the
slope and two feet in rear of it if the prism :

be 12 ft. in perimeter, find the volume of the

buried portion.
62 Mensuration.

Let BDEG be a vertical mid-section of the buried portion of the

prism by a plane at right angles to the foot of the slope.

Then-
. . Euc. I. 6.
But AB = 2 ft.

and BC = side of hexagon x . ... 17.

= V3 ft-
_
/. CF = (2 + V3)
Hence volume of I , ,
/ cub. f
it 152.
buried portion
2
1 . 2
where A =
l 45-

/ = 2 + /3 ;

hence volume of buried portion 6^3(2 + ^"3) cub. ft.

= 12^3 + 18 cub. ft.
= 387846 cub. ft.

Examples XXV.
(Take TT = ??.)
1. The base of a right prism is a regular hexagon of side 2 ft. A frustum
is obtained by cutting off a portion of this
prism
so that the sum of the six
parallel edges is 54 ft. Find the volume of the frustum.
 On Oblique Frusta of Right Regular Prisms. 63
2. The base of a right prism is a regular octagon of side I ft. A frustum
is obtained by cutting off a portion of this prism so that the sum of the eight
parallel edges is 56 feet. Find the volume of the frustum.
3. The cross-section of a prism is a regular dodecagon of side 2 in. A
frustum is obtained by cutting off a portion of this prism so that the sum of the
twelve parallel edges is 7 ft. Find the volume of me frustum.
4. The cross-section of a prism is a regular nonagon of side I ft. frus- A
tum is obtained by cutting off a portion of this prism so that the sum of the
nine parallel edges is 45 feet. Find the volume of the frustum.
5. The radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is 2 ft. 6 in. : find the
volume of a frustum of this cylinder if the length of the frustum is 5 ft. 9 in.
6. The radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is i ft. 3 in. : find the
volume of a frustum of this cylinder if the length of the frustum is 3 ft. 8 in.

Examination Questions XXV.

(Take TT = #.)
A. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.
1. Anoctagonal stone prism stands at the foot of a sloping bank of grass
which is inclined to the horizon at an angle of 45 ; the line of intersection of
the slope with the ground is parallel to one face of the prism and I ft. in advance
of it. If the prism be 8 ft. high and 12 ft. in perimeter, what proportion of its
volume is above the bank ?
2. Find the weight in pounds of a marble column, in shape of a frustum
of a cylinder, whose longest and shortest edges are 12 ft. 9 in. and II ft. I in.,
and whose radius of base is I ft. 3 in., if I cub. ft. of marble weighs 2716 ozs.
B. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

3. In a square pyramid whose height is equal to the side of the base, a cir-
cular hole is bored parallel to the plane of the base and to two sides, at a third
of the height from the bottom find the quantity of material cut out. The
:

length of the base is 9 ft, the radius of the boring is I ft.

C. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

4. A
cube of wood with an edge of 2 in. is pierced by a gitukt-of J an inch
diameter, the point of the gimlet entering at the centre of one face and coming
out at the centre of an adjacent face find the volume of wood removed.
:

Additional Examination Question XXV.

5. The radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is 2 ft. 6 in. : find the
volume of the frustum of this cylinder, if the length of the frustum be 5 ft. 9 in.
(Roorkee Engineer :
Entrance.)
 CHAPTER XXVI.
ON PRISMOIDS, FRUSTA OF WEDGES, FRUSTA OF
PYRAMIDS, AND FRUSTA OF CONES.
155. A PRISMOID is a solid whose ends are rer.tiljneal figures of
the same number of sides, lying
in parallel planes, and whose side
surfaces are trapezoids. >
The perpendicular distance
between the ends of a prismoid is

called the height of the prismoid.

Thus jB^ is the height of the pris-

moid ABCD.
When the ends of a prismoid are
rectangles, the prismoid may be seen to
be a frustum of a wedge that is, the
part of a wedge included between the
i base and a plane parallel to the base.
' ^ t
'

When the ends of a prismoid are

similar rectilineal figures similarly situated,
the prismoid may be seen to be zfrustum
of a pyramid that is, the part of a pyra-

mid included between the base and

a plane parallel to the base.
156. The definition of a pris-
moid may be extended so as to
include the case when any of the
 On Prismoids and various Frusta.

trapezoidal sides become triangles through the vanishing of their

smaller ends, as in the figure.
157. The definition of a prismoid maybe still further extended
so as to include the case when the ends
are any two figures lying in parallel
planes, its sides being straight, as in the
figure.
By having its sides straight is meant
that a straight line can be placed at any
point on their surface, so as to coincide
with the surface from end to end.
For example, through the point C on
the side of the prismoid P, it is possible
to draw a straight line AB
coinciding with
the surface of the prismoid from end to end.
Reservoirs, railwa^jciittings, and railway embankments often
assume the form of a prismoid.
158. In proving the formula for the volume of a prismoid, we
shall be content to take the special case of the frustum of a wedge,
since the proof for the general case is considered too long and
intricate for the purposes of this book.

PROPOSITION XXXVIII.
159. To find the volume of a prismoid (fmstum of a wedge),
having given its height, the areas of its two ends, and the area of its
mid-section by a plane parallel to its ends.
Let ABGH be a
*

H
prismoid.
Let its height PQ
measure h of any linear
unit.
Let its ends ABCD
and EFGH measure
A^ and A.2 of the corre-
sponding square unit.
Let its mid-section
KLMN measure A
o^ \
the corresponding square unit.
It is required to find the volume of ABGH in terms of
h, A I, A<z, and A.
Divide prismoid into two wedges, ABCDEF and
the
EFGHCD, by the plane passing through JSFand DC.
Let AB, EF, KL, AD, EH, KN
measure /i, /21 /, b* Z> b of
the same linear unit respectively.
66 Mensuration.

Let the wedges ABCDEFsxA EFGHCD measure P^and

of the corresponding solid unit respectively.
Then
146.

and V, = ( 146.

F, + F=
2
g

= 4*. + 4*.}
g{(4

Hence rule
Add together the numbers of any square unit in tfie ends of a
prismoid and four times the number of the same square unit in the
section parallel to the ends and midway between them ; multiply the
sum by the number of the corresponding linear unit in the height, then
one-sixth the product will give the number of the corresponding solid
unit in the volume.
Or briefly

Volume of prismoid = ^
(sum of areas of ends +4
6
x area of mid-section)

160. By an application of the prismoidal formula we can

determine approximately the volume of any figure of which the

a/ <L
 On Prismoids and various Frusta. 67

two opposite ends lie in parallel planes, but which is not, strictly
speaking, a prismoid embankments and railway cuttings, for
example, where the surface of the ground is more or less uneven.
For if the length of the embankment be divided into a number of
equal parts by planes parallel to the ends (see figure), the earth
between any two alternate planes may be regarded as a prismoid,
and the transverse section by the intermediate plane will be the
mid-section of this prismoid.
Hence its volume can be determined separately by means of
the formula

Similarly the volumes of other parts of the earthwork can be

determined, and the greater the number of parts the more
accurate will be the result, in spite of the ineuaJit;es in the surface
of the ground.
The student will now have no difficulty in proving the following
formula for determining approximately the volume of any solid the
opposite ends of which lie in parallel planes :

A 2n+l + 2(A, + A,

where V volume,
d = common distance between the parallel planes,
2n = number of equal
parts into which the length of the
solid is divided by the parallel planes,
A AK 3
} ,
A .
2n> . A A
2n + 1 are the areas of the trans-
.

verse sections of the solid made by the parallel planes

taken in order.
Notice the resemblance between this formula and the formula
of Simpson's Rule (see Chapter XVI.).
161. We have proved that the formula

1 t

determines the volume of a prismoid when the prismoid assumes

the special form of the frustum of a wedge. The same formula,
however, is of much wider application.
Not only does it hold for all prismoids as defined in 155,
156, 157, but it also determines the volumes of certain solids,
which, however, cannot be defined in an elementary manner.
"
Suffice it to say that these solids are called
prismoidal solids,"
and include, among others, the sphere, the segment of a sphere, and
the zone of a sphere, the oblate spheroid and the prolate spheroid.
68. Mensuration.

PAKTICULAR CASES.
162. (1) Frustum of a py-
ramid.
Here the two ends and the
mean section are similar figures
similarly situated ( 155).
If then, any corresponding
sides of the top, bottom, and
mean section measure a ly # 2 >
and
a of the same linear unit re-

spectively, we have
A l : A 2 : A= a? :
a<? : a2 104.

But 2a = #! 4-

and squaring, = A^ +A + 2 2*] A

Now, for all prismoids

161.

hence, for the frustum of a pyramid-

F= h \A
6
h

(2) Frustum of a cone.

A cone has been defined as the
limiting case of a pyramid ( 137).
In the same way, a frustum of a
cone may be defined as the limiting
case of a frustum of a pyramid.
Hence the formula

h. ,

determine the volume of a frustum

will
of a cone.
In the case of a frustum of a right cirailar cone, this formula
can be simplified by putting
 On Prismoids and various Frusta. 69
where R
and r are the numbers of the same linear unit in the
greater and lesser ends of the frustum respectively (see figure).
Hence, for a frustum of a right circular cone

3
= ^(R* + r* + Jtr)
3
Note. Rectangular solids, parallelepipeds, prisms, cylinders,
pyramids, cones, and wedges may all be regarded as particular
cases of the prismoid, and their volume-formulae can readily be
deduced from the formula

by introducing the special conditions in each case.

For example, in the case of the wedge
A l
=#
A 2
-o

2 2

I 4 6.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
Prismoids.
163. Example i.Find the cubical content of an embankment
long, the height at the ends being 6 ft. and 4
ft.
400 ft. respectively,
the side slopes 1:2, and the
breadth at the top 30 ft. through- &--.-. 30'- C
out, the ends being vertical. v>

Let ABCD
represent the 6 ft. ""
end of the embankment.
Then BC = 30 ft., and BE = 6 ft.

Therefore, since the side slopes are as I : 2

AD = (30 4- 2 x 12) ft.

= 54 ft.

Similarly, we find that

Width of the embankment at the\
= QN ^
bottom of the 4-ft. end/
,
(30 + 2 x 8) ft.
= 46 ft.

.*. cubical content of embankment = ?(A l + A^ + ^A} cub. ft. 161.

o
70 Mensuration.

where h - 400,

-^ x 6 = 252
i ,A
39.

x 4 = 152 39.
2

30 + "

= 2CO 39.

hence cubical content of embankment = A g( 2 5 2 + 5 2 + 8co) I cub. ft.

= 80,266-6 cub. ft

Example 2. Find the content of a drain icoft. long, whose depths

of diggings at commencement, middle, and end are 3, 4, and 5 ft.
respectively, side slopes i 2, and bottom breadth 4 ft.
:

Since the middle depth 4 ft. is the mean between the two end
-.
depths, 3 ft and 5 ft,
the drain may be re-
y/y
^y* garded as a prismoid
^T ^fo,
-=* having for its parallel
ends and mid- section
trapezoids whose areas A lt A 2, and A sq. ft. can be easily as-
certained.
To find AV
LetA BCD represent the trapezoidal end whose area = A l sq. ft.

Draw BE perpendicular to DC produced.

Because the slope ofJSCis i : 2

n ,B
/. CE = 2 x BE = 6 ft.

hence AB - (4 + 12) ft = 16 ft.

and A = l
x 3 .
39.

= 30
Similarly, we can find ,

A = 70
2
A = 48
h
.'. volume of drain =
^(A + 1
A +
2 bA) cub. ft . 161.

where h = 100,
A = 30,l

A 2 = 70,
A =48;
hence volume of drain = ^fco + 70 4- 192) cub. ft.

= 4866*6 cub. ft.

Example 3. The sides of a tank are 30 and 20 ft. at the top, and
12 and 8 ft at the bottom, and the depth is 8 ft. The tank is emptied
in 3 hours by a pipe, the water in which runs at a uniform rate of 4 ft.
a second. Find the diameter of the pipe.
 On Prismoids and various Frusta,

Cubical content of tank = ( A +

2 4/2) cub. ft. 161.

where h = 8,
A =
l 30x20 = 600 .

A<2 = 12x8 = 96 .

jfi
_ 30 + 12
~~
f\
2 2

= 2496 cub. ft.

Let r in. = radius of pipe.

Then ur2 sq. in.
= cross- section of pipe . . . .
71

an(j _ 4 cub. ft. = ^~ cub. ft.

144 36
= quantity of water held by 4 ft. of the
pipe 131.
But this quantity of water flows out of the tank every second ;

therefore the tank will be emptied in ( 2496 -. seconds.

gJ

Hence 2496 ---^ = 3x60x60

..
.*. r2 = 2-6472
/. r 1*627 .

Hence the diameter of the pipe measures 3*25

in. nearly.

Example 4. A prismoid has one end in

the form of an equilateral triangle of side 6 ft.,
the other end in the Jprm of a regular hexagon
of side 2 ft, three sides of the hexagon being
parallel to the three sides of the other end.
The height is 16 ft. Find its volume.
The figure ABCDEF may be taken to
represent the mid-section of the prismoid, in
which
AB = CD = EF = 4 ft-

and BC = DE = FA = I ft.

But by producing AB, CD,EF both ways,

the area of the figure ABCDEF
may be seen
to be the difference between the area of an
equilateral triangle of side 6 ft. and the sum of
the areas of three equilateral triangles each of
side i ft.

cub. ft.
72 Mensuration.

where h - 16, _
X
45

24.

.........
Hence volume of prismoid = Y(6 V.3 + 9V^3 + 33V^3) cub - ft -

= 128^3 cub. ft.

= 221702 cub. ft.
Example 5. Find the cost at 5^. per 1000 cub. ft. of excavating
the following trjencji Length, 200 ft. ; width of bottom, 1 5 ft. longi-
:
;

tudinal slope of bottom, i in 100 ; depth at upper end, 10 ft. ; slope

of sides, I in 10.
Since the trench is 200 ft. long, and the longitudinal slope of the
bottom is iin 100, and the depth at the upper end is 10 ft.,
.'. the depth at the lower end is (10 4- T^T x 200) ft. = 12 ft.

Now, the trench is evidently a prismoid, and its two ends are
trapezoids whose bases, heights, and slope of sides we know, and so
we can find their areas as in Example 2.
Hence
i.

Volume of trench =
^(A 1 + A + 4A)
2 cub. ft. . 161.

where h 200,
-di |{i5 = + (15 2 + x I2 x x 12 = 1620 .... 39.
A = I{i5 +
2 (15 4- 2
io)|
x 10 x 10)} x 10 = 1150 .... 39.
-
A I^S + (15 2 + x H x 10)} x H = 1375 .... 39-
Hence volume of trench
--
= ^$(1620 +
- 200 x 8270
L.
1150
,
cu b.
+
-
ft.
5500) cub. ft.

.". cost of excavation = 2

--
6 x looo
o
- -
shillings

= .68 i3j. 4d.

, / Examples XXVI. A.
1. The
height of a prjsmpid is 10 ft., and the two ends are rectangles, the
corresponding dimensions of which are 280 ft. by 250 ft. and 260 ft. by 190 ft.
'

find the volume.

2. The height of a prismoid is 3 ft. 4 in., and the two ends are rectangles,
the corresponding dimensions of which are 5 ft. 6 in. by 4 ft. 8 in. and 3 ft.
2 in. by 2 ft. 10 in. find the volume.
:

3. Find the weight of water required to fill a prismoidal cavity, the depth
of which is 4 ft., and the
top
and bottom of which are rectangles, the corre-
sponding dimensions of which are 24 ft. by 18 ft. and 22 ft. by 14 ft. Give
the answer in tons.
4. An excavation 120 yds, long is uniformly. 42 ft, wide at the bottom. It
is 16 ft. deep at one end, and gradually increases to 20 ft. deep at the other,
 On Prismoids and various Frusta. 73
and the upper widths at these ends are respectively 74 ft. and 86 ft. find the :

cubic yards of excavation.

6. A
prismoid is divided into two parts by a plane parallel to the ends and
midway between them. If the ends of the prismoid are rectangles whose
corresponding dimensions are 14 in. by 12 in. and 12 in. by 10 in., and if the
height of the prismoid is 6 in., find the volume of each part.
6. The base of a prismoidal solid is an equilateral triangle, and the top a
regular hexagon, three alternate sides of which are parallel to the sides of the
base. The height of the solid is 10 in., the sides of the base 6 in., and those
of the top 4 in. Find the volume.
7. How many gallons of water are required to fill a tank in the shape of a
prismoid, the depth of which is 3 ft., and the top and bottom of which are
rectangles whose corresponding dimensions are 40 ft. by 8 ft. and 32 ft. by 6 ft. ?
8. Find the cubic content of a piece of road embankment 300 ft. long, the
longitudinal slope being regular, the height at the ends being 5 ft. and 3 ft.
respectively, the side slopes 2 to I, and the breadth at the top everywhere
26 ft., the ends being vertical.
9. Find the number of cubic yards of earth in a portion of a railway cutting
10 chains in length, the following numbers representing the areas in square
yards of a series of transverse sections taken at intervals of one chain : 2/0, 256,
242, 238, 248, 250, 266, 272, 276, 272, 270.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
cPrusta of !*ynimids and Frusta of Cones.
^
104. Example
i Find the cubical content of a square chimney
.

shaft, broad at the base, and 10 ftfEroad at the

40 ft.
-10L
top, and having a batter of i in 10 the flue, which is ;

circular, being 4 ft. in diameter =

throughout. (ir 3*1416.)
Cubical content of shaft = cubical content of a
- cubical content of a cylinder.
frustum^ofa^pyramid
Because~the shaft has a batter of i in 10 i(y; _
:. height of shaft : 15 ft. = 10 : i <J

/. height of shaft = 150 ft.

cub. ft.

where h

_
150,
A = l loo,
A = 2 1600 ;

/. cubical content of)

frustum of pyra- | = ^g + 1600 + V 160000)
mid J cub. ft.
= 105,000 cub. ft.

where A = ir2 2 =
=
4* .........
h 150;
/. cubical content of cylinder = 6ooir cub. ft.

hence cubical content of shaft = (105,000

- 3*1416 x 600) cub. ft.
= 103,1 15-04 cub. ft.
74 Mensuration.

Example 2. Find the number of cubic feet in a frustum of a square

pyramid 61 ft. high, 7 ft. 8 in. square at the base, and 4 ft.
6 in. square at the top, and capped at the top by a square
pyramid 7 ft. 6 in. from the base to the apex.

Volume of frustum = -(A l

cub. ft. 162.
3
where // = 61,
9-
9-

.'. volume of frustum = (^ A+ *t

ft
+ V) cub - ft -
x 8F cub - ft -

Volume of pyramid = \Ah cub. ft. .

141-

where A \\ x 4j = -^ .
9-
^ = 74 ;

/. volume of pyramid
hence volume of completed
J x
/ 61 x 4087
^ x ^ cub. ft.

_ 405
cub. ft.
solid / x seT s
I, 3
u b- ft.

Example 3. A bucket
in the form of a frustum of a cone
holds 4 galls. depth be 8 in., and the diameters at
If the
top- and bottom be to each other as 10 to 9, find them.
Let R in. = radius of top of bucket.

of bucket
162.
where h 8,

But the bucket holds 4 galls, or 277i x 4

cub. in. of water 112.

= 277! x 4

7?2 = 1109 x 3 x 7 x IPO

8 X 22 X 271
= 48-8279 . . .

.'. R= 6-98 . . .

hence diameter at top = 13*9 . . . in.

and diameter at bottom = 12-5 ... in.

Example 4. The
height of a conical frustum is 31 in., and the
radius of one end 10 in. determine the radius of the other end so
:

that the frustum may be equal in volume to a right cylinder whose

height is of an inch, and radius of base 62 in.
Let r in. = radius of the other end.
Then-
Volume of frustum = (R + + Rr) cub. in. 162.
 On Prismoids and various Frusta. 75
where h = 31,
A' = 10
volume o ft w x 31 -
.'.
= - '
,

I0 + ,
r*
9
+ , x
I0 ') cub
, .

frustum }
(

Now, volume of a right cylinder whose height

^ of an inch, and radius of, base 62 in. = ir(62)
2
is

-}
cub. in ............. 131.
.

Therefore, if the frustum and cylinder are equal

in volume, we have
x 31 2
( I0 -I-,-
2
4- I or) = 7r(62)
2
.J
or io 2
+ r 2
4- ior = 124
or r 2
Hence radius of the other end measures 2 in.

Example 5. During a fall of rain, a bucket whose upper and lower

interior diameters are 14 and 6 in.,
and depth 12 in., was placed on a
flat surface, and after 20 minutes'

exposure the depth of water in the

bucket was found to be 2 in. : what
was the rainfall per hour ?
Let the figure ABCD represent
a vertical mid-secti9n of the bucket
after the rain has fallen.
Then
AG = 7 in.
DE -= 3
EG 12
EF^ 2,,
Through D draw DH perpen-
dicular to AB.
By similar triangles
KL : AH = DL DH ...... : 66.
or KL :
4 = in. 2 : 12
.'. KL = } in.

hence volume of water in bucket = (A

2
+ r2 4- Rr) cub. in. . 162.
j
where A = 3$,
'= 3

hence volume of water in bucket = ~(i i + 9 + n) cub. in.

= -
6O2ff

27
.

cub. in.
.

Now, consider a right circular cylinder whose cross-section is the

same as the mouth of the bucket.
 76 Menstiration.

Such a cylinder will obviously admit the same quantity of rain-

water in any given time as the bucket.
Hence, if h in. = depth of water in such a cylinder after 20 minutes'
rainfall, we have

*7
o
2
^=~ ........
i 6o2w ,,

131-

-
602
h _
27 x 49

or, depth after an hour's rainfall = -

in. = f in.

But the depth of water in any cylinder after an hour's rainfall =

rainfall per hour ;

.'. rainfall per hour = 1*365079 in.

ExamplesXXVL B.

(Take v = If.)

Find the volumes of the following frusta of pyramids, having

1. Areas of ends 8 sq. ft. and 5 sq. ft. ; height 3 ft.
2. Areas of ends 12 sq. in. and 8 sq. in. ; height 6 in.
3. Areas of ends 3 sq. ft. 72 sq. in. and 2 sq. ft. 28 sq. in. j height
2 ft. 6 in.
4. Areas of ends 4*85 sq. ft. and 3-15 sq. ft. ; height 2-5 ft.
5. Find the volume of the frustum of a pyramid, the ends being rectangles
whose corresponding dimensions are 36 in. by 24 in. and 27 in. by 18 in., and
the height 15 in.
6. The ends of a frustum of a pyramid are equilateral triangles of sides
5 ft. and 7 ft. respectively ; the height of the frustum is 4 ft. find its volume. :

Find the volumes of the following frusta of right circular cones, having
7. Radii of ends 5 ft. and 6 ft. ; height 4 ft. 6 in.
8. Radii of ends 3 ft. 8 in. and 2 ft. 4 in. ; height 2 ft.
9. Radii of ends 675 ft. and 4*25 ft. ; height 3*5 ft.
10. Radii of ends 3 yds. 2 ft. and 2 yds. I ft. ; height I 2 ft. 9 in.
yd.
11. The circumference of one end of a frustum ot a right circular cone is
48 in., and of the other end 34 in. ; and the height of the frustum is 10 in. :

find the volume.

12. The ends of a frustum of a pyramid are squares, the lengths of the
sides being 6 in. and 8 in. respectively ; the height of the frustum is 4 in.
The frustum is cut into two parts by a plane parallel to the two ends and mid-
way between them find the volume of each part.
:

13. The radii of the ends of a frustum of a right circular cone are 2 ft. 9 in.
and 2 ft. 3 in. respectively ; the slant height is 10 in. : find the volume.
14. The ends of a frustum of a pyramid are regular octagons whose sides
measure 3 ft. and 5 ft. respectively the height is 4 ft. fina the volume. :
 On Prismoids and various Frusta. 77

Examination Questions XXVI.

(Take IT = 1?.)
Prismojdfl.
A. Allahabad University : Intermediate.

1. A reservoir with slanting sides, whose base is 50 ft. by 40 ft., and top
75 ft. by 60 ft., is 15 ft. in perpendicular height : find the number of gallons
it will hold.

B. Bombay University Diploma of Agriculture : Second Exam.

-,

2. The top and bottom of a reservoir in the shape of a prism oid are
rectangles, the dimensions of the top being 200 ft.
by 150 ft., and of the
bottom 1 60 ft. by 130 ft. ; its uniform depth is 12 ft. : find the cost of
excavation at is. 6d. per cubic yard.
3. The length and breadth of a reservoir in the shape of a prismoid are
140 and 80 ft. respectively ; the length and the breadth of the bottom are
ft.

100 ft. and 60 ft. respectively, and the depth is 12 ft. how many cubic feet :

of earth were dug out ?

4. A piece of timber is I ft. 2 in. broad and 10 in. thick at one end, and
I ft. 6 in. broad and I ft. thick at the other end, and 14 ft. long : find its
volume.
fc 5. A wajercourse, 5 ft. wide at the bottom, 3 ft. deep at the upper end,
and having a fall of I ft. in 320 yds., is to be cut in a straight line on level
ground : if the sides are to slope I in I, find the number of cubic yards of
earth to be excavated in the first mile.
6. Enunciate the prismoidal formula, and apply it to find the volume of
the following embankment :
Length = 100 ft., end heights = 10 ft. and 4 ft.,
width of top = 5"It., "total slope of sides = 6 in I.
C. Bombay University: L.C.E. Second Exam.
7. Find the quantity of earth excavated from a railway cutting made
through ground which before disturbance was a uniform inclined plane running
in the same direction as the rails, the length of the cutting being 100 yds.,
the breadth at the bottom 12 yds., the breadth at the top at one end being
45 yds. and at the other 25 yds., and the depths of these ends being 15 yds.
and 7 yds. respectively.
8. The top widths of a railway cutting are 120 and 90 ft., their respective
depths 30 ft. and 20 ft., the bottom width 30 ft., and the length of the cutting
66 yds. find the contents in cubic yards.
:

9. A haystack nj ft. high has an olj]oj} base 20 ft. long and 8 ft. broad,
the sides of the rectangular horizontal section 9 ft. from the ground through
the eaves are 22 ft. and 8*8 ft., and the part above the eaves forms a
triangulai
prisrrT22 ft. long. If 10 cub. ft. of hay weigh I cwt., how many tons does
tluF whole jftacjjc weigh ?
10. Find the volumes of the wedge and prismoid into which a frustum oi
a pyramid is cut by a plane
passing through
one end of its base and cutting oft
a portion of the top 15 in. distant from its corresponding end, the length and
breadth of the base being 45 and 30 in. respectively, those at the top being
36 and 24 in. respectively, and the height 40 in.
11. An excavation 858 ft. long is uniformly 50 ft. wide at the bottom ; it
is 1 8 ft. deep at one end, and
gradually increases to 20 ft. deep at the other,
78 Mensuration.

and the upper width of these ends are respectively 104 and 1 10 ft. : find the
number of cubic yards in the excavation.

D. Madras University: B.E. Exam.

12. How many
cubic feet of earth will be required to make a level embank-
ment 1500 ft. long, 17 ft. and 12 ft. deep at the ends, 20 ft. wide on top, with
side slopes of I J to I ?

E, Sibpur Engineer Dept. : Annual Exam.

13. State and explain the prismoidal formula. A tank is 436 ft. by 325 ft.
at the top, 376 ft. by 285 ft. at the bottom, and 10 ft. deep how many cubic :

feet of water will be required to fill it three-quarters full, if there is in the

middle a circular tower of 27 ft. diameter ?

F. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. :

Monthly Exam.
14. Show how to deduce the formula volume of a right
for finding the
circular cone from the prismoidal formula.
15. An earthen 4ajn 300 ft. long has the two ends vertical ; one is 20 ft.
and the other 40 ft. in height. The bottom of the dam slopes uniformly from
one end to the other ; the top of the dam is horizontal and 20 ft. wide ; side
slope on one side is 2 horizontal to I vertical, and on the other is 4 horizontal
to I vertical. Calculate the earthwork in the dam.
16. The ends of a prismoid are rectangles, the corresponding dimensions
of which are 12 ft. by 10 ft. and 8 ft. by 6 ft. ; the height of the prismoid is
4 ft. The prismoid is divided into two parts by a plane parallel to the ends
and midway between them find the volume of each part.
:

G. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Annual Exam.

17. A road is constructed along the greatest slope of a plane country.
Top width of the road is 20 ft., side slopes are 2 horizontal to I vertical. Find
the quantity of earthwork of a portion of the road 4 chains in length. Heights
of embankment at the beginning and the, end of that portion of the road are
respectively 10 ft. and 20 ft. pf; j
18. Find the capacity of a coal-waggon the top of which measures 6 ft. 9 in.
in length by 4 ft. 6 in. in breadth, the bottom 3 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft. 6 in., and the
depth 4 ft.

H. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Final Exam.

19. A railway embankment is half a mile long, and has a uniform width
of 30 ft. at the top. At one end it is 25 ft. high, and gradually decreases to
the other end to 12 ft. high ; the widths at the base at the ends are 120 ft. and
80 ft. respectively. Find the cost of making the embankment at Rs.5 per
1000 cub. ft.
I. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

20. A prismoid has

one end in the form of an equilateral triangle of side
2 ft., the other end in the form of a regular hexagon of side I ft., three sides
of the hexagon being parallel to the three sides of the other end ; the height
is 3 ft.: find its volume.

J. Roorkee Upper Subord. : Entrance.

21. Find the volume of a coal-waggon, the depth of which is 47 in. ; the top
and bottom are rectangles, the corresponding dimensions of which are 8 1 in.
by 54 in., and 42 in. by 30 in.
 On Prismoids and various Fmsta. 79
22. Find the capacity of a trough in the form of a prismoid, its bottom
being 48 in. long and 40 in, broad, its top 5 ft. long and 4 ft. broad, and the
depth 3 ft.
K. Stiperior Accounts.
23. An embankment is made upon a slope of i in 10 ;
the top of the
embankment is horizontal, and its section is everywhere a trapezoid. The
greatest height above the slope is 57 ft., the breadth of the top 26 and the
ft.,

slopes of the sides I in I. Find the number of cubic yards in a length of 160
yds. of the embankment.
Frusta of Pyramids.
A. Allahabad University : Intermediate.

24. The ends of a frustum of a pyramid are squares, the lengths of the sides
being 20 ft. and 30 ft. respectively. The length of the straight line wljich joins
the middle point of any side of one end with the middle point of the corre-
sponding side of the other end is 13 feet. Find the volume.

B. Madras University: B.E. Exam.

25. The ends of a frustum of a pyramid are hexagons with sides of 6
and 4 ft. respectively ; the slant height is 10 ft. find the volume. :

26. An unfinished spire is octagonal, and measures 80 ft. round the

base. At a height of 55 ft. above the base, where the work was stopped, it
measures 30 ft. round. How many cubic feet of masonry does it contain ?
C. Calcutta University: F.E. Exam.
27. Find the volume of the frustum of a right pyramid on a regular base
of n sides.
28. The areas of the ends of a frustum of a right pyramid being E 1 and
E2 ,
and the thickness k, find the volume in the form

(E, + VE7E, + E 2)

D. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Annual Exam.

29. The bottom of a tank is a square whose area is I acre ; its
depth is
10 ft., and the side slopes are ij to i find the number of cubic
: feet of water
it would contain.

E. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Monthly Exam.

30. The ends of a frustum of a pyramid are right-angled triangles ; the
sides containing the right angle of the one end are 2 ft. and 3 ft. ; the smallest
side of the other end is 8 ft. ; the height of the frustum is 7 ft. find the :

volume.
F. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Final Exam.
81. The ends of a frustum of a pyramid are equilateral triangles, the lengths
of the sides being 6 ft. and 7 ft. respectively, and the length of the slant edge
of the frustum is 9 ft. find thejolume.
:

Subord. : Entrance.
fpper
32. A tank in the shape oflS frustum of an inverted right square
pyramid,
length of side at bottom 40 ft., and at ground level 120 ft. (the height of
8o Mensuration.

the base), of to be lintd with

pyramid if complete being equal to the side
is

masonry 2 ft. thick find the cost of the masonry at Rs.2 per cubic foot.
:

33. The base of a prismoidal solid is a square, and the top a regular
the siaes of the base.
octagon, four alternate sides of which are parallel to
The altitude of the solid Isi 6 ft., the sides of the base 3i ft., and those of the
top I ft. : find its volume.
34. What the solidity of a frustum of a regular hexagonal pyramid, the
is

Asides of the ends being 4 and 6 ft., and its length 24 ft. ?

H. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

35. The height of a frustum of a pyramid is 12-5 in. ; its ends are octagojis
whose sides are 4 and 2 in. respectively find the volume of the frustum.
:

FrusfSa "of Cones.

A. Bombay Diploma of Agriculture : Second Exam.
University,
36. A cask, in the form of two conic frusta, joined at the bases, has the
head diameter 20 in., the bjm^^diameter 25 in., and the length 3 ft. 4 in. find :

itscapacity in gallons. (277 J cub. in. = i gall.)

37. The circumference of the base of a haystack in the form of a conical
frustum surmounted by a cone is 40, the circumference at the eaves is 60, the
perpendicular height of the frustum is 15, and that of the cone 16
ft. how :

many solid yards does the stack contain ?

B. Bombay University: L.C.E. Second Exam.
38. A vessel is in the form of a frustum of a right circular cone, of which
the bottom diameter is 32 in. The diagonals of a section by a plane passing
through the axis cut each other so that the segments of each are 30 and 20 in.
Determine the volume of the vessel.

C. Punjab University: first Exam, in Civil Engineering.

39. What is the volume of the frustum of a right cone, the area of the two
circular ends being 1256-64 in. and 78^54 in. respectively, 30 in. being the
height of the cone before it was truncated ?

D. Madras University: B.E. Exam.

40. A silver tumbler is of the shape of a truncated cone. Upper diameter
inside 6 in., lower diameter 3 in., height 6 in., thickness of metal J in.
Find the weight. (Specific gravity, ii'oo.)
41. A circular well is 17 ft. 6 in. in diameter, and 33 ft. deep find the :

at the
quantity of masonry lining, which is 2 ft. thick at the top and 4 ft. 9 in.
bottom, the batter being on the rear.
42. State the rule for finding the volume of a frustum of a right circular
cone.
43. The depth of a pail in the form of a frustum of a cone is 10 in., its
diameter at the mouth I2"m., and its diameter at the bottom 9 in. find how :

often it can be filled from a tank containing 2000 galls, of water. (A gallon
= 277-274 cub. in.) 1
1^.
E, Calcutta
Unwersn^ffcE. Exam.
44. In order to drain an acre of land, a tjfc is dug in the form of a frustum
of a cone, the radius of the surface section T)eing 30 yds., and of the bottom
 On Prismoids and various Frusta. 81

20 yds., and the depth of the tank 15 ft. Assuming that two-fifths of the
rainfall does not penetrate the soil, that there is no drainage from the subsoil*
and no evaporation, find what the average daily rainfall has been if, after two
months, the tank is two-thirds full. (One month = 30 days.)

F. Sibpur Engineer Dept. : Annual.

45. The frustum of a right circular cone is made of iron. Its height is
15 in. the diameter of its smaller face is 9 in., and of its larger 16 in.
; Two
conical holes are bored, one from each plane face. The diameters of the bases
of these holes are each half the diameter of the corresponding face ; their axes
coincide with the axis of the frustum, and their vertices meet at the middle
point of the axis. The holes are filled with lead. Find the weight of the
whole, if the specific gravity of iron is 7 '8, and of lead 1 1 -4.
46. An iron right circular cone, 10 in. high, and whose semi- vertical^ anglff
is 30, is cut into two at the
mid-point of its height by a plane parallel to the
base. The frustum so obtained is drawn into wire, whose diameter is T!s in. :

find the length of the wire.

G. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Monthly.

47. The shaft of Pompey's pillar is a single stone of granite. The height
is 90 ft. ; the diameter at one end is 9 ft., and at the other end 7 ft. 6 in. Find
the volume.
48. The slant side of the frustum of a right circular cone is 5 ft., and the
radii of the ends are 7 ft. and 10 ft. : find the volume.

H. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Final Exam.

49. Verify by calculating two or three cases the following statement A :

right circular cone is divided into a cone and a frustum of a cone, and the
frustum is trimmed just enough to reduce it to a right circular cylinder. If the
height of the frustum is one-third of the height of the original cone, the volume
of the cylinder is greater than in any other case, and is four-ninths of the
original cone.
60. The height of the frustum of a cone is 7 ft., and the radii of the two
ends are 4 ft. and 5 ft. respectively ; the frustum is cut into two pieces by a
plane parallel to the ends, and distant 3*884 ft. from the smaller end. Show
that the two pieces are of equal volume.

I. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

61. A mast is 30 diameter at bottom and 15 in. at top if the mast
in. in :

contains 137$ cub. of wood, find its height in feet.

ft.
52. A bucket is in shape a conical frustum (height = 9 in., diameters of top
and bottom surface = 10 in. and 7^ in. respectively) find how much lower
:

the water will stand in a well, whose diameter is 5 ft., after the bucket has
been filled twenty-four times.
53. During a fall of rain a common bucket 1 2 in. deep was placed out on
a level terrace, and at the end of one hour it was found that the water stood in
the bucket at a perpendicular height of 4 in. The diameter of the bucket at
the mouth and bottom was 9 inches and 3 in. respectively. Find the rate per
hour at which the rain was falling.
54. A piece of marble in the form of a frustum of a cone has its end
diameters ij and 4 ft., and its slant side is 8 ft. : what will it cost at 12s. the
cubic foot ?
55. A CQDjsgisnaitla, proposes to. make aflat-bottomed kettle, of the form of
a conic frustum, to contain 13*8827 galls. ; the
depth of the kettle to be I ft.,
and the diameters of the top and bottom to be in the ratio of 5 to 3 : what
are the diameters ?
 82 Mensuration.

56. If a cask, which is two equal conic frusta joined together at the bases,
has its bung diameter 36 'in., its head diameter 20 in., and its length
40 in.,
how many imperial gallons will it hold ?
57. A balcony is supported by six granite columns of the following
dimensions / the diameters of each at top and bottom aie 2 and 2j ft.
respective^, and length 20 ft. Taking the rate at Rs.2 per cubic foot, what
woukHSe their total cost r*

J. Roorkee Upper Subord. : Entrance.

58. A log of wood
form of a frustum of a cone ; the diameter of
is in the
the larger end is 16 in., and of the smaller end 12 in. ; perpendicular height
9 ft. what is its value at R. I 8 ans. per cubic foot ?
:

59. A frustum of a pyramid on a square base is trimmed just enough to

reduce it to the frustum of a cone show that rather more than one-fifth
:

of the original volume is removed.

60. The radii of the ends of a frustum are 15 and 24 ft., and the slant
height is 12 ft. find the volume.:

61. The lower portion of a haystack is an inverted conic frustum, and the
upper part a cone. The greatest height is 25 ft., the greatest circumference is
54ft., the height of the frustum 15 ft., and the diameter of the base 15 ft.
Find the content in cubic yards.

K. Roorkee Upper Subord. :

Monthly.
62. A bucket form of a frustum of a cone.
is in the The diameter at the
bottom is I ft., and at the top I ft. 3 in. ; the depth is I ft. 6 in. Find to the
nearest pound how much more the bucket weighs when full of water than when
empty.
63. Find the number of cubic feet of masonry in a chimney shaft of the
following dimensions diameter of the base 30 ft. and of the top 6 ft.,
:

diameter of the^ye^it the base 3 ft. and at the top 2 ft. The outer face of the
chimney is built with a batter of I in 20.
64. A well in the form of a cylinder, 4 ft. wide and 12 ft. deep, is
emptied by a bucket 21 in. wide at the top, 18 in. wide at the bottom, and
15 in. deep how many times must the bucket be lowered to empty the well,
:

supposing that on the average when withdrawn it is only eight-ninths full ?

L. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

65. A chimney shaft stands upon a solid circular foundation 30

circular ft.

in diameter and 10 ft. deep. The measurements of the shaft are

(i.) Perpendicular height, 200 ft.
(ii. ) External diameter at base, 28 ft.
(iii. ) External diameter at top, 8
ft.

(iv.) Diameter of u^ 4 ft.

Find the quantity of masonry in the whole.
66. During a fall of rain, a bucket whose upper and lower interior
diameters are 15 and 8 in., and depth 13 in., was placed out on a flat surface,
and after thirty minutes* exposure the depth of water in the bucket was found
to be 4 in. what was the rainfall per hour ?
:

Additional Examination Question XXVI.

67. a hill with a slope of I to 4, a mound with a level top in the form
On
of a square of 28 ft. side is to be constructed. One pair of sides of the square
to run across, and the other in the direction of the slope. Sides of mound to
slope at an angle of 45. One side of the square to be J ft., and the opposite
side to be 12 ft. above the original ground surface. Find the volume of the
mound in cubic feet. (Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.)
 CHAPTER XXVII.
.< >

ON SPHERES, S, AND SPHEROIDS.

165. A a solid bounded by one surface, and
sphere is is such that
drawn from a certain point within the
all straight lines solid to the
bounding surface are equal to one another.
This point is called the centre of the sphere.

A radius of a sphere is a straight line drawn from the centre

to the
A
bounding surface.
diameter of a sphere is a straight
^V &
line drawn through the centre and ter-
minated both ways by the bounding
surface.'
The section of a sphere by any plane
is a circle. A^/ *.
If the coding plane pass through
the centre of the sphere,/the section is
called a grwtjircle. <,>>; ^
If the cutting plane" does not pass

through the centre of the sphere, "^ the

section is called a small cirde.
Thus, in the sphere ABED
is the centre,
OG is a radius,
AE is a diameter,
BCD is a great circle,
FGH is a small circle.
A sphere may be seen to be generated
by the revolution of a semicircle about \
its diameter (see figure).
A tennis ball may be taken as a
familiar example of a sphere.

PROPOSITION XXXIX.
166. To find the volume of a sphere having given its diameter*
Let ADBE
be a sphere.
84 Mensuration.

Let diameter
its AB
measure d of any linear unit.
It isrequired to find the volume of in terms of d. ADBE
Since a sphere is a prismoidal jolid ( 161), therefore the
formula

will determine its volume. 161.

Now, if we regard the points
of contact between the sphere and
the two parallel tangential planes
P and Q as two parallel ends of
the sphere, then the circle ABC
may be regarded as the section
midway between these parallel
^ ends, and the diameter DE will
be the distance between the parallel ends.
Hence, in the formula
7
v=l (

we may write

71-

d f 7T^
2

.'. volume of sphere

,
= - / <

j
solid units

= - r units, .

r
6
solid

Hence rule

Multiply the cube of the number of any linear unit in the diameter
of sphere by TT, then one-sixth the product will give the number of the
a
corresponding solid unit in the volume.
Or briefly

Volume of sphere = x (diameter) 3

0.)

3 /6V
(ii.)

167. It is easy to deduce a formula for the volume of a

 On Spheres, Spherical Shellsy and Spheroids. 85

spherical shell in terms of the diameters of the two concentric ,

spheres. For the volume of the

shell is equal to the difference
between the volumes of the two
concentric spheres.
That is

V =*-*-?. I66 .

where D
and d are the diameters
of the two spheres, and is the V
volume of the shell.

Now, suppose the thickness of the shell to be small compared

with the diameter D ;
then -= is
nearly equal to unity, and

V^.D\D - d). 3 nearly

=- . Z? 2 . 2h nearly (where h = thickness of shell)

= TT . . h nearly

Also, if the thickness of the shell be nearly equal to half the

diameter Z>, that is, if the shell be nearly a solid sphere, is very
j<

small, and
,
(D d) nearly

= 7T
~
6'
. D 2
. 2/1 nearly (where h
= thickness of shell)

7T
1

. h nearly

168. If sphere be flattened at

a
called a spticroid.
it is
opposite poles,
The Earth is a spl^eroid. U/i
Such a solid maybe seen to be
of an ellipse
generated by the revolution
about one of its axes. FIG. i.
86 Mensuration.

If the ellipse revolve about its minor axis, the

spheroid that is generated is said to betf</<2/<?(see Fig. i).

If the ellipse revolve about its majot^axib, lire

1
spheroid that is generated be prjolatfj^zz
is said to

I Fig. 2). T^y'sK

A watch may roughly be taken as a familiar
example of an oblate spherpid, and a Rugby football
of a prolate
spexpid.^,./^^/
We have said that" spheroids are prismoidal solids
( 161).
FIG. 2.

Hence their volumes can be determined by the formula

161.

Now, as in the sphere so in the spheroid, we shall regard the

points of contact between the spheroid and two parallel tangential
planes as two parallel ends of the spheroid.
Hence we may write
A = l o
A = 2 o

And if ia be the major axis, and ib the minor axis, of the

ellipse which, by revolving, generates the spheroid, we may also
write
h = 2#, and A = va2
when the spheroid is oblate ;

h = 20, and A= ?r
2

when the spheroid is prolate.

Making these substitutions, we arrive at the following formulae:
(T) For the oblate spheroid

F= ^(0 + + 4 .7m 2
)

=$**
(2) For the prolate spheroid

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
160. Example i. A
sphere 3^ in. in diameter weighs 9 ozs. : find
the weight of a cubic foot of the material of which it is made.
 On Spheres, Spherical Shells, and Spheroids. 87

Volume of sphere = ->- cub. in. 166.

where d- 3^ ;

.*. volume of sphere = cub. in.

^p-
= *$ cub. in.
'

W
.'. i
cu k-
cub.
in.
ft.
of the material weighs 9 ozs.
of the material weighs

^ X I72o X 24
Q ^ = . o iu
.
OZS. 43 2oOI IDS.
539
Example 2. How many leaden balls of a quarter of an inch in
diameter can be cast out of the metal of a ball 3 in. in diameter,
supposing no waste ?
* X *'
Volume of each J-in. ball = cub. in. . 166. .

*
volume of 3-in. ball
= >- cub. in. . . . 166.

.'.
required number of balls =* \ -*
7
-~
/;

= 1728
Example
3. A
spherical cannon ball, 6 in. in diameter, is mefl
and cast into a conical mould, the base of which is 12 in. in diameter :

find the height of the cone.

Volume of cannon ball = cub. in. . . . 166.

6
where d 6 ;

.*. volume of cannon ball = -7- cub. in.

6
and if h in. = height of cone
volume of cone = \
-
v 6 2 h cub.
. . . in. .
142.

or h - 3
hence height of cone = 3 in
Example 4. If an iron ball of 4 in.
diameter weigh 9 Ibs., what is the weight
of an iron shell 9 in. and 6 in. external
and internal diameters respectively ?

Solidity of )
=
shell }
cub
,
' m
.

'

where D= Q,

.'.
solidity of shell
= 3 - 63) cub. in.
g(9

Also solidity of ball = ^-^- cub. in. 166.

88 Mensuration.

But the ball weighs 9 Ibs.

3
9 x >(9 63 )
.'. the shell weighs A Ibs. = 72 A Ibs.
*-4

Example 5. Find the radius of a sphere whose circumference and

solid content have the same numerical value.
Let r linear units = radius of sphere.
UY/ 3
Then solid content of sphere = solid units . . 166.
-g-
where d = 2r ;

.'. solid content of

sphere = 3
J vr solid units
.

also circumference of sphere = 2vr linear units ... 69.

hence $*r 3 = 2vr
r2 = i'5
r= 1-2247 . . .

Example 6. A right cone and a hemisphere lie on opposite sides

of a common base 2 ft. in diameter the ;

cone is right-angled at the vertex if a :

cylinder circumscribe them in this position,

what additional space will be enclosed ?
Consider a vertical mid-section of the
three combined figures.
Each figure may be seen to stand upon
a base 2 ft. in diameter. The height of
the cylinder may be seen to be equal to
twice the radius of the hemisphere, and
the height of the cone to the radius of the
hemisphere.
T.2 3
/. volume of hemisphere = \ .
.

cub. ft. 166.

^
volume of cone = \ v . . i
2
.cub.
i ft. .
142.
volume of cylinder = v. i
2
. 2 cub. ft. . .
131.
hence additional space enclosed = _ b
j {
l (J
V3 3
|ir)} " f
by cylinder )
= -K cub. ft.

Example 7. The diameter of a sphere measures 6000 miles by :

how many cubic miles approximately does its volume exceed that of
another sphere whose diameter is less by 50 yds. ?
Excess of larger sphere = Vt cub mi approximately
over smaller j
I
rr / . . * 167.
/

where D = 6000,
and h = T| ;

' X 6 * * '*
... excess^ cub mi approximately '

22 x 6ooc^ x 6000 x 25
= rr
approximately
J
7 x 1760
= 1,607,142? cub. mi. approximately
 On Spheres, Spherical Shells, and Sp/ieroids. 89

Example 8. A wrought-iron cylindrical boiler 10 ft.

long, 4 ft. in
diameter, and f in. thick, is closed
by hemispherical ends find the :

weight of metal in it if i cub. ft. of

wrought iron weigh 496 Ibs. *v/
Solidity of boiler ;= space bounded
by outer surface space bounded
by inner surface.
3
Space bounded by\ = jX48f) _._ \ , .
ftc r ^ r

6^ + *(24t)
, , 2
outer surface x cub. in. .
166, 131
) \ 72}

f 72 1 cub. in.

= iK 1 !^) 2 x ^f1 cub. in.

3
Space bounded by\ = U(48) N9 \ , , .
R ,, f
._

\^T + *( 2 4) .72J cub.

2 ,
in.
inner surface
.
166,131.
/

2 0^
= 2
7r(24) {
24
^+
= ^C 2 ^ x & ? 4 c ub. in.
2
72}
cub. in. -. -I'-
''"

m * 1 '
= -n-(24) 2 x 104 cub. in.
J
/. solidity of boiler = n-K1 !*) 2 x - (24)2 x
= ic x 2181*695 cub. in.
^ 104} cub. in.

= 3*9680 cub. ft.

Hence
weight of metal = 3*9680 x 496 Ibs.
= 1968 Ibs. nearly
Note. The solidity of the boiler can be more easily found,
approximately, by multiplying the surface of the boiler by the
thickness of the metal.
Example 9. A
conical wineglass whose vertical angle is a right
angle, is rilled with water. A hemi- ^
sphere of radius i in. is immersed i

in the water with its cqnyejyty down-

wards, and it is found that when it
rests on the sides of the wineglass
its flat surface is flush with the level
of the water. Find the amount of
water left in the glass after the
immersion of the hemisphere.
Let the figure represent a vertical mid-section of the cone and
hemisphere.
Because the triangles and ADC
are isosceles right-angled DEC
triangles, and DE = i in.

Amount of water left/ cubicjl content of cone

- cubical content of
after immersion / hemisphere
* " _/\s\ / ^^
s*sJ*>
1 66.
142,
2ir. /-
-(V2 -
.

= i) cub.
,
in.

= 0*8678 cub. in.

 go Mensuration.
^; c?
Example 10. Find the thickness of a shell whose inner diameter
measures 7 in., if it weigh half as much as
a solid ball of the same diameter.
Let the outer diameter of the shell
measure x inches.
Then-
Solidity of shell = (*
3
-7 3 )
cub. in. 167.

But solidity of t * 3>,.

cub.m.
o ^
166.
solid ball j=6X7 .

x*= 5i4'5
X- 8*012

hence thickness of shell = ~ -~-^

2
in.

= 0*506 in.

Example n. Four balls, each 16 in, in diameter, are placed so

thajf;
each will touch two of the others : what must be the diameter of
a fifth ball, placed on the
table in the middle of
the four, and touching
each of them ?
The centres of the
four balls when placed in
position will be the four
corners of a square whose
v ^ *
/jVa-
s ^
e measures J 6 in.
\ A B Hence, if the figure
represent a vertical sec-
tion of the balls through a diagonal of this and if the radius of
square,
the fifth ball measure x in.
AB = 164/2 in. 17-
CD ~ 8^2 in.
CE = (x + 8) in.
DE
= (8 - x) in.
But CE* = CP 2 + DE* . Euc. I. 47.
:. (a- + 8)*= 128 + (8-*)*
32* = 128
x- 4
hence diameter of fifth ball = 8 in.
 On Spheres, Spherical Shells, and Spheroids. 91

Examples XXVII.
(Take = 3f unless otherwise stated.)
IT t

Find the volumes of spheres having the following diameters :

1. 9 ft.

2. 3 ft. 2 in.
3. 6-125 in -
4. i yd. 2 ft. 7 in.
Find the diameters of spheres having the following volumes .*

5. 179;! cub. ft.

6. 113! cub. in.
Find in cubic inches to two places of decimals the volumes of spheres
having the following circumferences :

7. 10 in.
8. 2 ft. 4 in.
9. Howmany spherical bullets can be made out of a cube of lead whose
edge measures 10 in., each bullet being I in. in diameter ?
10. How many gallons of water will a hemispherical bowl contain whose
radius is 2 ft. ?
11. Find the weight of a solid metal sphere of radius 8 in., if i cub, in,
of the metal weigh 8 ozs. (Avoir.).
12. A
hemispherical tank is emptied by a pipe at the rate of 8 galls, per
minute : how long will it take to half empty the tank if it is I ft. 6 in. in
diameter ?
13. Find the volume of a solid in the form of a right circular cylinder with
hemispherical ends
whose extreme length is 24 ft. and diameter 2 ft. 6 in.
14. What weight of powder will be required to fill a spherical shell
whose internal diameter is 18 in., if 30 cub. in. of powder weigh I Ib. ?
15. Find the volume of a spherical shell whose internal and external
diameters are 8 in. and 10 in. respectively.
16. The internal diameter of a spherical shell is 10 in., and its thickness
in. find the weight of the shell it it is composed of a substance weighing
:

180 Ibs. per cubic foot.

17. The external diameter of a spherical shell is 10 in., and its thickness
I in. find its weight if it is made of copper weighing 5 ozs. per cubic inch.
:

18. An ellipse, whose major axis measures 2 ft. 8 in., and whose minor
axis measures i ft. 6 in., revolves about its minor axis find the volume :

of the spheroid generated.

19. An ellipse, whose major axis measures 7*42 in., and whose minor axis
measures 3^82 in., revolves about its major axis : find the volume of the
spheroid generated. (TT
= 3 '1416.)

Examination Questions XXVII.

(Take v = 3j*,
unless otherwise stated.)

A. Allahabad University : Intermediate.

1. A solid consisting
of a right cone standing on a hemisphere is placed
in a right cylinder full of water, and touches the bottom : find the volume
of water displaced, having given that the radius of the cylinder is 3 ft. and its
height 4 ft., the radius of the hemisphere 2 ft., and the height of the cone 4 ft.
2. Assuming a drop of water to be spherical and ^ in. in diameter, to
what depth will 1000 drops fill a conical wineglass, the cone of which has a
height equal to the diameter of its rim ?
92 Mensuration.

B. Bombay University: L.C.E. Second Exam.

3. What three integers are proportional to the volume of a sphere, that of
its circumscribing cylinder, and that of its circumscribing equilateral cone ?
4. Deduce the volume of a sphere from that of a cone.

C. Punjab University: First Exam, in Civil Engineering.

5. A
sphere is 36 in. in diameter find its volume in cubic feet.
:

6. A
spherical cannon ball, 9 in. in diameter, is melted and cast into a
conical mould, the base of which is 18 in. in diameter : find the height of the
cone.
7. What is the content of a sphere whose diameter is 21 in. ?

D. Madras University : B.E. Exam.

8. It calculated that the heat received by the earth from the sun in a
is

year would be sufficient to melt a layer of ice 100 ft. thick all over the surface
of the earth assuming the earth to be a sphere of radius 4000 miles, find the
:

volume of this ice in cubic miles.

E. Calcutta University: F.E. Exam.

9. A hollow shell12 in. in external diameter is placed in a conical vessel
whose vertical angle is 60, and water poured into it until it just covers the
shell and fills the cavity in it. When the shell emptied of water is removed
and a solid ball of the same diameter substituted for it, the water stands in.
above it. Find approximately the thickness of the shell.
10. Asolid iron cube, the edge of which is 2 ft. in length, and a solid
iron sphere the radius of which is i ft., are thrown into a cubical tank which
is 6 ft. across, and is half filled with water find the rise of the surface of the
:

water in inches to five places of decimals if they both be completely immersed.

(ir= 3T4I59.)
11. From a cylinder whose height is equal to its diameter the greatest
possible sphere is turned find what fraction of the original solid has been cut
:

away.
F. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Monthly Exam.
12. Find the weight of a pyramid of iron such that its height is 8 in., and
its base is an equilateral triangle, each side being 2 in., supposing a ball of
iron 4 in. in diameter to weigh 9 Ibs.
13. Ahemispherical basin 15 ft. in diameter will hold one hundred and
twenty times as much as a cylindrical tub, the depth of which is I ft. 6 in. :
find the diameter of the tub.
14 A
solid ball 4 in. in radius of a certain material weighs 8 Ibs. : find
the weight of a spherical shell of that material, the internal diameter of which
is 8 in. and the external diameter IO in.
16. Find the radius of the base of a cone which has the same volume as
a sphere of 5 ft. radius, and the height of the cone one-half of the radius of
the sphere.
16. If the diameter of the earth be 8000 miles, and geologists knew the
interior to the depth of 5 miles below the surface, what fraction of the whole
contents would be known ?
17. How many spherical bullets, each one J in. in diameter, can be cast
from a rectangular block of lead I ft. 3 in. by I ft. 2 in. by 5 in. ?
18. The radius of the base of a cone is 4 in. find the height so that the
:

volume may be equal to that of a sphere with diameter 4 in.

 On Spheres, Spherical Shells, and Spheroids. 93

Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Annual Exam.

G.
19. A composed of a cone and hemisphere on opposite sides of the
solid is
circular base, the diameter of which is 2 ft., and the vertical angle of the cone
is a right
angle find the volume of the whole.
:

20. A hemispherical punch-bowl is 5 ft. 6 in. round the brim supposing :

it to be half full, how many persons may be served from it in hemispherical

glasses if in. in diameter at the top ?
H. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Final
21. A 2-ft. partly filled with water, a sphere that exactly fits the
tube is
tube is placed in it, and the water is found to rise just to the highest point of
the sphere : how much water was there in the tube ?
22. A
cast-iron shell has an external diameter of I ft. The metal is 2 in.
thick. Find the weight of the shell, (i cub. ft. of iron weighs 450 Ibs.)
I. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.
23. A hemisphere of lead of radius 6 in. is cast into a solid cube : find
to three decimal places the length of an edge of the cube. (IT 3*14159.) =
24. Find the thickness of a shell whose outer diameter measures 7 in.,
if it weigh half as much as a solid ball of the same diameter.
25. Find the weight of a hollow iron shell, if the exterior diameter is
13 in. and the thickness of the iron 2 in. (Iron weighs 4*2 ozs. per cubic inch.)
26. If a spherical shell when formed into a solid sphere be equal in volume
to its own cavity, what must be the thickness of the shell ?

Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

J.
27. A hemisphere and a right cone lie on opposite sides of a common base
of 4 ft. diameter, and the cone is right-angled at the vertex if a cylinder :

should circumscribe them in this position, how much additional space is thereby
enclosed ?
28. If 30 cub. in. of gunpowder weigh I lb., find diameter of a hollow
^the
sphere which will hold 1 1 Ibs. i/l/jAl-*^'
20. Find how many gallons of water a nermspherical bojvl 2 ft. 4 in. in
diameter will hold.
30. A
heavy iron cylinder with hemispherical ends is immersed in water :
find the amount of water displaced, the solid's extreme length being 12 ft.
and diameter 3 ft.
31. The external and internal diameters of a shell are respectively 15$ in.
and lof in. find the volume.
:

32. Find the weight of a 13-in. iron shell, the thickness of which is 2 in.,
the weight of a cubic foot of iron being 441 Ibs.

K. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

33. "What is the weight of an iron shell, the external and internal diameters
of which are 13 and 10 in. respectively, if an iron ball of 4 in. diameter weigh
9 Ibs. ?
84. A hemispherical bowl whose internal radius is I ft. is filled with water
,
and kept so that the rim is horizontal. A cone whose vertical angle is 90
is placed with its axis vertical, its base at the level of the rim of the bowl,
and its affix at the centre of the bottom of the bowl. Find the quantity of
water left m
the bowl after the intrusion of the cone.

L. Staff College.
35. Determine the weight of a spherical cast-iron shell whose inner and
outer diameters are 6J and 7i in. respectively, the weight of a cubic foot of
iron being 450 Ibs.
 CHAPTER XXVIII.
ON ZONES OF SPHERES, SEGMENTS OF SPHERES, AND
SECTORS OF SPHERES.

170. A zone of a sphere is the part of a sphere included between

two parallel plfl,n^.
The height of a zone is the perpendicular distance between the
two parallel planes. When one of the parallel planes does not cut
the sphere, but only touches it, the
zone is called a segment of the
sphere.
Hence a segment of a sphere
may be defined as the figure
bounded by a plane and the part
of the sphere it cuts off.

The of the segment is

base
the section of the sphere by the
plane.
Thus, in the sphere ABCDE,
ABDE is a zone whose height is FG, BCD isa segment
whose height is CF and whose base
is BHD.
171. A sector of a sphere is the
solid composed of a segment of the
sphere and the cone having the base
of the segment for its base and the
centre of the sphere for its vertex.

PROPOSITION XL.
172. Tofindtfa volume of a zone of a sphere, having given the
radii of the two ends and the height of the zone.
Let ABCD be a zone of the sphere ABECD.
Let the radii of its two ends and the height of the zone
measure 1\> r29 and h of the same linear unit respectively.
 On Zones, Segments, and Sectors of Spheres. 95

zone in terms of r
required to find the volume of the
It is f\,

and Let the radius of the

k.

sphere measure a, and the radius

of the mid-section of the zone
measure r, and the perpendicular
from the centre of the sphere on
to the nearest end of the zone A
measure/ of the same linear unit.
Since a zone of a sphere is a
prismoidal solid ( 161), therefore
the formula

will determine its volume . 161.

But here we have

A = 7r;-

/. volume of zone ABCD = -Apr* + irr^ + 4717-) solid units

If, then, we can express r in terms of rly ;-2 , and ^, what was
required will have been done.
Now
+ ;)'--
36.
r.? +/' = a

Therefore, subtracting

Therefore eliminating p-
g6 Mensuration.

2
Hence, substituting for r we have ,

Volume of zone \ irh\ /h? r? + r22 \\

^Tr + +4
,

u
'

ABCD I
;2
a/f solld units

= 2
7"{3( ri '+ ;2
2
) + >^
2
} solid units

Hence rule

To three times the sum of the squares of the numbers of any

linear unit in the radii of the ends of a zone of a sphere, add the
square of the number of the same linear unit in the height, multiply
this sum by the number of the same linear unit in the height, then the

- will give the number of the corresponding

product multiplied by
solid unit in the volume.
Or briefly

= sum of squares
Vol. of zone of sphere
^x height x (3 x
2
of radii of ends + height ).

PARTICULAR CASE.

173. Segment ofsphere.

Here r2 = o ....... 170.

:. vol. of segment of sphere = -g (3;^

+ h*) solid units

Again, if the diameter of the sphere measure d linear units, we

have
r? = h(d-K) ...... 75.

And the above formula may be written

or r=
If the height of the segment be equal to the radius of the

sphere, the segment is a hemisphere. Write, then, h =- in the

formula
 On Zones, Segments, and Sectors of Spheres. 97

and we have
x 7
\2
Volume of hemisphere = ~ . f- .
(3^
- <f) solid units
J
8
1H* VJ
= solid units
.

This agrees with the result previously obtained in 166.

PROPOSITION XL1.
174. To find the volume of a sector of a sphere^ having given the
and the radius
height of its segment
of the sphere.
Let OABCD be a sector of a
sphere.
Let the height of its segment
ABCD and the of the
radius
sphere measure h and rof the same
linear unit respectively.
It is required to find the volume
of the sector in terms of h and r .
Let the radius of the base of the segment measure of the
same linear unit.
V l f seS ment ABCD + vo1 ' of cone OACD
solid units solid

units 173, 142.

But r,
2 = h(2r - K) 75.
*' V 1U
ctor }-*(3*(*r
- *) + *> solid units + &- *)
. TT .
h(zr h) solid units

= ^-(6Ar 2^ a ) solid units H (2r

2
3^r+^ 2 )
solid units

= (3^ - ^ + 2r2 - 2
3^r + ^2 ) solid units

= \tfr*h solid units

Hence rule
The produtt of the number of any linear unit in the height of the
98 Mensuration.

segment of a sector of a sphere by the square of the number of the same

linear unit in the radius of the sphere^ multiplied by |TT, will give the
number of the corresponding solid unit in the volume of the sector.
Or briefly

VoL of sector of .ph.,, =

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
175. Example i. In a spherical zone the radii of the two ends
are 10 ft. and 6 ft., the altitude 8 ft. find :

the solid content.

Volume of zone = 2
+ r?) + /t
2
} cub.
^-{3(>i
ft 172.
where h = 8,

rl
= 6 /
/. volume of zone =
=
^ x {3(100 + 36) -f 64} cub. ft.
nearly
f f x 472 cub. ft.nearly
= I977'9 cub. ft. nearly
Example 2. Find the volume of a segment of a sphere whose
height is 4^ in., and the diameter of
whose base is 8 in.

Volume of segment = ( ^) cub.

-^
173.
""^J where h =

-
.'. volume of segment =

=
=
-
~
g{3
x 4 -f-
22 x Q x 273
7x2x6x4 cub. m. nearly
160*8 cub. in. nearly
,-
2

, .
cub. in.

Example 3.
The radius of the base of a segment of a sphere is

5 in. and the height 4 the segment in. ; if

is beaten out into a circular
plate 40 in. in
diameter, what is the thickness of the plate ?
Volume
segment}
of\ = vh,
^'i
2
+ ,

^
yox
cub.
. .

in. 173.

where ^1 = 5,
h = 4J
IT x
volume of segment^ 4 2 2
'(3 x 4 cub. in.
.*. -f
5 )

ir .

cub. in.
 On Zones, Segments, and Sectors of Spheres. 99

hence, if x in. = thickness of plate

,(20)3. * = 131.
'f?

that is, the thickness of the plate = 0*15 16 of an inch.

Example 4. What proportion of the volume of a sphere 16 in. in
diameter contained between two parallel
is

planes distant 4 and 6 in. from the centre

and on opposite sides of it ?
The portion of the sphere contained
between the two parallel planes is a zone
of the sphere.
Let ^ in. and r2 in. be the radii of the
ends of this zone.
Then
r* = 4 x 12 = 48 . .
75-
1

= 2 x 14 = 28 . .
75-

in. 172.
where h = 10,
r,
= 48,
r2 2 = 28 ;

T X '"
IT * 10
hence volume of zone = {3(48 + 28) + 100} cub. in.
6
= - x 328 cub. in.

_ ye
T A3
and volume of whole sphere = g
cub. in.

=.5^x328
*
.'.
required proportion x ^

Example 5. A stone was rolled into a hemispherical ba^Jh 8 ft,

diameter having 3^ ft. depth of water

in it, when the water immediately A
rose to the lip of the basin. What^Q
was the cubic content of the stone ?
Let the figure represent a vertical
mid-section of the basin and stone.
Let DE
and indicate the AB
level of the water before and after the
immersion of the stone.
Then
C=
FG = J'ft.
FB = 4 ft.
IOO Mensuration.

And if GE = x ft.
75-

= V63

ft.

Now, the cubical content of the stone = the cubical content of the
water displaced
= the cubical content of zone ABED
cub. ft. 172.

= JL x cub. ft.

= 25*011 cub. ft.

nearly

Example 6. A sphere of 4 ft. radius has to have a cylinder of 2 ft.

= 4V3 ft.

Hence
~
Vol. of each segment = {3 x 22 + (4
- 2^/3)
2
} cub. ft. 173.

cub> ft

and
volume of cylinder = if . 22
_
_.
cub. ft ........ 131.
= 16^3 Tjcub. ft.

= 16^(0*13715 4- 173205) cub. ft.

=* 16 x 3*1416 x 1*8692 cub. ft.
= 93*95 cub. ft. nearly
 On Zones, Segments, and Sectors of Spheres. 101

Example 7. A conical glass, whose depth is 6 in., and the diameter

of whose mouth is 5 in.,
being filled with water, and
a sphere 4 in. diameter, of
greater specific gravity than
water, being put into it, how
much water will run over ?
Let the figure represent a
vertical mid-section of the
glass and sphere.
By similar triangles

DE\ EF = CD: AC
DE : 2 in. = 6 : 2\
:. DE = ZA'm.
.'. FD = A/(W +

and = 2| in.

Volume of segment immersed = ^>-

where h = 2
</ = 4.

.*. volume of segment immersed =T x cub. in.

= - -
22 x 196 x 32
_
7 x 6 x 25 x 5
u b. m nearly
y
, .

.
.

= 26*28 cub. in. nearly

= amount of water that will run over
Example8. A
hemisphere standing upon its circular base of 3 ft.

radius pierced by a cone 4 ft. high

is

standing on the same base : find the

cubical content of the portion of the
hemisphere left.
Let the figure represent a vertical
mid-section of the hemisphere and cone.
Then
OB = 4 ft.

BC = BR = 3 ft.

OR = i ft. Cr3
Let OS = 4* ft. Then
TS = 3* ft. 66.
US = (4.r
- i) ft.
SB = (4
- 4r) ft.

Now, 75-
*
*= 5/5
/. TS = }| ft.
102 Menstiration.

>= X if X
J|(ft)
+ ( 3 )2 -
cub. ft. 162.

= x If x J x VW- cub. ft.

ment 7 )
2
+ (2
3
)
2
} cub. ft. 173-
TT X 3*g X ^ X cub. ft.
total volume \ TT x 3 x 9 x 2
849 +
.*. _
" x 37) cub. ft.
cut away / 25 x 3 x 625 (12
_
.
7362* .

62
volume of whole\ _ . 6"3 ,
f 1 66.
hemisphere J""i 2
= I Sir cub. ft.

/.volume of part left = w(i8

- Wsa ) cub - ft -

=
=
V x ^^
cub.
cub. nearly
ft.
ft.

19*55 nearly

Example 9. A right cone, base 8 in. diameter, and slant height

12 in., is set into a sphere of radius 3 in.,
so that vertex and centre coincide find ;

the volume of the solid.

Let the figure represent a section of
the solid through the axis of the cone.

Height of cone = 16.

By similar triangles
ED :
8^/2 in. = 3 : 12 . 66.
/. ED = 2v/2 in._
/. CD = (3-2>/2)in.
Hence

cub. in. . .
174.
= 6 xirx 0*17157 cub. in.
= x i '029 cub. in.
TT

8 /2
so cone =* .
(4)2.
V_ cu b. m .

142.
= TT x 60-339 cub. in.
*
and sphere = '
/- cub. in. 166.

= IT x 36 cub. in.
.*. required volume = ^(36 + 60339 1*029) cub. in.
= 299*5 cub. in. nearly
Example 10. A
cone 24 in. high, the diameter of whose base is
14 in., is set spinning round on an axis, which is a line joining the
vertex and any point in the circumference of the base find the :

volume of the figure described.

The figure described is a spherical sector. Consider a mid-section
of this sector through the centre of the sphere.
 On Zones, Segments, and Sectors of Spheres. 103

radius of the sphere measures V( 2 4) 2 + (7) 2

The in. . . . 16.
= 25 in.
and, if the height of the segment of the sector
measure h in., and the radius of the base of
this segment measure c in., we have
-K) = c> . . . .
75.
and & = (I4)
2 - H' . 16.
- h) = (I 4)
2 - *

/. volume of
spherical}
sector j
= f ^^ cub .^

where r = 25,

hence volume of spherical sector =s

=
.
^ .
(25)2. ff cub. in. nearly
5 X
33J cub- m -
nearly

Examples XXVIII.
(Take * = ?.)

1* The ends of a zone of a sphere are 5 in. and 6 in.

radii of the

respectively ; the height is 4 in. find the volume.

:

2. The radii of the ends of a zone of a sphere are 9 in. and 10 in.
respectively ; the height is 6 in. find the volume.
:

3. The radius of the base of a segment is 3 in., and the height is 2 in. :
find the volume.
4. The radius of the base of a segment is 2 ft. 6 in., and the height 9 in. :
find the volume.
5. The height of a segment of a sphere is 3 ft., and the diameter of the
sphere is 10 ft. find the volume of the segment.
:

6. The height of a segment of a sphere is 6 in., and the radius of the

sphere is 2 ft. : find the volume of the segment.
7. A sphere, whose diameter is 18 in., is cut through by a plane, the
perpendicular distance of which from the centre is 3 in. find the volumes of :

the two segments into which the is divided.

sphere
8. A
sphere whose diameter is 10 in. is divided into three parts of equal
heights by two parallel planes find the volume of each part.
:

9. Find the volume of a zone cut from a sphere of diameter 6 in. by two
parallel planes both on the same side of the centre and distant from it 1*5
and 2 in. respectively.
10. Find the volume of a zone cut from a sphere of diameter 3 ft. 2 in. by
two parallel planes, on opposite sides of the centre, and distant from it 10 in.
and 7 in. respectively.
11. Find to the nearest gallon the quantity of water that is contained in
a bowl whose shape is a seginentjrfjLSpiifire ; the depth of the bowl is 7 in.,
and the radius of the top 1 1 in.
12. A sphere, whose diameter is 10 ft is divided into four parts of equal
,

heights by three parallel planes find the volume of each part.

:

13. Find the volume of a spherical sector of the following dimensions :

radius of sphere 2 ft. 1 1 in., height of segment 9 in.

14. Find the volume of a spherical sector of the following dimensions :
radius of sphere 14 in., height of segment 2 in.
104 Mensuration.

Examination Questions XXVIII.

(Take TT = If, unless otherwise stated.)

A. Bombay University L.C.E. ; Second Exam.

A
spherical zone is 4 ft. thick, and the diameters of its opposite faces
1.
are 12 ft. and 8 ft. : find the volume.
2. What proportion of the volume of a sphere 12 in. in diameter is con-
tained between two parallel planes distant 2 in. and 4 in. from the centre and
on the same side of it ?

B. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Monthly Exam.

3. Find the volume of a spherical zone, the radii of the two ends being
3 ft. and 2 ft. respectively, and the height of the zone I \ ft.

C. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Annual Exam.

4. A hemispherical bowl of 6 ft. diameter is partially buried with its mouth
downwards, and in a horizontal position, so that only one-third of the height
appears above the ground find what quantity of earth must be dug out in
:

order to leave the bowl entirely uncovered and just surrounded by a cylindrical
wall of earth.
D. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.
5. Find the volume of a zone of a sphere, supposing the ends to be on the
same side of the centre of the sphere, and distant respectively 10 in. and 15 in.
from the centre, and the radius of the sphere to be 20 in.

E. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Monthly.

6. A
sphere, 16 in. in diameter, is divided into four parts of equal heights
by three parallel planes : find the volume of each part. (IT = 3' 1416.)
7. A globe 1 8 in. in diameter is divided into three portions of equal heights
by parallel planes what are the volumes of these portions ?
:

F. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

8. What
the solidity of a zone whose greater diameter
is is 9 ft.
3 in.,
lesser diameter 6 ft. 9 in., and height 5 ft. 6 in. ?

Segments of Spheres.
A. Bombay University L. C.E. : Second Exam.

9. Find the weight of a dumb-bell consisting of segments of two spheres

of in. diameter joined by a cylindrical bar 7 in. long and 2 in. in diameter,
5
an iron ball 4 in. in diameter weighing 9 Ibs.
10. A
Stilton cheese is cylindrical in shape, while a Dutch cheese is
: find the height of a Stilton cheese which stands on a base 6 in. in
spherical
diameter, and is equal in solid content to a segment of a Dutch cheese 4} in.
thick, the original diameter of the Dutch cheese being 13$ in.

B. Madras University: B.E. Exam.

11. Find the, volume of a segment of a sphere when the radius of the base
is 1 6 ft., and height of segment 5 ft.
 On Zones, Segments, and Sectors of Spheres, 105

C. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Monthly Exam.

12. The diameter
of a sphere is 18 ft. ; the sphere is divided into two
segments, one of which is twice as high as the other : find the volume of each.
13. bowlA is in the shape of a segment of a sphere ; the depth of the bowl
is 9 in., and diameter of the
top of the bowl is 3 ft. : find to the nearest gallon
the quantity of water the bowl will hold.

D. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Annual Exam.

14. If a heavy sphere whose diameter is 4 in. be put into a conical glass
full of water whose diameter at the rim is
5 in. and depth 6 in., how much of
the water will run over ?

E. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Final Exam.

15. The height of a segment of a sphere is 5 ft. and the diameter of sphere
is 15 ft. find the volume.
:

F. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

16. The
radius of the base of a segment of a sphere is I in., and the radius
of the sphere is 2| in. find the volume of the segment.
:

17. The height of a segment of a sphere is 2 ft. 3 in., and the diameter of
the sphere is 6 ft. 3 in. : find the volume.
18. Find the edge of the greatest cube that can be cut out of the segment
of a sphere the radius of whose base is 10 in. and the height 5 in.

Sectors of Spheres.
A. Bombay University L. C.E. : First Exam.
19. A solid sector is cut out of a sphere of 10 ft. radius by a cone, the
angle of which is 120 find the radius of the sphere whose sol^d c.onten|s are
:

equal to those of the sector.

B. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

20. A inserted in a sphere, the vertex of the cone being in the

cone is
centre of the sphere. The diameter of the sphere is 24 in. The radius of base
of cone is 15 in., and height 20 in. What weight does the sphere lose,
I cub. in. of the material weighing 0*25 Ib. ?

C. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

21. A cone 4 ft. high, the diameter of whose base is 6 ft., is set spinning
round on an axis which is a line joining the vertex and any point in the
circumference of the base find the volume of the figure described.
:

Additional Examination Questions XXVIII.

22. Two tangents, 9 OQ, are OP
drawn to a circle of radius 8 in. at /*and
Q the angle between them being 60.
t
If the figure is made to revolve about
the line joining O to the centre of the circle, find the volume of the solid so
formed. (Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.)
23. A
zone of a sphere, diameter 2 ft., has for its ends two parallel circles
distant respectively 3 in. and 9 in. from a common pole : find the volume of
this zone. (Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.)
 CHAPTER XXIX.
ON SIMILAR SOLIDS.

176. Solids are said to be similafavhQn they are of the same

shape, though they need not be of the same size. Thus the
pyramid P is similar to the
pyramid Q.
All cubes are similar to one
another, and so are all spheres.
A model of an engine is

similar to the engine itself. Any

solid is similar to itself when
magnified.
If a smaller pyramid be cut
off from a larger pyramid by a
plane parallel to the base, the
smaller pyramid is similar to
the original pyramid.
177. If any two lines,
straight or curved, be drawn
in a solid, and if the two corre-
sponding lines be drawn in a
similar solid, these four lines
. willbe proportionals.
Thus
in the two similar
cones ABCD and abed
Circumference BCD : cir-
cumference bed = height AE :

height ae.

PROPOSITION XLIL
178. Having given the lengths of two corresponding lines drawn
in two similar solids, and the volume of one of these solids, to find the
volume of the other solid.
Let ABCD, FGHK\& two similar solids.
 On Similar Solids. 107

Let the corresponding lines EC and LH measure ^ and a.2 o

the same linear unit respectively.
Let the volume
of the solid FGHK
measure V* of any
solid unit.
It is required to \ ^

find the volume of

the solid ABCD in
terms of a L 2 and V*.
It can be proved that the volumes of similar solids have to one
another the ratW of the cubes of the lengths of any two corre-
sponding lines that may be drawn in them. ,

.'. vol. of solid ABCD : vol. of solid FGHK = C* : Lff3

that is
Volume of solid ABCD : F= 2 of : a?
Hence rule
The volume of a solid is found by taking its ratio to the known
volume of a similar solid^ and equating it to the ratio of the cubes of
known corresponding lengths in the two solids.
Or briefly
Volume of first ratio of the cubes of corre-
) (
solid : volume > = \
'
spending lengths in first solid
of second solid ) and second solid
V, : V, = a? : of (i.)
Hence
:*- V'AA <
iL >

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
179.
Example i. Find what height must be cut off a pyramid to
make one equal to four- fifths of the whole, the height of the pyramid
being 20 ft.

The smaller pyramid and the pyramid from which it is cut off are
similar solids 176.
Hence, if tfj
ft. = height of smaller pyramid, we have

where a2 ~ 20 >

?i= 4,

.*. al : 20 = 3/4 ^ 5/5

#1 = 20^/J = 4^/100
required height
= 4?/7co ft.
Example 2. A cubic foot of brass weighs 9000 ozs. : find the

weight of a cube of brass whose diagonal is 12 in.

jo8 Mensuration.

The diagonal of i cub. ft. measures >/3 ft ....... 119.

Hence, if the cube of i2-in. diagonal weigh w ozs., we have, by
similar solids _
w :
9000 = i
3
:
(Vs)
3
...... 178.

= 1732-05
required weight
= 1732*05 ozs.

Example 3. Divide a cone into three equal parts by planes parallel

and find the positions of these planes, the height of the
to the base,
cone being 30 in.
Let the parallel planes be distant x in. and y in. respectively from
the apex of the cone.
Then, by similar solids
** : 3o
3 = I :
i_
......... 178.

_
= 105/18
: 3o
3= \ :
i_
......... 178.
.'. y=
_
The planes are distant 10^/18 in. and 10^/9 in. respectively from
the apex of the cone.

Example 4. Supposing iron to be eight times the weight of oak,

what willbe the diameter of an iron ball whose weight is equal to that
of a ball of oak 18 in. in diameter ?
Let iv Ibs. be the weight of each ball,
cub. in. .and faib. in. be the volumes of the balls of iron and
oak respectively.

_
v
"~
V
or v : V i : 8

But if al in. = diameter of iron ball

v: V^a?\ i8 3 . . . . . . .
178.
.'. a? : i8 3 = i : 8
3
. i8
.
*
T=
18
^ 1=
=
P 9
Diameter of iron ball will be 9 in.

Example 5. The area of the base of a cone is 25 sq. in. find the :

area of the base of a similar cone whose volume is to that of the

former as 8 : i.
 On Similar Solids. 109
Let 0x in. and a 2 in. be corresponding lengths in the two cones?
Then

also #! : #2 = 104.

where A 2 sq. in.

= area of base of similar cone.

A = 2 loo
The baseof the similar cone measures 100 sq. in.

Example 6. The radii of the ends of a frustum of a right circular

cone are 7 in. and 8 in. respectively, and the height is 3 in. : find the
position of a plane parallel to the ends which shall divide the volume
into two equal parts.
Complete the cone of which thUfrustu'm is a part.
If the figure represent a section of
this cone through its axis, we have i' A
GB = 7 in.
ED =- 8 in.
BD 3 in.
And, if AB - x in.
^: ^-4-3 = 7:8 . . . 66.
/. X = 21

Now, let FC
indicate the position of
the cutting plane, and let y in. AC
Also let the three cones ABG, ACF,
ADE = Fi, Vp V$ cub. in. respectively.
Then, by similar solids
PI
but
Pa PS ^
F - F = F - Pi
= 2l3
"
2 43 r 78-

3 2 2

.'.
2J
3 = 24
3
+ 2I 3 = 23,085

/. J= 22*599 . . .

.-. BC = (22-599

And determines the positiofTbf the cutting plane.

this

Example7. A bucket has the form of a frustum of a cone, upper

diameter I \ ft., lower i ft., depth i ft. If the bucket be half filled
with water, to what height will the water rise if a sphere of 9 in.
diameter be placed in it ?
Volume of bucket = * X jif/3A2 _L,
(1)2 + |} cu b, ft. . 162.

-IScub.lt
= 1026* cub. in.
.*. volume of half the bucket = 513*- cub. in.
Now complete the cone of whigirthejjuckgt is a frustum.
no Mensuration.

If
tlj, figure represent a section of this cone through its axis, we
have-
AB = i8in.
K,
CD = 12 in.
N - GF = 18 in.

And, if EF = x in.
jr in. : (x + 18) in. = 12 : 18

b *
/.
.

volume of cone\
.* == 36
^ N2 ^ u
v

^ ECD I
-,

3'-(6) 3 cub - m *
*
H2.
= 432ir cub. in.
By putting in a sphere of 9 in. diameter, the
water in the bucket will rise through a volume of
7T Q--3
.
'

cub, in 166.

= 243*
--- ,
.

cub. m.
2
Hence, if the line indicate the level of the MN
water after the insertion of the sphere, the frustum
CMND will measure (513* + 121-5^) cub. in.
= 634*5* cub. in.
Let/ in. = the which the water will rise.
heiglj||to
Then, by similar figures

(36 + j/) 3 :
36
s = 1066-5* :
432* 178.

= 48-655
:.y= 12-655

The water rises to a height of 12-655 m -

Example 8. A
conical hole is ^.de in a spherical shell, the vertex
of the cor\ -being in the centre of the shell. The outer diameter of the
hole is 2*25 in., the inner diameter of
the shell 13 in., and the thickness
of the material 2*25 in. How much
of its volume does the shell lose?
(TT
= 3-1416.)
a section
If the figure represent
through the centre of the sphere, we
have
AB - 2*25 in.
OC 6-5 in.
CA = 2-25 in.
Let RE =h in.
Then
/;(I7'5
- *) = (I- 75.

= 0-07262
 On Similar Solids. ill

/, volume of sector OAEB = f . tcr^h cub. in. . .

174.
where r = 875,
h - 0-07262 ;

hence volume of =
sector | f3 x
OAEB} * 6 x (g
\ /:>/)2 / 62 cub> in>

Now, sector OCQD and sector OAEB are similar solids.

3
volume of sec- \
^
-
.*. /0
= 3Q x 3-1416 x(875)X9
2 , (6'5)
v u * T^
tor
x 0-07262 x 3
cub. in. 178.
6>Cg> j (
8
3
Hence volume \ . , ( /n
2 - (6'5) \
N9 , .

/= t x 3'Hi6 x 0*07262 x |(8'75) cub. in.

cut away %~j
= $ x 3*1416 x 0-07262 x 45*1767 cub. in.
= % x 3*1416 x 3*28073 cub. in.
= 6-87 cub. in. nearly.
The shell loses 6*87 cub. in. of its volume nearly.

Examples XXIX.
Find the ratio of the volumes of two spheres whose diameters are as 7 2.
1. ;

2. The volume of one cube is eight times the volume of another if the :

edge of the first is 2 ft. 6 in., what is the edge of the second ?
3. The heights of two similar pyramids are 6 in. and 7 in.
respectively :

if the volume of the first is

50 cub. in., find the volume of the second.
4. If a sphere 5 in. in diameter weigh 8 Ibs., find the weight of another
sphere of the same material 8 in. in diameter.
5. The height of a cone is 5 ft. find the height of a similar cone twenty-
:

seven times its volume.

6. A
pyramid whose height is 20 in. is cut into two equal parts by a plane
parallel to the base find the height of each part.
:

7. The volumes of two similar prisms are as 343 : 125 : find the ratio of
their heights.
8. The weights of two cannon balls are as 1000 : 729 : find the ratio of
their radii.
9. The weights of two similar cones are 5832 ozs. and 4913 ozs. respectively :
ifthe height of the first is 9 ft., find the height of the second.
10. A
pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to the base and midway between
the vertex and the base : find the ratio of the volume of the frustum to the
volume of the whole pyramid.
11. The diameters of the ends of a frustum of a cone are respectively 12 ft.
and 8 ft., and the height of the frustum is 4 ft. ; the frustum is divided into two
equal parts by a plane parallel to the ends find the distance of the plane :

from the smaller end.

12. Divide a pyramid into three equal parts by planes parallel to the base,
and find the altitudes of these parts, the height of the pyramid being 12 ft.

Examination Questions XXIX.

A. Bombay University, Diploma of Agriculture : Second Exam.

1. A bucket is in the shape of a frustum of a cone ; the diameter at the

bottom is '9 in., and the height
at the top I ft. ; is 14 in.: when it is half
filled with water, find the depth of the water.
 112 Mensuration.

B. Punjab University : First Exam, in Civil Engineering.

2. Each edge of a cube is diminished by one-tenth of its length by how :

much is the volume diminished ?

C. Calcutta University : F.E. Exam.

3. If a right circular cone be divided into three parts by two planes
to the base trisecting the axis, compare the three volumes into which
parallel
it is divided.

D. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. :

Monthly.
4. The base of a pyramid 7$ in. square
is required the base of a similar
:

pyramid whose volume is to that of the former as 1 1 1 : i r.

6. Compare the volumes of two similar cones whose circumferences are
respectively 15 ft. and 12 ft.
6. If a rectangular parallelepiped has its length, its breadth, and its depth
respectively a quarter as large again as another rectangular parallelepiped,
show that the first is nearly twice as large again as the second.

E. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Final.

7. A
pyramid cut into two pieces by a plane parallel to the base, mid-
is

way between the vertex and the base : show that one piece is equal to seven
times the other.
F. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.
8. The diameters of the ends of a frustum of a cone are respectively 20 ft.
and 1 6 ft., and the height of the frustum is 5 ft. ; the frustum is divided into
two equal parts by a plane parallel to the ends : find the distance of the
plane from the smaller end.
9. The diameters of the ends of a frustum of a cone are respectively 20 ft.
and 1 6 ft., and the height of the frustum is 5 ft. ; the frustum is divided into
three equal parts by planes parallel to the ends find the distances of the
:

planes from the smaller end.

10. Divide a cone whose height is 8 1 in. into three equal segments by
planes parallel to the base, and find the perpendicular height of each portion.

G. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Monthly.

11. If the model of a steam-engine weigh 80 Ibs., find the weight of the
engine made of the same material as the model, but of nine times its linear
dimensions.
12. The weights of two globes are as 9 ! 25 ; the weights of a cubic inch
of the substances are as 15 19: compare the diameters of the globes.

H. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

13. Show volume of a sphere whose radius is 6 in. is equal to the
that the
sum of the volumes of the spheres whose radii are 3 in., 4 in., and 5 in.
14. Divide a cone into three equal parts by sections parallel to the base,
and find the altitudes of these parts, the Height of the cone being 20 in.
Additional Examination Questions XXIX.
16. Two cubical blocks of stone together contain 1,791,153 cub. in., and the
edge of the less is to that of the greater as 3 : 4. Find the edge of each.
(Allahabad University Intermediate.)
:

16. A conical glass, 3 in. in diameter at the top and 4 in. deep, is half
filled with water: how much water does it contain, and how high does it
come in the glass? (Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Monthly.)
 PART III.

CHAPTER XXX.
ON SOLIDS BOUNDED BY PLANE S&RACES.
180. The area of the whole surface of a solid is equal to the sum
'
^/
'

of the areas of its

b^^ding^urfaces. ". j ;>-'
J

If these bounding"siirfaces are plgm figures, the area of each

bounding surface can be found by one or other of the rules arrived
'

at in plajijejne^uration, and no further investigation is necessary.

The following solids are bounded by plane surfaces : - *

Rectangular solids.
Prisms.
Pyramids.
Wedges.
Oblique frusta of prisms.
Prismoids.
Frusta of pyramids.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
181. Example i.- A plate of metal in. thick, 8
i in. broad, and
27 in. long, is melted into a cube. Find the difference in the surfaces
of the two solids.

Surface of metal plate = 2(8 x 27 + 27 x i + 8 x i) sq. in. 8.

= 502 sq. in.
Volume of metal plate = (8 x 27 x i) cub. in 115*
= 216 cub, in.
edge of cube = /2i6in
.'. H7-
= 6 in.
surface of cube = 6 x (6 x 6) sq. in
.'. 9.
= 216 sq. in,
hence difference in the) ( O3 -
,,
surfaces of the two solids/- 210) sq. m.
- 286 sq. in.
114 Mensuration.

Example 2. A cistern open at the top is to be lined with sheet lead

which weighs 5^ Ibs. to the square foot ;
the cistern is 4 ft. 6 in. long,
2 ft. 8 in. wide, and holds 42 cub. ft. :

find the weight of lead required.

If xi\.. = depth of cistern
x x 4^ x 2 = 42 115.
jfnf
4-4. h at
or *
=
3'k
cu.Jt. t i
s> depth of cistern 3^ ft.

.'. quantity of lead necessary to line

the cistern
= (4j X 2| + 2 X 4j X 3,} + 2 X 2

/. weight of lead required = 62 J x 5 J Ibs.

= 341 & Ibs.
Example 3. A box, without a lid, and made of wood i in. thick,

requires pacing inside and out. Its exterior length, breadth, and
depth are respec-
3, 2, and i.J
ft.

tively. How many superficjaljfeet of

paint will be required for each coat ?
Outside surface
= x 2 + 2(3 + 2) x U
{3
x^jsq. ft
= (6+ 15+ S) sq.ft.
=21^- sq.ft.
Inside surface = {2^ x i
J + 2(2$ + i) X i^} sq. ft. 8.
= (W + 1
) sq. ft.
= 1
8^ sq. ft.
.'. each coat will require 40^ sq. ft. pf paint.
Example 4. Find the area of the whote." surface of an oblique
pri.m having a regular octagonal base whose,
side is 4 ft., the lateral edges being 3 yds.,"
and the perimeter of a section perpendicular
to them 9 yds. i ft.
Area of the two end surfaces of the prism
= 2 x 2(4)
2
(i + ^2) sq. ft. . .
45-
= 64(1 + 4/2) sq. ft.

Now, since the side faces of the prism

are parallelograms having a common
all

Length which is equal to a lateraljdge

erimeter of PeOBJMK*,
area aTl |P
( 9" - ** * lateral
|

= (28 x 9) sq. ft.

=
252 sq. ft.
hence the area of the whole surface = {252 + 64(1 + \/2)} sq. ft.
= 406*509 sq. ft.
 On Solids bounded by Plane Surfaces. 115

Example 5. A pyramid has for its base an equi-

lateral triangle of which each side is i ft., and its slant
edge is 3 ft. find its whole surface.
:

Slant surface of pyramid = 3 x - \/4^ 2 - scl ft- 2 4-

4
where c - i,
a = 3;
.*. slant surface of pyramid = 3 x JV36
- i sq. ft.
= 4*437 sq. ft.

base of pyramid = - sq. ft. . . . 21.

4
= 0-433 sq. ft.
/. whole surface = 4*87 sq. ft. nearly

Example 6. A right pyramid 10 ft. high has a square

base of which the diagonal is 10 ft. find its slant surface. :

Since the diagonal ofthe square base = 10 ft.

/. each side ofthe square base = - ft.

v 2
And since the height of the pyramid
= 10 ft. .

slant
.-.
height} = / Vft.
of pyramid/
A/ ^2 )
16.

slant surface! 10 15
=4 x - S q. ft.
of pyramid j
^.-
20.
= 1
50 sq.ft.
Example 7. Find the
whole surface of a triangular
pyramid, each side' of the
"base being 5^ ft., and
perpendicular height 30'^.
A
section of the pyramToT'ffirbugh a slant edge
AB, and
through C the middle point of a side of the base, will con-
tain BD
the perpendicular from the vertex .Z?on to the base.
And the point D, tjifi-feoJ: of this perpendicular, is so
situated that ^ _ 93-
~ ft
17.

hence--

BC=
=
V /
(3o)

ft.
2
+( 4A/3
. . 16.

30*0419
 Mensuration.

/. area of slant surface = 3 x x *

x 30*0419 sq, ft. . 20.
= 247-843 sjq.
ft.

also area of base = (5j)

2
. *L$ sq. ft 21.
4
= 13*098 sq. ft.

hence area of whole surface = 260-94 sq. ft.

Example 8. The altitude

~~
of a square pyramid is 20 ft. : find
the perpendicular distance from the vertex
of a horizontal plane which will cut the
area of the slant surface into two equal
parts.
Let ABCD
in the figure indicate
the position of the cutting., plane, and let
x ft. = the perpendicular distance of the
cutting plane from the vertex of the
pyramid.
Then, by similar figures
t x:2o-EB:EF . .
177.

But, by similar figures

EB EF = Vj Vz
: : .
104.
/. x : 20 =,v/i :_//2
or x = io+/2
= 14-1421
Required distance is 14*1421 ft.

Example 9. The perpendicular height of a pyramid is icoft., and

itsbase is 120 ft- square 35 ft. of per- ;

pendicular height is removed from

the summit what will then be the :

whole expose^ superficial area of

the remainder ?
The remainder will be a frustum
of the pyramid.
The top of this frustum will be a
square.
Let each side of the top = x ft.
Then, by similar figures
x : 120 = 35 : 100 177.
120' or x = 42
Again-
Slant height of pyramid = V( 6o_)! + ( IO )
2
ft. 16.
= 20^34 ft-

.
And, if y ft. = perpendicular distance between the parallel sides of
slant face of the frustum, we have, by similar figures
eacjji
y : 20^34 = 65 : 100 177.
or y = 13^34
 On Solids bounded by Plane Surfaces. 117
hence area of slant surface = 4 x {(42 4- 120) x 13^34} sq. ft.
39.
= 24,559'96 sq. ft.

also area of top = (42)2 sq. ft

9.
= 1764 sq. ft.

hence whole exposed) = * rf

26 323 .-/;
96 s * ft '
superficial area
'
/

"
Examples XXX. ^ .

,
-
,'1>A-^
Kectangular Solids. C. '< o-

Find the areas of the whole surfaces of rectangular having the solids
following dimensions :
1. 3 ft. 6 in., 2 ft 9 in., 2 ft. 6 in.
2. 4 ft. 7 in., 3 ft. 10 in., 3 ft. 8 in.
3. 2 yds. 2 ft. 9 in., 2 yds., I yd. 2 ft. 7 in.
Find the areas of the whole surfaces of cubes having the following edges :
4. 3 ft. 7 in.
5. I yd. 2 ft. 6 in.
6. 2 yds. 2 ft. 8 in.
7. Find the cost of painting the outside of a rectangular box whose length
is 5 ft. 4 in., breadth 4 ft. 6 in., and height 4 ft. 3 in., at $d. per square yard.
8. Find the edge of a cube whose surface has the same area as that of a
rectangular solid of the following dimensions length 10 ft., breadth 7 ft.,
:

depth 6 ft.

9. Find the area of the surface of a cube whose volume is equal to the
volume of a rectangular solid of the following dimensions :
length 9 ft.,
breadth 7 ft., depth 5 ft.
10. The base of a rectangular solid is a square, and its height is twice its
length if its volume is 2000 cub. in., find the area of its surface.
:

11. The base of a rectangular box is a square, and its internal depth is
half its internal length if the capacity of the box is 4000 cub. in., and if the
:

box is without a lid, find its internal surface.

12. A rectangular box is made of wood I in. thick ; the box is fitted
with a lid if the internal dimensions are 4 ft. 6 in., 3 ft. 8 in., and 3 ft.
:

5 in., find the area of the whole external surface.

13. Find to the hundredth part of one inch the edge of a cube whose
surface measures 10 sq. ft.
14. Find to the nearest penny the cost of lining the sides and bottom of
a rectangular cistern 10 ft. 4 in. long, 6 ft. 2 in. broad, 6 ft. 8 in. deep, with
sheet lead which costs 25^. per cwt. and weighs 8 Ibs. to the square foot.
16. Verify the statement that to make a rectangular box, with a lid, of a
given capacity from a minimum of material, the cube is the most advantageous
shape.
16. Verify the statement that to make a rectangular box, without a lid, of
a given capacity from a minimum of material, the most advantageous shape
is that in which the height is half the length and the base is a square.

Prisms.
17. Find the area of the whole surface of a right triangular prism whose
height is 36 ft., and the sides of whose base are 5 if 37* and 20 ft. respectively.
18. Find the area of the whole surface of a right triangular prism whose
height is 7 yds., and the sides of whose base are 25, 39, and 56 ft. respectively.
19. Find the area of the whole surface of a right prism whose height is
6 ft., and whose base is a regular hexagon of side 2 ft.
 1 1 8 Mensuration.

20. Find the area of the whole surface of a right prism whose height is
10 and whose base is a regular octagon of side I in.
in.,
21. Find the area of. the whole surface of a right prism whose height is
2 ft. 3 in., and whose base is an equilateral triangle on a side of I ft.
22. Find the cost of polishing the side surfaces of a right prism whose
height is 5 ft. 3 in., and whose base is a regular nonagon of side I ft. 8 in. at
icwf. per square foot.
23. The base of a right prism is a triangle whose sides measure 13, 14,

15 in. respectively : find the height of the prism if the whole surface measures
4 so., ft. 12 sq. in.
24. Find the area of the whole surface of an oblique prism having a
square base whose side is 8 in., the lateral edges being 2 ft. 3 in, and the
perimeter of a section perpendicular to them 3 ft. 2 in.
25. The area of the whole surface of a right prism on an equilateral
triangle as base is 25^/3 sq. in., and the area of the lateral surface is equal
to the area of the two ends find the height of the prism.
:

Pyramids.
20. Find the area of the whole surface of a right pyramid whose base is
a square of side 2 ft. 6 in., and whose slant height is 2 ft. 9 in. /
27. Find the area of the whole surface of a regular tetrahedron whose ^dge
measures 5 ft.
28. Find the area of the whole surface of a right pyramid whose base
is a regular hexagon of side lo in., and whose slant height is i ft.
20. Find the area of the whole surface of a right pyramid whose base is a
square of side 40 in., and whose other edges each measure 20' 5 in.
30. Find the area of the whole surface of a right ~ ~ pyramid
whose base is a
"*

square of side 1 6 in., and whose neigh t is 29 in. .y

31. Find the height of a right pyramid whose whole surface measures
270/^/3 sq. in., and whose base is an equilateral triangle of side io,v/3 m -

32. 1< incl the cost of polishing the whole surface of a right pyramid whose
slant height is 14 in., and whose base is a regular octagon of side I in. at 6d.
*"

per square inch.

33. Find the slant surface of a right pyramid whose height is 65 in,, and
whose base is a regular hexagon of side 48^3 in.
34. A pyramid, on a square base, has four equilateral triangles for its four
other faces, each edge being 9 in. find the whole surface.
:

35. The slant edge of a right regular hexagonal pyramid is 65 in., and the
height is 56 in. : find the area of the base.
*

r
^
Wedges.
38. The length of the base of a wedge is 70 in., its breadth is 56 in. ; the
edge of the wedge is 86 in. if the other sides of the trapezoidal faces are each
:

32*5 in., find the area of the whole surface of the wedge.
37. The length of the base of a wedge is 60 in. and the breadth 24 in. ;
the height of the wedge is 9 in. and the edge 52 in. If the ends of the wedge
are equally inclined to the base, find the area of the trapezoidal sides.

Oblique Fmata of Prisms.

38. The base of a right prism is a regujarhejitagon of side 3 ft. an ;

oblique frustum is obtained by cutting off a portion of this prism so that the
sum of the seven parallel edges is 38 ft. 6 in. find the area of the side faces
:

of the frustum.
 On Solids bounded by Plane Surfaces. 119
39. The cross-section of an oblique prism is a regular pentagon of side
I6 in. ; an oblique frustum is obtained by cutting off a portion of this
ft.

prism so that the sum of the five parallel edges is 22 ft. 6 in. find the area ,:

of the side faces of the frustum.

Prismoids.
40. The ends of a prismoid are rectangles whose corresponding dimensions
are 56 ft. by 28 ft. and 20 ft. by 15 ft. respectively; each of the remaining
edges is 42 ft. 6 in. find the area of the whole surface.
:

41. A prismoid has one end in the form of a square of side 16 in., the
other in the form of a regular octagon of side 8 in., four sides of the
bctagon
being parallel to the sides of the square : if the other edges of the prismoid
each measure 8'5 in., find the area of its la^al surface.

Frusta of Pyramids.
42. The ends of a frustum of a pyramid are equilateral triangles of sides
9 ft. and 13 ft. respectively if the distance between the parallel sides of each
:

trapezoidal face is 6 ft. 4 in., find the area of the J&jwA surface of the frustum.
43. "The ends of a frustum of a pyramid are squares of sides 2 ft. 6 in.
and 3 ft. 9 in. respectively if the distance between the parallel sides of each
:

trapezoidal face is 3 ft. 4 in., find the area of the whole surface of the frustum.
44. Find to the nearest penny the cost of polishing the whole surface of
a frustum of a pyramid whose ends are regular hexagons of sides 3 ft. and
4 ft. respectively, and whose slant height is I ft. 6 in., at 3^. per square inch.
45. The ends of a frustum of a pyramid are squares of sides 4 in. and
10 in. respectively ; the height is 4 in. find the area of the whole surface.
:

Examination Questions XXX.

Bectangular_BoJids.
A. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.
1. the cost of lining the sides and bottom of a rectangular cistern
Find
12 ft. 9 8 ft. 3 in. broad, 6 ft. 6 in. deep, with sheet lead which costs
in. long,
l 8,r. per cwt., and weighs 8 Ibs. to the square foot. ^
2. The diagonal of the base of a cube is 2 ft. : find its volume and whole
surface. What will be the least possible loss of material in turning it into a
ball?
3. How
many coins f in. in diameter and J in. thick must be melted down
to form a cube whose surface measures 54 sq. in. ?

Roorkee Entrance.
B.
Upper Subordinate:
4. A cube contains 650-^62 ft. : find the cost of covering it with material
2 ft. 2 in. wide at qd. per yard.

C. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

5.adjacent edges of a rectangular box are 3*42857! in., 5*142857 in.

The
and 10-285714 in. find the cost of gilding its exterior at \\d. per square inch.
:

6. The cost of a cube of metal at 3 I or. $d. per cubic inch is ^"1206 4*. qt. :

find the cost of gilding it over at \d. per square inch.

7. Compare the area of a section of a cube through two opposite edges
with the whole surface of the cube.
1 20 Mensuration.

8. If a punkah frame 15 ft. long, 2^ ft. wide, and i\ in. thick is to be

covered with cloth, how many running feet of cloth will be required, supposing
the cloth to be 2 ft. wide ?

Prisms.

A. Bombay University, Diploma in Agriculture : Second Exam.

9. What is the area of the surface

of an oblique prism having a regular
hexagonal base whose side is 10 in., the lateral edges being 20 ft., and the
perimeter of a section perpendicular to them 4} ft. ?

B. Superior Accounts.
10. The area of the whole surface of a regular octagonal prism is 2070
sq. ft., and the area of the lateral surface is twice the area of the top find the :

length of each side of the base.

Pyramids.
A. Bombay University Diploma of Agriculture : Second Exam.
',

11. A pyramidal
roof 12 ft. high, standing on a rectangular base 18 ft. by
32 ft., covered with slates which cost iSs. yd. per hundred, and each of
is

which has an exposed surface of 12 in. by 9 in. find the cost. :

B. Bombay University: L.C.E. Second Exam.

12. Show how to find the area of the surface of a regular pyramid.

C. Punjab University: First Exam, in Civil Engineering.

13. Find the area of the inclined surface of a square pyramid, each side
of the base being 3 ft., and the slant height 15 ft.

D. Calcutta University: F.E. Exam.

14. Find the slant surface of a right pyramid of height // on a regular base
of side a and of n sides.

E. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

15. cover a piece of ground 21 ft. square by a pyramidal

It is desired to
tent 14 in perpendicular height
ft. find the cost of the requisite canvas at
:

5 annas a square yard.

16. Find the area of the whole surface of a triangular pyramid contained
by four equilateral triangles, a side of each being 10 ft.
17. The Pyramid of Cheops is 750 ft.
square and 450 ft. high. What
would cost to restore the surface to its original splendour with polished
it

granite at the rate of i

per superficial foot ?

F. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

A pyramid has for its base an equilateral triangle, of which each side
18.
is 2 and its slant edge 6 ft. find its exposed surface.
ft., :

19. Find the area of the whole surface of a pyramid on a triangular base,
having its other faces equal, each side of the base is 1*45 in., and the slant
edge of the pyramid is 2*68 in.
20. The slant edge of a hexagonal spire 75 ft. high is 77 ft. find the cost :

of painting at Rs.4 per 100 superficial feet.

 On Solids bounded by Plane Surfaces. 121

G. Roorkee Engineer: Final.

21. Find the cost of canvas required for a single-pole tent 12 ft. square
with walls 6 ft. high. Roof slopes at an angle of 45, and projects 3 ft. beyond
the walls all round ; canvas cloth 2 ft. 3 in. wide costs 14 annas per yard.
'
V
Prismoids, \j '/

Roorkee Engineer: Entrance.

22. Aprismoid has one end in the form of an equilateral triangle of side
2 ft., the other end in the form of a regular hexagon of side I ft., three sides
of the hexagon being parallel to the three sides of the other end \ the height
is 3 ft. : find the area of its surface.

Frusta of Pyramids.
A. Bombay University , Diploma of Agriculture : Second Exam.
23. Find the surface of the frustum of a square pyramid, each side of the
base or greater end being 3 ft. 4 in., each side of the top or lesser end being
2 ft. 2 in., and each of the edges of the frustum being 10 ft.

B. Madras University : B.E. Exam.

24. The ends of a frustum of a pyramid are hexagons with sides of 6 ft.

and 4 ft. respectively ; the slant height is 10 ft. find the surface.
:

C. Roorkee Engineer: Entrance.

25. The area of the surface of a frustum of a square pyramid is 100 sq. ft.,
the perimeter of the base is 13 ft. 4 in., and the slant height is 10 ft. find the :

area of the top.

Additional Examination Questions XXX.

26. Afrustum of a regular pyramid has square ends ; the edge of the lower
end is 10 and that of the upper end is 5 in., and the height of the frustum
in.,
is 7$ in. : find the length of a slant edge of the frustum and the area of the
slant faces. (Roorkee Upper Subordinate Entrance.) :

27. Abox with a lid is made of planking i\ in. thick if the external :

dimensions be 3 ft. 6 in., 2 ft. 6 in., ancTi ft. 9 in., find exactly how many
square feet of planking are used in the construction. (Punjab University :

First Exam, in Civil Engineering.)

28. A rectangular block of stone is to be polished on all its faces except
that resting on the ground. By putting three different faces down, the total
surfaces to be treated are found to be 412, 394, and 404 sq. ft respectively:
what are the dimensions of the block ? (Roorkee Engineer : Final.)
29. Aprismoid has one end in the form of an equilateral triangle of side
3 ft., the other end in the form of a regular hexagon of side 2 ft., three sides
of the hexagon being parallel to the three sides of the other end. The height
is 3 ft. : find the area of its surface. (Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.)
 CHAPTER XXXI.
ON CYLINDERS AND RINGS.

PROPOSITION XLIII.

182. To find the area of the curved surface of any cylinder^ having
given the length of the cylinder and the perimeter
its cross-section
by a plane perpendicular to its
axis.
We have seen ( 125) that a cylinder may
be defined as the
I
Hmiu^jLj.^^!, the number
[ of whose sides is
indefinitely increased while
the breadth of each side is
indefinitely
diminished.
Now the area of the side surfaces of any
prism is evidently equal to

p X / square units

where p linear units = perimeter of a cross-

section of the prism
by a plane perpen-
dicular to the axis,
/ linear units =
length of the prism ;
/. area of curved surface of)
perimeter = I of cross-section
any cylinder ) \ x length
= pi square units
Hence rule
Multiply the number of any linear unit in the length of a cylinder
by the number of the same linear unit in the perimeter of a cross-
section by a plane
perpendicular to the axis, then the product will give
the number of the
corresponding square unit in the area of the ctirued
surface.
Or briefly
Curved surface of I

j perimeter of cross-sec-
cylinder [ \ tion x length
8= pi
 On Cylinders and Rings. 123

PARTICULAR CASE.
183. Right circular cylinder.
Here the base of the cylinder is a cross-
section by a plane perpendicular to the axis;
and the length of the cylinder is the same as its
height.
.*. curved surface of a) __ ( circumference of base
~~*

right circular cylinder) | X height

= C x h square units
Hence
Whole surface of right) ~~ ^irr(r _
h) + square
circular cylinder J I
units
where r linear units =
radius of base,
h linear units = height.
"** "^

184. A right circular cylinder by a plane parallel

segment of a
to the axis a prism in the wider sense of
is

the term (see 126). Hence the area of its

side surfaces is determined by the formula
S=p X t square units
where / linear units = perimeter of one end
of segment,
/ linear units = length of segment.
The
perimeter of an end is determined
by the formulae for the arc of a circle (see
79, 81).
The areas of the ends are determined
by the formulae for the segment of a circle
(see 88, 90).
-
Rings.
185. A cylindrical ring has been roughly described as a
right
circular cylinder bent round in a circle until its ends meet. Since,
in bending the cylinder to form a ring, the inner portion is as much
contracted as the outer portion is expanded, the surface of the
ring may be seen to be the same as the surface of the original,
cylinder. Hence the surface of a cylindrical ring is equal to the
surface of a right circular cylinder whose base is the same as the
cross-section of the ring, and whose height is equal to the
length
of the ring.
That is

Surface of a cylin- t _. f perimeter of cross-section x length of

~~
drical ring ( ( ring
124 Mensuration.

The same reasoning applies to the case of any ring whose

cross-section is a figure symmetrical about a line in its own
plane perpendicular to the plane
of the ring (see figures to 133).
186. In the particular case of
the cylindrical ring, the following
formulae may be easily verified :

S=

where S = surface area,

R and r = outer atid inner radii
respectively,
C and c = corresponding circum-
ferences.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
187. Example i. The radius of a right circular cylinder is
2 ft., and the area of its whole surface
- 20 x IT sq. ft. : what is the volume of a
-^- *^^
cone on the same base and of the same
height ?

If h ft. = height of cylinder, we have

2irr(h + r) = 2Cr . . . .
183.
where r - 2 ;

2) = 20ir
^=3
= -J.ir.(2) 2 .3.CUb.ft. 142.
|

= 4*- cub. ft.

Example 2. The whole surface of a right circular cylinder is

7 sq. ft. 37 sq. in., and the diameter of the base is

half the height find the height.
:

If h in. = height, we have

2irr(h + r) = 1045 .... 183.

where r
4

= 532

height of cylinder = 23*06 in.

 On Cylinders and Rings. 125

Example 3. A
right circular cylinder, whose height is 12 ft., and
the radius of whose base is 10 ft., is cut into two segments by a plane
parallel to the axis and distant 5 ft. from
it :find the area of the whole surface of
the larger segment. (TT
= 3' 1416.)
Let the figure represent one end of the
larger segment of the cylinder, so that
AC indicates the position of the cutting
plane.
Now, because
EC = 10 ft.

and ED = 5 ft.
and EDC is a right angle
/. Z DEC = 60

17-

or AC- 10 V3 ft.

Again
Arc ABC = ffcg x 2 . IT . 10 ft. . .
79-

.'. perimeter of segment ABCD - ( 10^/3 + J

ft.

= perimeter of one end of the

segment of the cylinder
Also __
Area of segment ABCD = (f&$ x . io2 +\ .
5 . 10 V3)
sq. ft. ... 84, 20.

sq.ft.

But area of whole surface of segment = (perimeter of an end x height

of segment) + area of two
ends ..... 182.
hence area of whole\ // r- 4oir\ ^/2oo7r
= + ,

V) X I2+2 (,T
,

IO ^3
surface of segment }
{(
= {710-502 + 505-482} sq. ft.
= 1215-98 sq. ft.
Example 4. The thickness of a solid
cylindrical ring is 1*5 in., and its outside
diameter 8 in.: find its surface. (ir=3'i4i6.)
Surface of ring =^ x /sq. in. .
185.

where^ = .......
x * 69.
/= "(8-1-5) ......
1-5
69.
.'. surface of ring = ir.(r5).ir.(6'5)sq.in.
= 96*229 sq. in.
126 Mensuration.

Examples XXXI.
(Take IT = 3f, unless otherwise stated.)
Find the areas of the curved surfaces of the following right circular
:
cylinders
1. Radius of base I ft. 9 in., height 6 ft.
2. Diameter of base 2 ft. 3 in., height 7 ft. 2 in.
3. Circumference of base 5 ft. 2 in., height I ft. 7 in.
Find the areas of the whole surfaces of the following right circular
:
cylinders
4. Radius of base 10 in., height 2 ft. 3 in.
5. Diameter of base I ft. 4 in., height 2 ft. 10 in.
6. Circumference of base 1 1 ft. height 3 ft. 2 in. ,

7. The curved surface of a right circular cylinder is I sq. ft. 54 sq. in.,
and the height is 3 in. find the radius of the base.
:

8. The curved surface of a right circular cylinder is I sq. ft. 76 sq. in.,
and the diameter of the base is 10 in. find the height. :

9. The whole surface of a right circular cylinder is 5J sq. ft., and the
radius of the base is 6 in. find the height. :

10. The whole surface of a right circular cylinder is 2 sq. ft. 20 sq. in.,
and the height is io in. find the radius of the base.
:

11. The whole surface of a right circular cylinder is 8 sq. ft. 80 sq. in.,
and the height is three times the radius of the base find the radius of the base. :

12. Find to the nearest penny the cost of polishing the whole surface of
a right circular cylinder whose height is 12 ft., and the radius of whose base
is I ft. 3 in., at the rate of lod. per square foot.
13. The volume of a right circular cylinder is 1 100 cub. in., and the radius
of its base is 5 in, find the area of its curved surface.
:

14. What is the proportion between the height of a right circular cylinder
and the radius of its base when the area of the two ends is equal to half the
area of the curved surface ?
15. Aright circular cylinder whose length is I ft.
and the radius of whose
base is 6 in. is cut into two segments by 'a plane parallel to the axis and
distant 3*^3 in from it: find tne area
- ^ the wnole surface of the smaller
'

segment. (IT = 3 '1416.) _

16. If the plane in Example 15 is distant 3^2 in. from the axis, find the
area of the whole surface of the smaller segment, (ir
= 3*1416.)
17. Verify the statement that to make a vessel of a given capacity, without
a lid, in the form of a right circular cylinder from a minimum of material, the
most advantageous shape is that in which the height is equal to the radius of
the base.
18. Verify the statement that to make a vessel of a given capacity, with a
the form of a right circular cylinder from a minimum of material, the
lid> in
most advantageous shape is that in which the height is equal to twice the
radius of the base.
radius of the cross-
10. The length of a cylindrical ring is 36 in., and the
section is find the area of the surface of the ring.
1} in. :

20. The radius of the inner circumference of a cylindrical ring is 7 in.,

arid the diameter of the cross-section is 3 in. find the area of the surface of :

the ring. .

21. The diameters of the outer and inner circumferences of a cylindrical

find the area of the surface of the ring.
ring are 9 in. and 7 in. respectively :

22. The area of the surface of a cylindrical ring is 21435 sq. in., and the
diameter of the cross-section is i J in. find the radius of the inner circumference.
:
 On Cylinders and Rings. 127

Examination Questions XXXI.

- 9.) (

Cylinders.
A. Punjab University: First Exam, in Civil Engineering.
1. A
well is to be dug 5 ft, diameter clear inside, and 36 ft, in depth
(excluding the curb), with a brick lining of 9 in. thickness find plastering :

in square feet of expensed surface.

B. Calcutta University: F.E. Exam.

2. The whole surface of a cylindrical tube is 264 sq. in. : if its length is

5 in. and its external radius 4 in., find its thickness. *

*

C. Roorkee Engineer : Entrant ?

3. The same number expresses the solidity and convex of a
""""" j^rface
cylinder : what is its diameter ?

D. Roorkce Upper Subordinate : Monthly.

4. What is the proportion between the height of a cylinder and the

diameter of its base when the curved surface is equal in area to the two ends 1

Rings.
A. JJombay University : L.C.E. Second Exam.

5. Investigate the area of the surface of a cylindrical

ring.

B. Roorkee Engineer : Final.

6. Theradius of the inner boundary of a ring is 14 in. ; the area of the

surface of the ring is loo sq. in. find the radius of the outer boundary.
:

C. Superior Accounts.

7. The area of the surface of a ring is 120 sq. in. ; the radius of the cross-
section is I in. find the length of the ring.
:

Additional Examination Questions XXXI.

8. A sheet of metal made into a pipe whose internal
\ in. thick is

diameter is half an inch. placed round a

This pipe is

cylinder I ft. in radius find the area of the external

:

surface of the pipe. (Calcutta University F.E. Exam.) :

9. The cross-section of a pillar 30 ft. high is as

shown, a side of the inner square being 2 ft., and the
circular, segments touching each other at 9 B^ C, and A D :

find to the nearest rupee the cost of polishing the

exposed surface of the pillar at R. I per square foot.
(The ends of the pillar are not exposed. (Roorkee
Engineer : Final.)
 ;

CHAPTER XXXII.
ON OBLIQUE FRUSTA OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDERS.
PROPOSITION XLIV.
188. To find the area of the curved surface of an oblique frustum
of a right circular cylinder, having given the length of the frustum
^ and the radius of its cross-section.
Let ABCD be an oblique frustum of
C 1
a right circular cylinder.
Let its length EF
and the radius of
its cross-section measure / and r of the
same linear unit respectively.
It is required to find the area of the
curved surface of ABCD in terms of /
and r.

Consider the right circular cylinder

ABCD\ whose ends lie in parallel planes
through E and F.
Since the wedge-shaped portions FCC
and FDjy are equal in all respects, and
since the wedge-shaped portions and EAA
EBB are equal in all respects

.*. the curved surface of the cylinder

B A'B'CZf equal in area to the curved
is

surface of the frustum ABCD

B '
But the curved surface of the cylinder
A'B'Ciy = 2 TITX / square units. 183.
/. the curved surface of the frustum ABCD = zirr X /square
units
Hence rule
Multiply the number of any linear unit in the length of an oblique
frustum of a right circular cylinder by the number of the same linear
unit in the circumference of its cross-section^ then the product will give
the number of the corresponding square unit in the area of its curved
surface.
 On Oblique Frusta of Right Circular Cylinders. 129

Or briefly
Curved surface of
oMijjj =
J
^ etajmgwj^cr^
S = 27rrl

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
189. Example i. The
radius of the base of a
right circular cylinder 3 in. find the area
is 2 ft. :

of the curved surface of an oblique frustum of

this cylinder, if the length of the frustum is
6 ft. 9 in.

Area of curved surface = 2vrl sq. in. 188

where r = 27,
/= 81;
.'. area of curved surface = 2 .
5
/ 27 81 sq. in.
. .

= 13,746? sq. in.

= 10 sq. yd. 5 sq. ft.
667 sq. in.

Example 2. The
cross -section of an
oblique cylinder is a
circle whose radius is
5 ft. find the area of the curved surface
:

of an oblique frustum of this cylinder, if the

length of the frustum is 2 yds. i ft. 9 in.
Area of curved surface = 2nr/ sq. ft. 188.
where r = 5,

/. area of curved surface = 10 x *f- x ^

sq. ft.
= 243f sq. ft.

Examples XXXII.
(Take* = ^.)
1. The radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is I ft. 9 in. find the :

area of the curved surface of an oblique frustum of this cylinder, if the length of
the frustum is 4 ft. 10 in.
2. The radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is 2 ft. 3 in. find the :

area of the curved surface of an oblique frustum of this cylinder, if the length of
the frustum is 5 ft. 6 in.
3. The radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is 7 in. find the area :

of the curved surface of an oblique frustum of this cylinder, if the length of

the frustum is 2 ft. 5 in.
4. The area of the curved surface of an oblique frustum of a right circular
cylinder is 7 sq. ft. 48 sq. in. if the
:
length of the frustum is 2 ft. 4 in., find
the radius of the base of the cylinder.
F
 CHAPTER XXXIII.
ON RIGHT CIRCULAR CONES.

PROPOSITION XLV.
190. To find the area of the curved surface of a right circular
cone,having given the slant height of the cone and
the circumference of its base.
LetABCD be a right circular cone.
Let its slant height and the circumference of
its base measure s and C of the same linear unit re-
spectively.
It is required to find the area of the curved
surface of ABCD in terms of s and C.
If we suppose the cone ABCD
to be hollow
so that it can be cut along the line AB
and opened
out, it is evident that its curved surface will assume
the form of the sector of a circle whoseEFGH
radius EF is equal to the slant height of the cone (s linear

units), and whose arc FGH is equal to the circumference of the

base of the cone (C linear units).

/. Area of curved (__-.( area of sector
~~
surface of cone | [
EFGH
= \ C . s square
units . 86.

Hence rule
Multiply the number of any linear
unit in the circumference of the base of a
right circular cone by the number of the
same linear unit in the slant height, then
half the product will give the number
of the corresponding square unit in the curved surface.
*Or briefly-
Curveci jsurface of right) _ | ^(circumference of base)
circular cone \ \ X (slant height)
 On Right Circular Cones.

191. This formula can easily be shown to be equivalent to the

formula
S= fc
2
+ r*

where h linear units is the height of the cone, and r linear units is
the radius of the base of the cone.
And the whole surface of a right circular cone is determined by
the expression
? +r + 2
r)

where // and r have the same significance.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
192. Example i. How many yards of canvas, 27 in. wide, are
required to construct a conical tent
1 8 ft. in diameter and 13 ft. in height?
(TT
= 3-1416.)
Curved surface^ = v a
of tent
.
191.
/

where r 9,
h = 13 ;

.'. curved sur-1 "

face of tent/
= 9*- .
V25 s q- ft-

and length of canvas required = ~ * *

Z7
yds. . 8.

= 66*229 yds.

Example 2. The area

of the whole surface of a right circular cone
is 15 sq. ft., and the slant height is three times
the radius of the base find the radius of the :

base. (TT = 3-1416.)

Area of the whole sur-

|
_ f *r( JW + r 2
-f r)
face of the cone )\ sq. ft. . .
191.
where
= 15

= 1-1936...
r - 1-09 . . .

radius of base = 1*09 ft.

nearly

Example 3. A cone is 200 ft. high, and its slant height is inclined
30 to the horizon : find the area of its curved surface in acres.
132 Mensuration.

If s ft. and r ft. be the slant

height and the radius of the base
of the cone respectively, we have

s = 400 ._.... 17.

/. area of curved surface of cone = . C. s sq. ft. . .

190.

where C - 2^.200^3 69.

s = 400 ;

hence area of curved surface of cone = ^ 2ir 200^3. . .

400 sq. ft.
= 435,312-85 sq. ft.
= 9*993 acres

Example 4. The curved surface of a right circular cone is

32 sq. ft. 56 sq. in., and the height is

3 ft. 9 in. find the radius of the base.

:

where h = 45 ;

.
V45 +
2
r2 = 4664

r2(2025 r2 ) + = (I484) 2
r2 = 784
/. r = 28
radius of base = 2 ft. 4 in.

Examples XXXIII.
(Take IT = $?.)
Find the areas of the curved surfaces of the following right circular cones,
having
1. Circumference of base 3 ft. 6 in. ;
slant height I ft. 10 in.
2. Circumference of base 4 7 in, ; slant height 2 ft. 5 in.
ft.

3. Diameter of base 2 ft. 3 in. ; slant height I ft. 10 in.

4. Radius of base I ft. 2 in. ; slant height 2 ft.
5.Radius of base 8 in. ; height 15 in.
0.Diameter of base I ft. 10 in. ; height 5 ft.
7.Diameter of base I ft. 6 in. ; height 3 ft. 4 in.
8.Circumference of base 3 ft. 8 in. ; height 2 ft.
Find the areas of the whole surfaces of the following right circular cones,
having
9. Radius of base 2 ft. 3 in. ; slant height 4 ft.
10. Radius of base 3 ft. 6 in. ; slant height 5 ft. 3 in.
11. Circumference of base 7 ft. 4 in. ; slant height 2 ft. 6 in.
12. Radius of base 5 in. ; height I ft.
13. Diameter of base 2 ft. 6 in. ; height 9 ft 4 in.
14. Circumference of base 11 ft. ; height 6 yds. 4 in.
15. The curved surface of a right circular cone is 176 sq. in., and the slant
height is 8 in. find the radius of the base.
:
 On Right Circular Cones. 133

16. The curved surface of a right circular cone is 66 sq. in,, and the radius
<
of the base is 3*5 in. : find the slant height.
17. The curved surface of a right circular cone is 47-} sq. in,, and the radius
of the base is 3 in. : find the slant height.
18. The curved surface of a right circular cone is 204$ sq. in., and the
height is 12 in. : find the radius of the base.
19. The curved surface of a right circular cone is 550 sq, in., and the
height is 2 ft. find the radius of the base.
:

20. The curved surface of a right circular cone is 14,586 sq. in., and the
height is 220 in. : find the slant height.

Examination Questions XXXIII.

A. Punjab University : First Exam, in Civil Engineering.

1. How much canvas will make a conical tent 1 1 ft. in height, and 12 ft.

in diameter at the base ?

B. Sibpur Engineer : Annual Exam.

2. A right-angtejlJiiaDgle, of which the sides are 3 in. and 4 in. in length
is made to turn round on the longer side : find the area of the whole surface
of the cone thus formed.
C. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance. , (
/

3. Calculate to three places of decimals the entjre_superhcial area in square

inches of a solid cone, the diameter of its base beingS in., and its altitude
~"^ '

13 in.
4. The area of the whole surface of a right circular cone is 32 sq. ft. , and
the slant height is three times the radius of the base find the volume of the :

cone.
D. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

5. Find the cost of painting a conical spire 64 ft. in circumference at the

base, and 108 ft. in slant height, at *}\d. per square yard.

E. Staff College.
Find the cost of the canvas :for 150 conical tents, the height of each
6.
being \\\ ft., and the
diameter of the base 12 ft., at $d. per square yard.

Additional Examination Questions XXXIII.

7. Determine an expression for the curved surface of a right circular cone.
(Roorkee Engineer Entrance.) :

8. Find what length of canvas f yd. wide is required to make a conical

tent 12 ft. in diameter and 8 ft. high. ( Punjab University
First Exam, in :

Civil Engineering.)
9. Howmany square yards of canvas will be required for a tent the walls
of which form a right circular cylinder 10 ft. in diameter and 8 ft. high, the
roof of the tent being a right circular cone with the apex 12 ft. above the
ground? The roof does not extend beyond the top of the wall. (Roorkee
Engineer : Final,)
 CHAPTER XXXIV.
ON F1WSTA OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CONES.

PROPOSITION XLVI.
193. To find the area of the curved surface of a frustum of a

right circular cone^ having given the circumferences of its ends and
its slant^ thickr&sjs. -
,

Q !

i^\ Let ABCD be a frustum of the

\\ right circular cone ODC.
M Let the circumferences of its larger
and smaller ends measure C and c of
\ the same linear unit respectively.
Let its slant thickness measure^
of the same linear unit. j
'

It is required, to find the area of

the curved surface of in ABCD
?
?'terjms of C, c, and s.
Let OB and OD measure sl and
of the same linear unit respec-
tively.
Now
Curved surface of (curved surface of cone OCD curved
frustum ABCD I 1 surface of cone OAB
= (
C . s2 j . c .
sj sq. units .
190.
/! C .+ s)
(s1 c . .
(s2 s)} sq. units
(C + c)s + \(Cs l c^} sq. units
But c :C=s 1 s2 177.
.'. Cs = a
l Euc. VI. 16.

/. curved surface of \ .

unlts
frustum
Hence rule
Multiply the number of any linear unit in the slant thickness of a
frustum of a right circular cone by the number of the same linear
unit in the sum of the circumferences of the two ends, then half the
 On Frusta of Right Circular Cones. 135

product will give the number of the corresponding square unit in the
curved surface.
Or briefly

I _ ) |(slant thickness) x (sum

of circumferences of ends)
circular cone |
t

194. This formula can easily be shown to be equivalent to

the formula
S= 7r(R + r)s
where RlioeaiLJinjts and r linear units are the radii of the two
ends of the frustum,^ and s linear units is the slant thickness of the
frustum.
And the whole surface of a frustum of a right circular cone is

determined by the expression

7r(^
2
+r +2
s + rs)
where 7?, r, and s have the same significance.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
195. Example i. A frustum of
a right circular cone has a diameter
of base 10 in., of top 6 in., and a
height of 5 in. : find the area of its
whole surface, =
3*1416.)
(ir
Ifjin. = slant height of frustum,
we have
"

J = V+~2 8 . 16.

= 5-3851
.'. whole surface of frustum = + r2 + JRs + rs) sq. in. .
194.

where R = 5,
'=3,
s=
hence
whole surface of frustum = ir(25 + 9 + 5*3851 x 8) sq. in.
= 242*15 sq. in.

Example i. A frustum of a right circular cone is I ft. high, with a

diameter at the base of 10 in. If the top of the frustum has an area
 Mensuration.

of ir
sq. in.,
'
find the
'
curved surface of frustum.
(- = 3
Radius of top of [ _
frustum ... 71-
i = i in.
curved surface of
.*.

frustum
= v(R + r)s sq. i n. 194.

where ^= 5,

16.
hence curved surface^ __
= 6 4 in .

of frustum = 238-42 s

Example from a right circular cone whose slant

3. If
height is 21 ft., and circumference of base 8 ft., there be cut
off by a plane parallel to its base a cone of slant height 5 ft.,
find the curved surface of the remaining frustum.
If c ft. = circumference of top of frustum

we have, by similar figures

^.'8 = 5:21 ...... 177-

sq.ft. I93 .

where (7 = 8,

s - 1

hence
area of curved surface of frustum = \ 16 (8 4-
. .
1?)
" sq. ft.
= 79& sq. ft.
Example 4. A tent is made in the form of a frustum of
a right circular cone surmounted by a cone find the number :

of square yards of canvas required for the tent, supposing

the diameters of the ends of the frustum to be 28 ft. and
8 ft., and the height of the
respectively, the height of the frustum
16 ft.
conical part 6 ft.

Curved surface of cone

(IT
= 3-1416.)
= x * 16 x V6 2 + &2
. .
__ sq. ft. 190.
= 8cr sq. ft.
Curved surface of
frustum
+ r>
sq. ft. 194.
14,

-
10 16.

=-('4+o -q- ft-

= 22Chr sq. ft.

, . ,
= IT x (80 + 220)
/. square yards of canvas required
= 10472
 On Frusta of Right Circular Cones 137

Examples XXXIV.
(Take IT = 32
7
unless otherwise stated. )

Find the areas of the curved surfaces of the following frusta of right circular
cones, having
1. Circumferences of ends 13 in. and 16 in. slant thickness 6 in.
;

2. Circumferences of ends 3 ft. 4 in. and 4 ft. 8 in. ; slant thickness

I ft. 6 in.

3. Radii of ends 14 in. and 21 in. ; slant thickness 8 in.

4. Radii of ends 5 ft. 3 in. and 6 ft. 5 in. ; slant thickness 2 ft. 4 in.
Find the areas of the whole surfaces of the following frusta of right circular
cones, having
5. Radii of ends 7 in. and 14 in. ; slant thickness 10 in.
8. Radii of ends 2 ft. 1 1 in. and 3 ft. 6 in. ; slant thickness 2 ft. 4 in.
7. Circumferences of ends II ft. and 14 ft. 8 in. slant thickness 10 in.
;

8. Circumferences of ends 14 ft. 8 in. and 18 ft. 4 in. ; slant thickness

I ft.

Find the curved surface of a frustum of a right circular cone whose

9.
thickness is 4 in., and the radii of whose ends are 7 in. and 10 in.

10. Find the area of the curved surface of a frustum of a right circular
cone whose thickness is I ft., and the radii of whose ends are 10 in. and 15 in.
11. Find the cost at 2s. 6d. per square foot of enamelling the inside of an
open vessel in the form of a frustum of a cone, if the depth of the vessel is
5 ft., and if the diameters of the ends are 5 ft. 2 in. and 3 ft. 4 in. respectively.
12. The height of a frustum of a right circular cone is 12 in. find the area :

of the curved surface if the cone from which the frustum has been obtained
had the following dimensions Height 32 in., diameter of base 16 in.
:

(w= 3-1416.)

Examination Questions XXXIV.

(Take TT = ^, unless otherwise stated.)

A. Bombay University\ Diploma of Agriculture : Second Exam.

1. A tin funnel consists of two parts
one part is conical, the slant side is
:

6 in., the circumference of one end is 20 in., and of the other end ij in. the ;

other part is cylindrical, the circumference being I J in., and the length 8 in.
Find the number of square inches of tin.

B. Bombay University: L.C.E, Second Exam.

2. The half of a regular hexagon, formed by joining the middle points of
two opposite sides of the whole figure, revolves about this line determine :

the whole surface of the solid thus generated, a side of the hexagon being 10 ft.

C. Punjab University ; First Exam, in Civil Engineering\

3. Give the formulae for finding the surface of a frustum of a cone.

4. What is the area of the slant surface of a frustum of a right cone, the
area of the two circular ends being 1256*64 in. and 78*54 in. respectively, and
the vertical height of the frustum 20 in. ? (IT 3*1416 ) =
 Mensuration.

P. Madras University: B.E. Exam.

5 Prove that the area of the curved surface of a frustum of a right circular
cone is obtained by multiplying the circumference of the
mean section by the
slant height.

E. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

6. A tent made in the form of a conic frustum, surmounted by a cone.

is

The diameters of the base and the top of the frustum are 14 and 7 ft., its
and the height of the tent 12 ft. find the quantity of canvas
height 8 ft., :

required for it.

 CHAPTER XXXV.
ON SPHERES, SEGMENTS OF SPHERES, AND ZONES OF
SPHERES.

PROPOSITION XL VII.
196. The cuwed surface of a sphere, or of a segment of a
sphere, or of a zone of a sphere is equal in area to the curved surface
of the corresponding zone of the cylinder that A
f

circumscribes the sphere. ;f _ ^ ^^^ | B i

i

Consider the rectangle ABCD cir^E

cumscribing the semicircle BPQC.
-

Let EM, FN
be two straight lines

parallel to AB, meeting the semicircle in

P and Q. If the whole figure is made
to revolve about BC> the semicircle J3PQC
will sweep out a sphere, the straight line
AD will sweep out its circumscribing

cylinder, the arc PSQ will sweep out a

zone of the sphere, the straight line PQ
willsweep out the corresponding frustum
of a cone, and the straight line the EF
corresponding zone of the circumscribing
cylinder.
It is required to show that the spherical
zone swept out by the arc PSQ is equal
in the area of its curved surface to the corresponding zone of
the circumscribing cylinder swept out by the straight line EF.
Join RT, the middle points of and MN. PQ
Join R to O, the centre of the sphere.
Draw QV perpendicular to EM.
Because the triangles ORT, PQVzre similar.

/. OR:RT=PQ\ QV 66,
.'. OR X Q V= RT x PQ . . . . Euc. VI. 16.
/. 27T . OR X QV= RTX PQ
27T .
140 Mensuration.

But 27r . RT x JPQ = (/W+ (JJV) x />(?

TT ,

= area of curved surface of frustum of cone

swept out by the straight line PQ
1 94.

.*. 2?r . OR x QV = area of curved surface of frustum of cone

swept out by the straight line PQ
Now, by taking the point P
nearer and nearer to the point (?,
the straight line PQ is made to differ less and less from the arc
^
the stra ig ht i me Q from tne R
of the sphere.
^-radius
/
Therefore, in the limit, when
1
is OR
equal to the radius of the sphere, the curved
surface of the conical frustum swept out by
the straight line PQ
is equal to the curved

surface of the spherical zone swept out by

^ the arc PSQ.
OR QP =
'

That is, in the limit, 2* X .

area of curved surface of spherical zone

swept out by the arc PSQ.
And, in the limit, OB. OR =
But 2?r X OB
area of curved
.
QV
surface of zone of circumscribing cylinder
swept out by the straight line
i
183. EF .

Therefore, in the limit, area of curved

surface of zone of circumscribing cylinder
swept out by the straight line EE
area of curved surface of
spherical zone swept out by the arc PSQ.
But the surface of the whole sphere, or of any segment of
the sphere, or of any zone of the sphere, is the sum of all such
elementary zones.
Therefore, the curved surface of a sphere, or of a segment of a
to the curved
sphere, or of a zone of a sphere, is equal in area
surface of the corresponding zone of the cylinder that circum-
scribes the sphere.
From this result it is
easy to deduce rules for determining
A. The surface of a sphere.
B. The curved surface of a segment of a sphere or of a
zone of a sphere.
This we will proceed to do.
197. A. The surface of a sphere.
Let the diameter of the sphere measure d of >any linear unit.
Now, since the surface of a sphere is equa} in area to the
curved surface of its circumscribing cylinder 196. .....
And since the diameter of the base of this circumscribing
cylinder and its height each measure d of the same linear unit.
 Spheres, Segments of Spheres, and Zone* of Spheres. 141

.'. surface of sphere = ird x d sq. units

= 2
..... 183.
7H2? sq. units
Hence rule
Multiply the square of the number of any linear unit in the
diameter of a sphere by TT, then the product will give the number of
the corresponding square unit in the siirface.
Or briefly
Surface of sphere = Tr(diaxneter)
2

S = 7rd
2

198. B. The curved surface of a segment of a sphere

or of a zone of a sphere.
Let the diameter of the sphere measure d of any linear unit.
Let the height of the segment (or of the zone) measure h of the
same linear unit.
Now, since the curved surface of a segment of a sphere (or of a
zone of a sphere) is equal in area to the curved surface of the cor-
responding zone of the circumscribing cylinder 196 . . . .

And since the height of this zone of the circumscribing cylinder

measures //, and the diameter of its base measures d of the same
linear unit.
curved surface of
.*.

ment
seer-)
= -,
* X */ sq. units
,

.
c
183.
(or of zone) |

Hence rule
number of any linear unit in the height of a segment
Miiltiply the
a
of sphere (or of a zone of a sphere) by the number of the same linear
unit in the diameter of the sphere, then TT times the product will give
the number -of the corresponding square ttnit in the curved surface of
the segment (or of the zone).
Or briefly
Curved surface of seg- ?r x diameter of sphere
ment of sphere (or
]
I = j
[
x height of segment
of zone of sphere) j ( (or of zone)

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
Spheres.
199. Example i. What would be the expense of gilding a spherical
ball of 6 ft. diameter at ^\d. the square inch ?
Surface of ball =. UY/2 sq. in ...... 197.
where d= 72 ;

/. surface of ball = ir .
(72)
2
sq. in.
Hence
= x 72 x \d.
Expense of gilding at 3^. the sq. inch
= ^2 37x 72I2 -r- d. nearly
142 Mensuration.

Example 2. Find the

cost of painting a pontoon
with hemispherical ends at
2s. 6d. per square foot. The

length of the pontoon is 20

ft., and its
diameter is 4 ft.
Surface of pontoon =
curved surface of a cylindrical portion -f curved
surface of two equal hemispherical portions
= (ir x 4 x 16 4- if x 42 ) sq. ft. 183, 197. . .

/. cost of painting at 2s. bd. per sq. foot. = ^(64 4- 16) x 30^.
= -^ x 80 x 30^. nearly
= 7542^. nearly
= ^3 r 8.r. 7< nearly
Example 3. A sphere has the same
volume as a right circular cone with its
height equal to twice the radius of its
base express the curved surface of the
:

cone as a decimal fraction of the surface

of the sphere.
If the diameter of the sphere and the
radius of the base of the cone measure d
and r of the same linear unit respectively,
we have
-- = 2
J.*r x ir 1
66, 142.

Now, curved surface of cone = irr^h 2 + r 2

sq. units 191.
where h = 2r ;

.*. curved surface of cone

and surface of sphere =
= -nr2
ir^ 2
^ sq. units
_sq. units . .
197.
= -wj/i6 x r^ sq. units
surface of cone ir.r2 .
J$
surface of sphere

= 0-887 . . .

Example 4. A sphere and a cube have the same volume : show

that the surface of the cube is 1*2407 times that of the sphere.
(ir
= 3'I4I590
Let the edge of the cube and the diameter of the sphere measure
a and d of the same linear unit respectively.
Then
a* = x ~ II7, 166.
6

A/ 1
 Spheres, Segments of Spheres, and Zones of Spheres. 143

-T X & X -

That is

surface of cube = surface of sphere x

Jy (-)
But - = 1*909860
and 5^1*909860 will be found to be 1*2407
Therefore, what was required has been done.

Examples XXXV. A.
(Take w = y.)
Spheres.
Find the areas of the surfaces of the following spheres, having
1. Radius 7 in.
2. Radius 2 ft. 4 in.
3. Diameter 3 ft. 6 in.
4. Diameter I yd. 2 ft. 9 in.
5. Circumference 3 ft. 8 in.
6. Circumference 9 ft. 2 in.
7. Volume 22 cub. ft. 792 cub. in.
8. Volume I cub. ft.
Find the radii of the following spheres, having
9. Surface 616 sq. in.
10. Surface 264 sq. in.
11. Surface 17 sq. ft. 16 sq. in.
12. A solid is composed of a cylinder with hemispherical ends. If the
cylindrical portion is 6 ft. long and 4 ft. in diameter, find the area of the
whole surface.
13. Find the cost of painting a hemispherical dome 46 ft. in diameter, at
the rate of per square yard.
3</.
14. Asolid is composed of a cylinder with hemispherical ends. If the
whole length of the solid is 9 ft., and if its diameter is 3 ft., find the cost of
polishing its surface at the rate of u. 6d. per square foot.
15. Find, to the hundredth part of an inch, the radius of a sphere whose
surface is equal to the whole surface of a right circular cone whose height is
6 in., and the diameter of whose base is 4 in.
16. Find the internal surface of a spherical shell of thickness I in., and of
external radius 5*5 in.
17. Find the cost of varnishing the whole surface of a hemispherical bowl,
in. thick and 8 in. in internal diameter, at the rate of $d. per square inch.
18. Asolid is composed of a right circular cone and hemisphere having
the same circular base :find the whole surface of the solid if the Height of the
cone is 2 ft., and the diameter of the common circular base I ft.
19. Find the ratio of the surface of a cube to the surface of its inscribed sphere.
20. The vertical angle of a right circular cone is 90, and its height is
10 in. find the surface of the greatest inscribed sphere.
:
144 Mensuration.

ILLUSTKATIVE EXAMPLES.
Segments and Zones of Spheres.
200. Example i. Find the area of the
curved surface of a segment of a sphere.
Height of segment 12 in., radius of sphere
20 in. (ir = 3'i4i6.)
Curved surface of \ =
1 ftdh sq. in. 198.
segment
where d 40,
h 12 ;

'
Curved SUrfaCe Of
ox 12 sq. in.
segment }-^x 4
= 1 507 '968 sq. in.

Example Divide the surface of a

2.

sphere of 10 radius into three equal

in.

parts by parallel sections, and find the

heights of the two segments and of the
middle zone.
Since the curved surface of each part
is one-third the surface of the sphere,
therefore the height of each part must
be one-third the diameter of the sphere
= 6} in.

Example 3. Find the distance from a sphere of radius 20 ft. from

which one-fourth of its
surface can be seen.
From
the point E,
outside the sphere
A BCD, the curved sur-
face of the segment
ABC is visible.
If, one-fourth
then,
part of the surface of
the sphere is visible
from E) we must have
196.
= 10 ft.

.*. FG = 10 ft.

But, by similar figures

: FG 66
EG : 20 ft. = 20 : 10
 Spheres Segments of Splteres,
,
and Zones of Spheres. 145

/. EG = 40 ft.

/. EB = 20 ft.

Example 4. A sphere is 90 ft. in diameter : find what fraction of

the whole surface visible to will be
an eye placed at a distance of 8 ft.
from the surface.
Fraction of surface) p&
of sphere ABCD\- 196.
visible from E )
BD
But, by similar figures
FG :
45 ft. = 45 ft. : EG
and EG = (8 + 45) ft.
= 53 ft.

hence required
H fraction =
53 x 90
_
Example 5. A
sphere of 20 in. radius is placed inside a frustum
of a cone (the radii of whose ends are 24 in. and 12 in, and depth
30 in.), which is full of water find the extent of spheric surface wetted.
:

We must first ascertain in what

position the sphere will rest.
Let the figure represent a sec-
tion of the sphere and frustum
%

through the axis of the frustum.

Complete the cone of which the
frustum is a part.
By similar figures
AG AG +: 30 in. = 12 :
24 66.
/. AG = 30 in.

Again, by similar figures

AD DE = AB -#_._
: : 66.
or AD 20 = JBC*'+AC*
: in.
:BC. . 16.
= V 2* + 2
6o 2 : 24
24
AD =
= 53*8516 in.
C.DG = (53*8516
- 30) in.
= 23-8516 in.
and FG = 3-8516 in.
146 Mensuration.

which shows that the sphere does not rest on the bottom of the
frustum.
Hence
Extent of spheric surface wetted = -xdh sq. in. . .
198,

where d= 40,
h = 30
- 3*8516 = 26-1484;
that is

extent of spheric surface wetted = ty x 40 x 26-1484 sq. in. nearly

= 3284*2 sq. in. nearly

Example 6. A zone of a sphere is 3 in. in thickness, the diameter

of the base is 14 in., and that of the top 10 in. find the curved
:

surface, (ir
= 3*1416.)

Let p in. = perpendicular distance of the base of the zone from

the centre of the sphere of which it is a
zone.
Then, if r in. = radius of this sphere,
v we have
(P ++ 3)
2
5
2 -
16.
and/ + 2
7
2 = ;

and r -

198.

hence
curved surface of zone = TTx */22i x 3 sq. in.
= 140*109 sq. in.
Example 7, A right cone, base 8 in. diameter, and slant height
I;
<Tj 12 in., is set into a sphere of radius 3 in., so
that vertex and centre coincide find the :

surface of the solid, (ir

= 3*1416.)
Let the figure represent a section of the
solid through the axis of the cone.
By similar figures
ED\ BC = $: 12 . . . 66.
ED
:. = 2 in.
also AG tjy i in. . 16.
= 2*/2 in.

.". curved surface of sphe-

rical segment EHD n. 198.

where d = 6,
/;= 2^2 + 3 ;
 Spheres, Segments of Spheres, and Zone^of Spheres. 147
Hence
curved surface of spherical 5
seer-1 ^
= * x /
6 x (2 >/2
/
+
s .

ment EHD J 3) sq. in.

also curved surface of conical \ i/ ^
- 10 X 8 +
,
* x N .
s
frustum BCDE j
2) .
9 sq. in. 193.
TT x 45 sq. in.
and base of cone ABC = TT x 4 2 sq. in 71.
= -TT x 16 sq. in.
hence surface of whole solid = ^{6(2^2 + 3) -f 45 + 16} sq. in.
= x 95*9705 sq. in.
TT

= 301*5 sq. in.

Examples XXXV. B.

Segments and Zones of Spheres.

(Take IT = 3?,
unless otherwise stated.)

Find the areas of the curved surfaces of the following segments of spheres,
having
1. Circumference of sphere 18 in. ; height of segment 5 in.
2. Radius of sphere 7 in. ; height of segment 2*3 in.
3. Diameter of sphere 3*5 in. ; height of segment 075 in.
Find the areas of the curved surfaces of' the following zones of spheres,
having
4. Circumference of sphere 2 ft. 6 in, ; height of zone 7 in,
5. Radius of sphere 2'8 in, ; height of zone 1*3 in.
6. Diameter of sphere 8*4 in. ; height of zone 3*2 in.
7. Find the whole surface of a segment of a sphere if the height of the
segment is 3 in., and if the radius of the sphere is 15 in.
8. Find the whole surface of a segment of a sphere if the height of the
segment is 4 ft., and if the circumference of the sphere is 62^ ft.
0. The diameter of a sphere is 25 ft. find the whole surface of a zone of
:

this sphere whose plane ends are distant 3 ft. 6 in. and 7 ft. 6 in. respectively
from the centre of the sphere and on the same side of it.
10. The diameter of a sphere is 25 ft. find the whole surface of a zone of
:

this sphere whose plane ends are distant 3 ft. 6 in, and 7 ft. 6 in. respectively
from the centre of the sphere and on opposite sides of it.
11. Find the curved surface of a segment of a sphere in which the radius
of the base is 6 in, and the height 3 in. (?r 3-1416.) =
12. Find the curved surface of a zone of a sphere in which the radii of the
plane ends are 4 in. and 5 in. respectively, and the thickness I in. (TT 3*1416.) =
13. Find at what distance from the surface of a sphere an eye must be
placed to see one-tenth of the surface, the radius of the sphere being I ft.

14. What fraction of the surface of a sphere will be visible to an eye

placed at a distance of 3 ft. from the centre, if the diameter of the sphere
is I ft. ?
148 Mensuration.

Examination Questions XXXV.

(Take TT = ^, unless otherwise stated.)

Spheres.
A. Bombay University: L.C.E. Second Exam.

1. Find the expense of painting a cylindrical pontoon with hemispherical

ends at 6d. per square yard, the length of the cylindrical part being 19 ft. 4 in.,
and the common diameter of the cylinder and hemispheres being 2 ft. 8 in.

B. Punjab University: First Exam, in Civil Engineering.

2. A
sphere is 36 in. in diameter find the area of its surface in
:
square
inches. = 3-14159.)
(TT
3. A
circular room has perpendicular walls 15 ft. high, the diameter of the
room being 28 ft. ; the roof is a hemispherical dome find the cost of plastering :

the whole surface at yd. per square foot.

4. Assuming the earth to be a sphere with a diameter of 5,000,000 ft., find
the area of its surface in square miles.
6. What is the surface of a sphere whose diameter is 21 in. ?
6. Find the volume of a sphere when its surface is equal to that of a circle
9 ft. in diameter.
C. Calcutta University: F.E. Exam.
7. Acathedral has two spires and a dome ; each of the former consists, in
the upper part, of a pyramid 60 ft. high, standing on a square base, of which
a side is 20 ft. The dome is a hemisphere of 40 ft. radius. Find the cost of
covering the three with lead at fyd. per square foot. (IT 3*1416.) =
D. Sibpi4r Engineer : Annual Exam.
8. A
wrought-iron cylindrical boiler 10 ft. long, 4 ft. in diameter, and f in.
thick (inside measurements), is closed by hemispherical ends find the external :

surface.
9. Acylinder 12 ft. high and 6 ft. in diameter is surmounted by a cone
also 6 ft. in diameter and 4 ft. high find the radius of a hemisphere whose
:

entire surface is equal to the united curved surfaces of the cone and the cylinder.

E. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

10. The price of a ball at id. the cubic inch is as great as the cost of

gilding it at $d. the square inch. : what is its diameter ?

F. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

11. A
sphere and a cube have the same surface show that the volume :

of the sphere is 1*38 times that of the cube. (TT

= 3'i4i6.)
12. A
cylinder 24 ft. long and 4 ft. in diameter is closed by a hemisphere
at each end find the area of the whole surface.
:

G. Roorkee Engineer : final.

13. A
sphere has the same number of cubic feet in its volume as it has
square feet in its surface find the diameter.
:
 Spheres, Segments of Spheres, and Zones of Spheres. 149

Segments of Spheres.
A. Bombay University: L.C.E. Second Exam.
14. Find at what distance from the surface of a sphere an eye must be
placed to see one-sixth of the surface, the diameter of the sphere being i ft.

B. Punjab University : First Exam, in Civil Engineering.

15. How much of the earth's surface could a person see if he were raised
6 miles above it? (The diameter of the earth = 7912 miles.)
16. A cast-iron shell 12 in. in external diameter floats in water and is
immersed 10 in. Find the area of the immersed surface in square feet ; multiply
it by 62*5, and the result will be the weight of the shell in pounds.
Supposing,
then, that cast iron weighs 435 Ibs. to a cubic foot, what will be the thickness
of the shell ?
C. Madras University : B.E. Exam.
17. Find the whole surface of a segment of a sphere when the radius of the
base is 16 ft., and height of segment 5 ft.
18. Find the area of a spherical dome, the diameter of the base being
25 ft. and the height 9 ft.
D. Calcutta University: F.E. Exam.
19. Ahollow paper cone, whose vertical angle is 60, is held with its
vertex downwards, and in it there is placed a sphere of radius of 2 in. The
portion of the cone remote from the apex is now cut away along the line
where the paper touches the sphere. Find the exterior surface of the body thus
formed.
E. Sibpur Apprentice Dept. : Annual Exam.
20. The radius of a sphere is 1 2 ft. ; from a point which is at a distance of
15 ft. from the centre of the sphere straight lines are drawn to touch the sphere,
thus determining a segment of the sphere find the area of the curved surface
:

of this segment.
F. Roorkee Engineer : Entrance.

21. At what distance from the surface of a sphere must an eye be placed
to see one-sixteenth of the surface ?

22. Find the convex surface of a slice 2 ft. high cut from a globe of 17 ft,

radius.

G. Roorkee Upper Subordinate : Entrance.

23. A sphere is 80 ft. in diameter find what fraction of the whole surface
:

will be visible to an eye placed at a distance of 41 ft. from the centre.

H. Staff College.
24. A hill,
rising out of a plane in the shape of a portion of the surface of
a sphere, is 300 ft. in height and 1200 ft. in diameter of base find, to :

the nearest square foot, by how much its surface exceeds the area of its base.
(TT
= 3'I4I59.)
Zones of Spheres.
A. Bombay University: L.C.E. Second Exam.
25. A spherical zone is 4 ft. thick, and the diameters of its opposite faces
are 12 and o ft. find the convex surface.
:
 1
50 Mensuration.

B. Calcutta University : F.E. Exam.

26. The radius of a sphere is 5 be cut off by two parallel
ft. If a section
planes, so that the radii of the ends are 4 ft. and 3 ft. respectively, find the
area of the curved surface thus cut off, ( I ) when the sections are on the same
side of the centre, (2) when on opposite sides of it.

C. Roorkce Engineer: Final.

27. A cylindrical tower 24 ft. in diameter and 30 ft. high is capped with
a hemispherical dome. The top of the dome is cut off, and over the orifice
formed is built a cylindrical lantern 8 ft. in diameter and 10 ft. high, closed at
the top by a plane surface. Find, in square yards, the total exterior of the
building.

Additional Examination Questions XXXV.

28. Find the percentage of error in the following approximation The :

weight of a lo-in. shell, I in. thick, is taken as equal to that of a plate of the
same material and thickness, with an upper surface area equal to that of a
sphere of 8 in. diameter. (Madras University: B.E. Exam.)
29. A sphere is 100 ft. in diameter find what fraction of the whole
:

surface will be visible to an eye placed at a distance of 80 ft. from the centre.
(Roorkee Engineer Final.)
:

30. Assuming the dome of the Tbomason College to be hemispherical,

having a radius of 1 8 ft., and the superincumbent portion to be cylindrical, the
exterior diameter of which is 6 ft. calculate the cost of gilding the exposed
,

portion of the dome at I an. per square inch. (Do not calculate for the super-
incumbent portion.) (Roorkee Engineer Final.) :

31. The height of a zone of a sphere is 2\ ft., and the diameter of the
sphere is 6 ft. find the area of the curved surface.
:
(Roorkee Upper Subor-
dinate: Monthly.)
32. Show that the area of the curved surface of a segment of a sphere
exceeds that of the base by the area of a circle whose radius equals the height
of the segment. (Roorkee Engineer Final.) :
 CHAPTER XXXVI.
ON SIMILAR SOLIDS.

PROPOSITION XLVIII.
201. Having given the lengths of two corresponding lines drawn in
two similar solids and the area of the surface of one of these solids
, }

to find the area of the surface of the other solid.

Let A BCD, EFGHte two similar solids.
Let the corresponding lines and AB EF measure a and l
a>2

of the same linear unit respectively.

Let the area of the surface of the solid measure S2 EFGH

of any square unit.
It is required to find the area of the surface of the solid
ABCD in terms of a^ a^ and Sz .

It can be proved that the surfaces of similar solids have to

one another the ratio of the squares of the lengths of any two
corresponding lines that may be drawn in them.

/. surface of solid ABCD ; surface of solid EFGH= AB* : EF*

That is

Surface Of solid ABCD :

S* = a? :
2
2 .

Hence rule
The area cf tJie surface of a solid is found by taking its ratio to
152 Mensuration.

the known area of the stirface of a similar solid, and equating it

to tJie ratio of the squares of known corresponding lengths in the two
solids.
Or briefly
Surface of first ratio of the squares of correspond-
solid surface: = (
{.
ing lengths in first solid and
of second solid ( second solid
i : S2 = *>? : a 22
Hence
a2 = i :
VS 2 ..... (ii.)

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
202. Example A pyramid is cut into four parts by three planes
i.

parallel to the base, dividing the height

into four equal parts compare the side :

surfaces of the four parts.

Let the side surfaces of the four parts
measure A%, Sy A^
4 of the A A same square
unit respectively.
Then, by similar figures

= 4 16
-9
i : : :

: A 3
= i :
4 i :
9
- 4 : 16
-9
= 1:3:5:7
Example 2. The weights of two similar
solids of the same material are as 1331 : i :

find the ratio of the surface of the first to

the surface of the second.
Let Fj cub. in. and K 2
cub. in. be the volumes of the two solids
respectively.
Let A l sq. in. and A 2 sq. in. be the surfaces of the two solids
respectively.
Let a l in. and a 2 in. be corresponding lengths in the two solids
respectively.
Then, since the weights of bodies of the same material are propor-
tional to their volumes
V, : F =
2 1331 : i

.\fl 1 :
2
=
=
5/1331 :?/i ..... i?8.
ii : i

/. A^ : A z
= 121 : i ....... 201.
Required ratio is 121 : i

Example 3. The radii of the ends of a frustum of a right cone are

7 ft. and 10 ft.
respectively, and the slant height is 4 ft. if the frustum :
 On Similar Solids. 153
be divided into two of equal curved surface, find the slant height of
each part.
Complete the cone of which the frustum is a part.
Let DE
in the figure indicate the position of the cutting
plane.
Surface of cone ABC
\ surface of
cone\ A m AD
AB n2 AIA * c
2O1= . . j^>
ADE: surface of cone S AFG ' ' ' '

But surface of cone ADE = |(surfaceof cone AB C-f- sur-

face of cone AFG)
:. AD 2 = \(AB* -f AF*)
Or, if AB - j, ft. A
and AD = j a ft.

+s \

Again, by similar figures

s\ s\ + 4 = 7 10 - 66.
o iJ8 O'lll
i a 9 333
Hence

= 11*508
and Z> = (11-508
- 9*333) ft. = 2-17 ft.

(4-2'i7)ft. - r82 ft.

Examples -XXXVI.
1. The radii oftwo spheres are as 5 : 2 find the ratio of their surfaces.
:

2. The heights of two similar cones are 8 in. and 7 in. respectively find :

the ratio of their curved surfaces.

3. The diagonals of two cubes are as 5 : 8 express the surface of the :

first as a decimal of the surface of the second.

4. The volumes of two similar solids are as 27 : 64 find the ratio of their :

surfaces.
5. The areas of two similar solids are as 49 : 81 : find the ratio of their
volumes.
6. The weights of two similar solids of the same material are as 125 : I :
of the first.
express the surface of the second as a vulgar fraction of the surface
7. A
cone is cut into two parts by a plane parallel to the base if the :

cutting plane passes through the middle point of the height of the cone, find
the ratio of the curved surfaces of the two parts.
8. A
cone whose height is 2 ft. is cut by a plane parallel to the base,
which divides its curved surface into two equal parts : find the distance of the

plane from the vertex of the cone.

9. The base of a cone is 121 sq. in. find the area of the base of a similar
:

cone whose volume is to that of the former as 343 : 1331.

10. A cone is cut into three parts by two planes parallel to the base and
trisecting the height compare the curved surfaces of the three parts.
:
1
54 Mensuration.

Examination Questions XXXVI.

A. Punjab University : First Exam, in Civil Engineering.

1. The radii of the ends of a frustum of a cone are 5 ft. and 8 ft., and the

slant height is 4 ft. if the frustum be divided into

: two of equal curved surfaces,
find the slant height of each part.

B. Roorkee Engineer: Entrance.

2. The diagonal of a cube is 2 ft. 4 in. : find the exterior surface of a

second cube whose diagonal is equal to the edge of the first cube.
3. The surface of a certain solid is three times as great as the surface of a
similar solid find the proportion which the volume of the first bears to the
:

volume of the second.

 CHAPTER XXXVII.
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
(Take IT = -2 2
7 -,
unless otherwise stated.)

1. GIVE
general formulae for area of a regular hexagon ; area of a
segment of a circle ; area of the [curved surface of a frustum of a cone ; area of
the curved surface of a segment of a sphere ; volume of a wedge ; volume of
a zone of a sphere.
2. Give general formulae for the area of a triangle, and for the surfaces and
the volumes of a cone and frustum of a pyramid.
3. Find the areas of a square and a circle, the perimeter of each being
ft.
3000
4. In a right-angled triangle the sides forming the right angle are 24 ft.
and 45 feet find the perpendicular from the right angle on the hypotenuse.
:

5. In a parallelogram the perpendiculars between the two pairs of parallel

sides are 65 ft. and 91 ft. if one side is 119 ft., find the adjacent side.
:

0. The chord of an arc is 48 in., and the chord of half the arc is 27 in, :
find approximately the length of the arc.
7. Give general formulae for finding the areas of a circle, a trapezoid, a
sector of a circle ; also for the solidity of a sphere and a prismoid.
8. What is the area of a triangle, the sides of which are 6, 5, and 3 in. ?
9. Find the length of the side of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a
circle whose radius is I yd.
10. Give the rules for finding the areas of a parallelogram, a trapezoid,
a segment of a circle, and an ellipse, and the solid content of a pyramid and a
sphere.
11. The top of a circular table is 7 ft. in diameter and I in. thick : find
itscubic contents, and the cost of polishing its upper surface at 8 annas per
square foot.
12. The perimeter of a semicircle is 100 ft. find the radius. :

13. How
many cubic feet of deal are contained in 200 planks, each 15 ft.
long, IO in. wide, and I j in. thick ?
14. The two parallel sides of a trapezoid measure 58 yds. and 42 yds., and
the other sides are equal, each being 17 yds. find the area; :

15. State the rules for finding the surface and volume of a cylinder and
the surface of a sphere. Give the j
ptismpjdalformula.
18. The area of a sector of a circleTrTjnfTT and the length of the arc is
5 ft. find the radius of the circle, and the number of degrees in the arc.
:

(TT
= 3-14159.)
17. What is the weight of 2666 cub. ft. of a stone, a piece of which 20 in.
long, 8 in. broad, and 15 in. deep weighs 280 Ibs. ?
18. Give rules for finding the areas of a triangle, a circle, and a sector of
a circle.
156 Mensuration.

19. The sides of a triangle being 16, 17, and 18 ft., determine whether its
area is greater or less than that of an equilateral triangle whose sides are each

I7ft.
20. Find the area of the triangle whose sides are 4J, 6, and 8 ft. to the
nearest square inch.
21. The wheel of a carriage, in passing over 25,600 in., makes as many
revolutions as there are inches in its circumference find its diameter.
:

22. Find to the nearest foot the, dimensions of a triangle whose sides are
in the ratio of 5 \ 6 : 8, and whose area is one acre.
2J^.-3 wtf actyAGeBk^ides of a quadrilateral are 3 ft. and 4 ft. respectively,
:

anjd'lhe angle contained by them is 90 ; the other two sides of the quadrilateral
jrre enual, and the angle contained by them is 60 find the area. :

24. Find the weight of cast iron in a pillar, the interior and exterior
diameters being 9 in. and 1 1 in. respectively, and length 10 it., a cubic inch of
cast iron weighing 0*26 Ib.
25. Two tangents drawn from an external point
to a circle are at right
angles, and measure each find the area of the circle.
\\ in. :

28. The extremity of the minute-hand of a clock moves 5 in. in 3 minutes :

what is its length ?

27. The circumference of a circular field is 314 yds. 10*285714 in. what :

is its diameter and area ?

28. How many 3-in. cubes can be cut out of a cubic foot ?
29. The sides of a triangle are 55, 48, and 71 ft. respectively: calculate
its area in square feet to seven places of decimals.
30. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 200 ft. find its area.
:

31. If you had to make a pathway round a quadrangle, so that its area may
be just half that of the quadrangle, the dimensions of the latter being 350 ft.
X 1 50 ft. what would be the width of the pathway ?
:

32. pontoonA with hemispherical ends is 50 ft. in extreme

~~*~ length, and
"

diameter 5 ft. find its capacity.

:

33. Find the length of the arc and area of the segment of a circle, having
given the chord of the arc = 40, and chord of half the arc = 25.
34. An oblong room is 21 ft. 7 in. long, 15 feet wide, and 10 ft. high. In
it are two doors 7 ft. X 3 ft., two windows 5 ft x 3 ft., with semicircular
heads, and a fireplace 4 ft. x 3 ft. 6 in. What is the surface of the walls ?
35. Find in acres the area of a triangle whose sides are 32 chains 1 1 links,
25 chains 32 links, and 22 chains 75 links respectively.
36. The area of a trapezoid is 3} acres, the sum of the two parallel sides is
242 yards find the perpendicular distance between them.
:

37. A
ladder is 25 ft. long, and stands upright against a walU find how
far the bottom of the ladder must be pulled out from the wall so as to lower the
i ft.
top
38. The diagonals of a rhombus are 44 and 1 1 7 ft. respectively find the :

area, length of side, and height of the rhombus.

39. Compare the areas of two regular pentagons, one inscribed in a given
circle, and the other described about it.
40. Compare the areas of the circles inscribed within and circumscribed
about an equilateral triangle.
41. The base of an aquarium is a square, the height is half a side of the
base, and there is no lid ; the glass cost Rs.3i 4 annas at Rs.i5 per square
yard find the number of gallons the aquarium will hold.
:

42. If a cubic inch of gunpowder weigh oz., what weight of powder

jj

would be required to fill a conical vessel o in. in diameter and slant height
5in.?
43. The area of a regular hexagon is 400 find the length of
: its side, and
its inscribed and circumscribed circles*
the radii of
 Miscellaneous Examples. 157
44. How manyyards of canvas 27 in. wide are required to construct a
conical tent 18 ft. and 13 ft. in height ?
in diameter
45. The sides of a triangle, of which the perimeter is 594 ft. , are in the
ratio 13 I 20 : 21 find its area. :

46. Find the area of a quadrilateral field A BCD, the side being 457 AB
ft., BC 568 CD 570
ft., DA 807 ft., ft., and AC 793 ft.

47. A tower on the bank of a river is 120 ft.

high, and the angle of eleva-
tion of the top from the opposite bank is 30 : find the breadth of the river.
48. A
parallelogram whose adjacent sides are severally and M
units of N
length can be divided into MN parallelograms, each having adjacent sides of
unit length can the area of the
:
parallelogram be taken as MN
units of area ?
49. The radius of a circle being 6 in., find the area of the inscribed
regular hexagon.
50. Find the length in yards of a cord fastened to a stake at one end and
to a cow's neck at the other, so as to allow her to feed on a bigha of grass and
no more. (IT = 3-14159.)
51. A complete pile of shot stands upon a rectangular base whose unequal
sides contain 6 and 14 shot respectively find the number of shot in the pile.
:

52. What must be the side of an equilateral triangle so that its area may
be equal to that of a square of which the diagonal is 180 ft. ?
53. What ratio does the area of a circle bear to that of its inscribed square ?
54. Find the side of an equilateral triangle of which it cost as much to
pave the area at is. per square foot as to fence the sides at 6s. 6d. per foot.
55. Find the area of a triangle whose sides are 243, 324, and 405 yds.
respectively, and express the result in acres, roods, and perches.
56. The diagonals of a field, the sides of which are all equal, are 88 yds.
and HO yds. respectively find its acreage. :

57. Given the perimeter equal to p linear units, find the greatest area that
itwill enclose.
58. In a circular riding school of 100 ft. in diameter a circular ride
within the outer edge is to be made of a uniform width of 10 ft. find the cost :

of doing this at 4^. per square foot. (TT

= 3' 14159.)
59. Find the area of the maximum triangle that can be inscribed in a
circle of 10 ft. radius.
60. Define, "wedge," " " " "
parallelepiped," prism," cone," pyramid,"
"
prismoid," and illustrate them with sketches.
61. Lay down a field from the annexed notes, and find its area

Links.

ToD
1160
To C 596 1016
To B 304 392
From A go east

62. What is the area of the slant surface of a frustum of a right cone, the
areas of the two circular ends being 1256-64 sq. in. and 78-54 sq. in. respec-
tively, and the vertical height of the frustum 20
in. ? (IT 3-1416.) =
63. If in the last question 20 in. had been the height of the cone before it
was truncated, instead of that of the frustum, what would be the volume of
the frustum? (v = 3*1416.)
64. What will be the expense of painting a conical church-spire at 8 annas
per square yard, the circumference of the base being 64 ft., and its height
u8ft.?
I 58 Mensuration.

65. In a right-angled triangle prove that area = s(s c\ c being the

hypotenuse, and s the semi-perimeter.
66. A
man walking along a straight road observes at one milestone a house
making an angle of 30 with the road, and that at the next milestone the
angle is 60 : how far is the house from the road ?
67. Each side of a rhombus is 24 ft., and one of the diagonals is also
24 ft. : find the area.
68. The perimeter of a semicircle is looft. find the area. (IT = 3-14159.)
:

69. The sides of a triangle are 32, 27, and 48 in. find the area of the :

and the diameter of the circumscribing circle.

triangle
70. Define "cube," "cylinder," "sphere," "spheroid," and illustrate
them with sketches.
71. The diameter
of a circle, AF, is 15 ft. ; DF, the height of a segment
whose chord, BE, perpendicular to the diameter, is 3 ft. join AB, and find
is :

its perpendicular distance from the centre of the circle.

72. The side of a regular octagon is 20 ft. : find the area ; also the area of
the inscribed circle.
73. An
equilateral triangle and a square have the same area : compare
their perimeters.
74. The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 8 ft. and 16 ft., and its area
is half that of a square having the same perimeter : find the perpendicular
distance between each pair of opposite sides.
75. Find the area of a square whose side is equal to two- thirds of the radius
of a circle whose area is 9900 sq. ft.
76. The area of a sector is 99 sq. ft., and the length of the arc 9 ft. find :

the radius and the angle at the centre. (TT 3' 1416.)
=
77. Find the area of a segment of a circle whose chord is 24 in. and height
5 in.
78. Draw a plan of the field ABODE ^
and calculate its area from the
accompanying notes
Links.

900
To E 300 600
500 oC
200 400 to B
From A,

79. Give general formuloe for finding

the volume of
(a) Pyramid
*'
; "> ,

*
l *v (+*
i Oblate.$pteroi<L;
(t)
/^ (c) Prolate spheroid.
80. ThtTcEorcl of an arc is 1578 ft.,
and the height of the arc is 2 '8 ft. find :

the diameter of the circle.

81. AB
(see sketch) represents an iron
ladder resting against the eaves of a
thatched building. The eaves project 2 ft.
from the walls, and the slope of the roof
is 45. If = 2 ft.,
CB 18 ft., ED =
AD 14 ft., how far must the foot of
the ladder be pulled out in order that the
top may just reach the eaves ? What is the length of the ladder ?
 Miscellaneous Examples^ 159

82. The greatest and least diameters of two snjier^ids

respectively, one spheroid being oblate
and the other prolate
^ :
4 ft, and 3 ft.

what is the
volume of each spheroid?
83. Two sides of a triangle are 143 ft. and 165 ft. the perpendicular on
;

the third side 132 ft. find the area of the triangle.
is :

84. A
circle of circumference 70*65 lies entirely within another of circum-
ference 11775 find the area of the an^ujus, taking ir = 3-14.
:

85. Find the area of the space bounded by two concentric circles and their
radii in terms of the intercepted arcs and the distance between them.
Two concentric circles have radii 10 ft. and 15 ft. respectively: calculate
the area of the figure bounded by these circles and radii inclined to each other
at an angle of 40. (TT
= 3*14159.)
86. In a right-angled isosceles triangle the radius of the inscribed circle is
I ft. : find the sides.
87. The area of a sector is 230 sq. ft. ; the angle of the sector is 40 find :

the whole perimeter of the sector. (TT

= 3*14159.)
88. A polygonal field is measured by carrying a base-line from one corner,
A, to another, B> and taking offsets right and left, as in the following field-
book :

go north-west

Find the area.

89. Give general formulae for finding the volumes of
(a) Frustum of cone ;
(It) Segment of sphere.
90. Find the cost of turfing a grass plot in the form of a regular octagon
at the rate of 2 annas per square yard, each side of the octagon being 20 ft.
91. The surface of a sphere is 113*0976 sq. in. find its diameter and solid
;

content. 3*1416.)
(TT
=
92. The angle contained by two sides of a triangle is 30, and the length
of these sides are 215 ft. and 248 ft. respectively find the area.
:

93. The diagonals of a quadrilateral are 30 and 40 chains, and they

intersect at an angle of 45 find the area.
:

94. Each side of a rhombus is 32 ft, and each of the larger angles is equal
to twice each of the smaller angles find the area.
:

95. Find the diameter of the round the triangle having

circle described
the following sides : 136, 125,99. * ^
96. What is the area of a sector* greater than a semicircle, the chord of the
whole arc of the remaining sectoFbeing 72 ft., the chord jpf half thejurc 45 ft.,
* ~*
and the radius 37 ft. 6 in. ?
97. firaw a rough sketch of the field and calculate its area from the
following notes : 'A
i6o Mensuration.

To E 470

ToZ>6o

98. A pendulum swings through an angle of 30, and the end describes an
arc of I3fr in. : find the length of the
pendulum.
99. The equidistant ordinates of a curvilinear area are I, 41, 58, 61, 61,
57, 54, 46, 41, 33, 24, 1 6, I, and they are measured from a base-line 240 ft.
in length : find approximately the area.
100. Required the volume of a rectangular parallelepiped which is 8 ft. Q in.
long, 5 ft. 6 in. broad, and 4 ft. 3 in. high. Find also the length of its diagonal.
101. The area of a circular table is 805 sq. in. find how many nails,
:

each in. apart, will be required to nail on a border. (TT

= 3 '1416.)
102. The bottom of an axle round which a well rope is wound is
2 ft. 6 in. from the surface of the ground, and 9 in. in diameter. When all the
rope is wound up, it takes fourteen turns of the handle before the rope can be
lowered so as to just touch the bottom of the well. What is the depth of the
well from the surface of the ground ?
103. A cylindrical pillar has a hemispherical top. Diameter of base 4 ft.,
total height of pillar 10ft. Find its cubic content.
104. A log of English oak is 15 ft. long, 18 in. broad, and 12 in. thick :

at what distance from one end must the log be cut that the smaller portion
may weigh 5 cwt., supposing i ton of English oak to contain 36*205 cub. ft. ?
105. The sides of a quadrilateral taken in order are 27, 36, 30, and 25 ft.
respectively, and the angle contained by the first two sides is a right angle :

find the area.

108. A man standing due south of a tower observes its altitude to be 60 ;

afterwalking 150 ft. in an easterly direction, he finds its altitude to be 45 :

find the height of the tower.

107. Find by duodecimals the volume of a rectangular parallelepiped
having the following dimensions 7 ft. 5 in., 6 ft. 7 in., 3 ft. 10 in.
:

108. Draw a plan and calculate the area of a field from the following
measurements in links :

To A
1700
From C range to A
To C
800
400 65
From B ,
go north

1500
1 100 1 80

625 240
From A go east
 Miscellaneous Examples. 161

109. A gardener wishes to make a grass plot in the form of a regular

hexagon that shall contain 260 sq. yds. what must be the length of its side ?
:

110. Find the area of a field, one side of it being 198 links and 7
ordinates to it, measured at equal distances to the opposite curvilinear boundary,
being in order 60, 75, 80, 82, 76, 63, and 50 links.
111. What is the weight of an iron shell, the external and internal
diameters of which are 9 in. and 6 in. respectively, if an iron ball of 4 in.
diameter weigh 9 Ibs. ?
112. A pillar 60 ft. high has an elliptical base and top. The major axes
of base and top are 20 ft. and 10 ft. respectively, the minor axes 8 ft. and 4 ft.
respectively. Find its cubic content.
113. Find the area of a pentagonal field ABCDE^ given that
AB = 20 yds., BC 41 yds., CD =-. 51 yds., - 100 yds., = DE AE BD
= 58 yds., and that AB and are parallel. DE
114. Find, correct to two places of decimals, the area of a regular octagon
inscribed in a circle of unit radius.
115. The difference between the diameter and the circumference of a circle
is 10 ft. find the diameter (IT
:
3-1416.) =
116. The minute-hand of a clock makes an arc of in. in ten minutes n :

find the radius of the face of the clock. (IT

= 3 '141 6.)
117. The height of an arc is I ft. 3 in., and the diameter of the circle is
II ft. 3 in. find the chord of half the arc.
:

118. Find the area of a field, one side of it being 990 links, and seven equi-
distant ordinates from it to the opposite curvilinear boundary being 300, 375,
400, 410, 380, 315, 250 links.
119. The diameter of the base of a cone is 3 ft. 4 in., and its slant side is
1 6 ft. what is its solidity ? (ir
:
3' 1416.) =
120. An iron pipe is 3 in. in bore, in. thick, and 20 ft. long find its :

weight, supposing that a cubic inch of iron weighs 4*526 ozs.

121. Supposing iron to be eight times the weight of oak, what will be the
diameter of an iron ball whose weight is equal to that of a ball of oak 18 in. in
diameter ?

122. Two sides of a triangle are 40 and 60 yds., and they contain an angle
of 30 find the area.
:

123. Three sides of a quadrilateral field taken in order are 15, 10, and 20
chains the angle between the first two sides is 150, and the angle between
;

the second and third is 60 find the area in square chains.

:

124. A square field is bounded by a path 3 yds. wide, the field and path
together occupying 2j acres : find the cost of covering the path with gravel at
is. 6d. per square yard.
125. Two circles whose radii are 30 ft. and 40 ft. intersect the distance ;

between their centres is 50 ft. find the length of their common chord.
:

126. The sides of a triangle arc in, 175, and 176 ; two straight lines are
drawn across the triangle parallel to the largest side, and dividing each of the
other sides into three equal parts find the areas of the three parts into which
:

the triangle is divided.

127. Apply Simpson's rule to find approximately the area of a curvilinear
figure from the following data ordinates o, 9, 13, 17, 19, 22,
:
17, I3,~15, 4! 2 ;
base = 61.
128. The height of a cylinder is to be equal to the radius of the base, and
the volume is to be 500 cub. in. find the height. :

129. Supposing a cubic foot of brass to weigh 8500 ozs., find the weight
of a yard of brass wire, the thickness of which is fa in.
130. The base of a pyramid is a rectangle which is 18 ft. by 26 ft. ; the
length of the straight line drawn from the vertex to the middle point of either
of the shorter sides of the base is 24 ft. find the volume. :
1 62 Mensuration.

131. What number of 8-in. cannon balls can be made out of 100 tons of
supposing a cubic foot to weigh 441 Ibs. ? (IT = 3-1416.)
iron,
132. The sides of a quadrilateral field ABCD are AB = 20 yds.,
BC = 26 yds. 2 ft., CD 80 yds., DA
= 85 yds. 2 ft. the shorter diagonal
;

AC = 33 yds. I ft. :
prove that the angles ABC, ACD are each of them a
right angle, and calculate the area of the field.
133. The perimeter of one square exceeds that of another by 100 ft., and
the area of the larger square exceeds three times the area of the smaller by
325 sq. ft. find the length of their sides.
:

134. A gravel walk of uniform breadth is made round a rectangular grass

plot, the sides of which are 20 and 30 yds. : find the breadth of the walk if its
area be three-tenths of that of the grass plot.
135. The chord of an arc is 6 in., and the radius of the circle is 9 in. :

find the arc.

136. An estate which has been surveyed is one hundred million times as
large as the plan which has been made of it express the scale of the plan in
:

terms of inches to a mile.

137. A right-angled triangle, of which the sides are 5 and 12 in. in length,
is made to turn round its hypotenuse find the surface of the double cone thus
:

produced.
138. Find the volume of a cylindrical shell, the radius of the inner surface
being 12 in., and the thickness 3 in., and the length 10 ft. (IT
= 3-1416.)
139. What is the volume of a spherical zone, the diameters of its ends
being 10 and 12 in., and its height 2 in. ? (IT 3-1416.)
140. The height of a right circular cylinder is 4 ft. find the height of a :

similar cylinder of nine times the volume.

141. The parallel sides of a trapezoid are 100 and 180 ft., and the angles
which the other two sides make with the shorter side are 135 and 150 : rind
the area in square yards.
142. ABCDEF is a figure having six equal sides ; 57*8 ft., AB
BF = 64*4 ft., and the portion BCEFhims
a rectangle : find the area.
143. The side of a square is 85 yds., and a path 10 yds. wide goes round
the square outside it : find how many stones, each I ft. 4 in. long by 10 in.
wide, will be required to pave the path.
144. If the length of the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle
be 21 in., and the angle between them be 60, show that the area of the circle
is 462 sq. in. nearly.
145. The base of a field in the form of a trapezoid is 30 and the two
perpendicular sides are 28 and 16 chains respectively how would you divide
:

it equally between two persons by a fence parallel to the perpendiculars ?

146. A solid is composed of a hemisphere and a cone on opposite sides of

the same circular base ; the diameter of this base is 5 ft., and the height of the
cone is 5 ft. find the volume of the solid.
:
(IT
= 3-1416.)
147. Find by duodecimals the volume of a rectangular solid which is
8 ft. 9 in. long, 5 ft. 6 in. broad, and 4 ft. 3 in. deep.
148. A square tower, 21 ft. on each side, is to have either a flat roof
covered with sheet lead which costs 6d. per square foot, or a pyramidal roof
whose vertical height is 10 ft., covered with slates which cost iSs. gd. per
hundred, and each of which has an exposed surface of 12 in. X 9 in. find the :

cost in each case.

149. Find the contents of a wedge whose base is 1 6 in. long and 2\ in.
broad, its height being 7 in. and its edge io in.
150. The base of a complete triangular pile of shot is an equilateral
triangle whose side contains ten shot : find the number of shot in the pile.
151*. The volume of a cone is equal to the area of the base by one-third the
perpendicular height. Deduce the volume of a frustum of a cone, the
diameters of the ends being d and </', and the altitude //.
 Miscellaneous Examples. 163

152. Find the number of cubic feet of masonry in an arch of the following
dimensions span = 60 ft. = radius of inner curve, depth of arch = 4 ft., and
:

length = 20 ft.

153. A rope-dancer, walking on a slack rope 153 ft. long, fastened to the
top of two perpendicular poles, each 80 ft. high, placed at a distance of 147 ft.
from each other, breaks the rope and falls at a distance of 48 ft. from one of
the poles from what height did he fall ?
:

154. The side of an equilateral triangle is I ft. each of the sides is ;

divided into four equal parts, and the nearest points of division are joined find :

the area of the hexagon so formed.

155. Determine the scale used in the construction of a plan upon which a
square foot of surface represents an area of 10 acres.
156. What is the solidity of a cube whose diagonal is 81 ft. ?
157. The altitude of a cone is 10 ft., and the diameter of its base I ft.
Divide it into three equal parts by sections parallel to the base, and determine
the altitude of its three parts.
158. Find the number of cubic feet that must be removed to form a
prismoidal cavity, depth 12 ft. ; top and bottom are rectangles, the corre-
sponding dimensions of which are 400 ft. X 180 ft. and 150 ft. X 350 ft.
159. Find the weight of a solid ring of wrought iron whose external
diameter is I ft., thickness of iron 2 in. (Wrought iron weighs 0*28 Ib. per
cubic inch.)
160. Explain the meaning of the prismoidal formula by taking an example.
161. A cast-iron tank is required to hold 8000 galls, of water what is :

the area of each side and the area of the base of an octagonal one, the height
of which must be 8 ft. ?
162. Find the area of a rectangle inscribed in a triangle of sides 13, 37, 40,
having one side coincident with the longest side of the triangle, and the ratio
of adjacent sides 10 ; I.
163. A
hall can be paved with two hundred square tiles of a certain size ;
if each tile were I in. longer each way it would take 128 tiles find the length :

of each tile.
164. A
portion of a circle is cut off by two parallel chords situated on the
same side of the centre, and of lengths V3 I and V3 +
I
respectively, the
perpendicular distance between them being I ft. find the radius of the circle.
:

165. The fence of an enclosure in the form of a regular octagon cost

^840 at 4J*. 6d. per foot what will be the cost of gravelling the surface at
:

iQ\d. per square yard.

166. A
sphere of copper 12 in. in diameter is beaten out into a circular
plate 40 in. in diameter what is the thickness of the plate, supposing 5 per
:

cent, of the metal is lost in working ?

167. Find to the nearest square inch the quantity of leather required to
cover a spherical football which measures 23 in. in circumference.
168. Find the area in square inches of the exposed surface of three bricks
each 9 in. X 4! in. x 3 in., piled as follows The first is laid flat on a table, the
:

second is placed on end on the first and at right angles to it, the third is laid
flat on the second at right angles to it.
169. The interior diameter of a cylindrical ring is 26 in., and its thickness
8 in.what is its solidity ?
:

170. The ends of a prismoid are rectangles the corresponding dimensions

of which are 8 ft. x 7 ft. and 10 ft. X 6 ft., and the height is 4 ft. find the :

volume.
171. The diameter of a I2*lb. shot is 4! in. what is the thickness of an:

8-in. shell which weighs 43$? Ibs. ?

172. The frame of a looking-glass is 3 ft. 9 in. long and 2 ft. 4 in. broad :
find the dimensions of the glass when the area is
equal to that of the frame.
164 Mensuration.

173. Three equal circles touch each other : find a formula for the area of
the space between them, r being the radius of the circles.
174. At what time between 10 and n
o'clock are the hands of a watch
(i.)coincident, (ii.) opposite one another, (iii.) at right angles, (iv.) twenty-
five divisions apart ?
175. The side of a square is 12 ft. : the square is divided into three equal
parts by two straight lines parallel to the diagonal find the perpendicular
:

distance between the parallel straight lines.

176. Two spheres, whose radii are 7^ in. and 5^ in. respectively, an*
melted down and cast into a hollow shell if the external diameter of this
:

shell be 3 ft., find the diameter of the internal hollow space.

177. A
solid cylindrical projectile having one end hemispherical, the
other flat, is 4 ft. long and 6 in. in diameter : find its volume and whole
surface.
178. The edge of a wedge is 4 ft. 6 in., the length of the base 2 ft. 8 in.,
breadth of the base I ft. 4 in. ; the height of the
wedge is 21 in. find :

the volume.
179. How many marbles, each I in. in diameter, can be packed in a box
whose internal dimensions aie an exact cubic foot ?
180. How much canvas will make a conical tent ft. in n
height and 12 ft.
in diameter at the base, width of canvas being 45 in. ?
181. Two maps are of the same size. On the first a line 8*56 in. in length
represents 128*4 miles ; on the second an area of 100 acres is represented by
3J Compare the areas represented by the two maps.
sq. in.
182. If a cubic foot of iron weigh 4 cwt., what will be the weight of a
water-pipe of that material, the length of which is 10 ft. 4 in., the interior
diameter 8 in., and the thickness of metal j in. ? Also what will be the cost of
2 miles of such pipe at $ per ton ?
183. If a cubic foot of metal weigh 4 cwt. I qr., and is worth Rs.28o per
ton, what will be the cost of i mile of piping made out of it, with a 9-in. bore
and | in. thick ? (TT
= 3' 1 416.)
184. A maypole was broken by the wind, and its top struck the ground
2O ft. from the base. Had it been broken 5 ft. lower down, its top would have
extended 10 ft. further from the base required the height. :

185. Three men bought a grindstone of 50 in. diameter, each paying one-
third part of the expense what part of the diameter must each person grind
:

down for his share ?

186. How many
cubic feet are there in a grinding stone which is 3 ft. in
diameter, 6 thick at the circumference, and 9 in. at the centre ?
in.
187. A
cone 40 in. high and 17 in. diameter is to be cut into three equal
portions by planes parallel to the base what must be the altitude of each part ?
:

188. An embankment loo yds. long is uniformly 40 yds. wide at the

bottom ; it is 12 ft. deep at one end, and gradually increases to 15 ft. deep at
the other, and the upper widths at these ends are respectively 76 ft. and 85 ft. :
find the cubic yards of embankment.
189. A
vessel is in the shape of a cube ; it is without a lid if the :

external length is 3 ft., and the thickness of the material i in., find the number
of cubic inches of material.
190. The height of a solid 6-in. cube is diminished by pressure to 5 in. :
suppose the lateral expansion uniform throughout the mass, what will be the
dimension of the new base of this solid ?
191. A
pyramidal roof 16 ft. high, standing on a square base which is
24ft. on each side, is covered with sheet lead ,'g in. thick how many bullets :

will the lead make, each in the form of a cylinder J in. long and ft in.
in diameter, terminated at one end by a cone of the same diameter and in. jj

high?
 Miscellaneoiis Examples. 165

192. A conical glass 6 in. in diameter and 4 in. high is filled with water,
and a spherical ball 4 in. in diameter is sunk into it as far as it will go find
:

the weight of water displaced, taking the weight of a cubic foot of water at
62$ Ibs.
193. Acutting and an embankment have to be made, the former 30 ft.
deep, the latter half as high. The top of the embankment and bottom of the
cutting are equal and 40 ft. broad, and the sides of both slope at the same
angle, 45. Not allowing for the expansion of the excavated earth, what
length of embankment will no yards' run of cutting make ?
194. Abridge arch has a span of 60 ft., a rise of 10 ft., and a depth of
4 ft., and its length from face to face is 30 ft. find how many cubic feet of
:

masonry are in the arch.

195. Deduce the volume-formulae of a prism, a cylinder, a pyramid, and a
cone from the volume-formula of a prismoid.
196. Aflagstaff stands on a tower. I measure from the bottom of the
tower a distance of 100 ft. I then find that the top of the flagstaff subtends an
angle of 45, and the top of the tower an angle of 30 at my place of
observation. What is the height of the flagstaff?
197. The areas of the floors of two rooms are the same, but the volume of
one room is 1800 cub. ft. greater than that of the other. The length and the
height of the larger room are 2i| ft. and 15 ft. respectively, the width and the
height of the smaller 15 ft. and 10 ft. Find the remaining dimensions.
198. What will be the cost, to the nearest rupee, of arching over a room
32 ft. long and 20 ft. span, the arch being scgmental, with a rise of \ of span,
and thickness 9 in. ? (Cost of masonry, Rs. 35 per 100 cub. ft.)
199. Acylinder 5 ft. long and 3 ft. in diameter is closed by a hemisphere
at each end find the area of the whole surface,
:
(ir
= 3*1416.)
200. Find the number of gallons of water required to fill a tank, the depth
of which is 4^ ft., and the top and bottom of which are rectangles, the corre-
sponding dimensions of which are 250 ft. X 16 ft. and 240 ft. x 14 ft.
201. The cross-section of a brick subway 20 ft. long is a rectangle sur-
mounted by a semicircle. The total height is 8 ft. and breadth 4 ft., both
exclusive of the bricks ; the thickness of the bricks is 4^ in. Find the weight
of the bricks, if a brick containing ftth of a cubic foot weigh 5 Ibs.
202. The height of a frustum of a cone is 7 ft., and the diameters of the
two ends are 8 ft. and 10 ft. respectively ; the frustum is cut into two pieces of
equal volume by a plane parallel to the ends : find the distance of this plane
from the smaller end.
203. Abridge arch has a span of 20 ft., a rise of 3 ft., depth of voussoir
2 ft., and its length from face to face is 30 ft. : find how many cubic feet of
masonry it contains.
204. An observer holding a foot rule vertically before him at a distance of
3 ft. from his eye, finds that a distant flagstaff is exactly covered by 2j| in. of
the rule. He then advances 100 ft. directly towards the staff, and observes
that, still holding the rule outstretched at the same distance, the staff is
covered by 3 in. of the rule. Find the height of the flagstaff, its foot being
constantly on a level with the observer's eye.
205. The carpeting of a room twice as long as it was broad, at 5^. per
square yard, cost 6 2s. 6d., and the painting of the walls at d. per square yard
cost 2 12s. 6d. find the dimensions of the room.
:

206. The content of a cistern is the sum of two cubes whose diagonals are
10 and 2 in., and the area of its base is the difference of two squares whose
sides are ij and ij ft. find the depth of the cistern.
:

207. A frustum of a circular cone is trimmed just enough to reduce it to a

frustum of a pyramid with square ends find what fraction of the volume is
:

removed.
1 66 Mensuration.

208. The area of the surface of a sphere is 25 sq. in. : find the volume.
Or = 3'l4i6.)
209. Find the number of cubic feet which must be removed to form a
prismoidal cavity; the depth is 12 ft., and the top and the bottom are rect-
angles, the corresponding dimensions of which are 400 ft. by 1 80 ft., and 350 ft.
by 150ft.
210. Every edge of a certain triangular prism measures 10 in. : find the
volume.
211. A railway tunnel is 21 ft. wide in the clear, 12 high to the spring-
ft.

ing, and has a semicircular arch ; the foundations are 6 in. deep and
I ft.

2 ft. thick ; the thickness of the side walls is I ft. 6 in., and that of the arch
I ft. How many cubic feet of brickwork are there in 100 ft. in length of this
tunnel ?

212. A circular chimney tapers from base to top. It is 14 ft. in diameter

at base, 8 ft. 9 in. in diameter at top, and 57 ft. high. The inside of the shaft
is circular, and uniformly 7 ft. in diameter. What is the solid content of the
chimney ?
213. A person observes the elevation of a tower to be 60, and on
receding from it 100 yds. further, he finds the elevation to be 30 required
:

the height of the tower.

214. Show that the chord of a quadrant of a circle divides the circle into
two parts, the areas of which are in the ratio of 10 to I nearly.
216. The radius of a circle is 15 ft. find the areas of the two parts into
:

which it is divided by a chord equal to the radius. (IT 3*1416.)

216. A
sphere 15 in. in diameter is divided into three parts of equal
height by two parallel planes find the volume :of each.
217. What is the volume of a prismoid, the length and breadth of its
greater end being 24 and 16 in., and those of its top 16 and 12 in., and its
height 1 20 inches? Answer to be given in cubic feet.
218. An incomplete pile of shot stands upon a square base whose side
contains 20 shot, and there are ten courses find the number of shot in the pile.
:

219. The radii of the ends of a frustum of a right circular cone are 7 ft- and
8 ft. respectively, and the height is 3 ft. find the volumes of the two pieces
:

obtained by cutting the frustum by a plane parallel to the ends and midway
between them.
220. The base of a right prism is a rectangle which measures 7 in. by 8 in. ;
find the volume of the solid obtained by cutting off a piece of this prism, so
that the sum of the four parallel edges is 42 in.
221. Find the quantity of masonry in a roof arch, and its cost at Rs.35 per
IOO cub. ft. Dimensions length of arch, 40 ft. ; span, 15 ft. ; rise, 3 ft. ;
:

and thickness, 18 in.

222. The diameters of the ends of a frustum of a cone are 12 ft. and
1 6 ft. respectively, and the height of the frustum is 6 ft. ; the frustum is divided
into three equal parts by planes parallel to the ends find the distances of the
:

planes from the larger end.

223. Assuming that a dome is hemispherical, and the cost of whitewashing
its exterior surface at 4 annas per loo square feet is Rs.4, and that of the
interior at the same rate to be Rs. 2 8 annas, find the cost of the masonry at
Rs.23 per 100 cub. ft.
224. What will be the cost of arching over a room 26 ft. long and 18 ft.
wide, the arch being segmental, with a rise of J of width, its thickness i ft.,
and the price of masonry being Rs.25 per 100 cub. ft. ?
225. A pipe of 4 in. diameter is sufficient to supply a town with water :

what must be the diameter of a pipe which, with the same velocity, will supply
it when its population is increased by one-half ?
226. Find the cubic content of a piece of road embankment 400 ft. long,
 Miscellaneous Examples. 167
the longitudinal slope being regular, the height at the ends
being 6 and 4 ft.
respectively, the side slopes 2 to I, and the breadth at top everywhere 30 ft.,
the ends being vertical.
227. In a frustum of a right circular cone the larger diameter is 4 ft. 9 in.,
the smaller diameter 3 ft. 6 in., and the find the
perpendicular height 5 ft. :

area of the whole surface.

228. A
sphere of I ft. radius rests on a table : find the volume of the right
hollow cone which can just cover it, the section of the cone through the axis
being an equilateral triangle. (TT = 3 '1416.)
229. The frustum of a right cone is 6 ft. high, the radius of the smaller end
is 2 ft., and the radius of the larger end is 3 ft. find the position of the
:
plane
parallel to the ends which will divide the frustum into two equal parts. Find
also the volume of each part.
230. What fraction of the earth's surface can be seen from a height of
10,000 (Diameter of the earth = 8000 miles.)
ft. ?

231. How many

yards of rope will be required to suspend 20 punkahs,
each 48 ft. long, with three hooks at 24 ft. spaces, and hung 16 ft. below the
ceiling, from two hooks 24 ft. apart ? A rope runs from each of the ceiling
hooks to each of the punkah hooks.
232. A round bar of silver 2 ft. long and 2 in. in diameter is to be
drawn out into wire of ^j in. in diameter what will be the length of the wire
:

obtained ?
233. A
ball of lead 4 in. in diameter is covered with gold find the
:

thickness of the gold in order that the volumes of gold and lead may be equal.
(TT
= 3-1416.)
234. In laying the foundation of a house, an excavation is made 40 ft. long,
30 ft. broad, and 6 deep. The earth removed is spread uniformly over a field
containing half an acre find how much the surface of the field will be raised
:

235. A
pyramid has for its base an equilateral triangle of which each side
is I ft., and its edge 3 ft. : required its surface and solid content.
slant
236. Find the velocity at which a person is travelling in latitude 45 owing
to the earth's rotation, assuming the earth's radius to be 4000 miles.
237. A
bowl is in the shape of a segment of a sphere ; the deoth of the
bowl is 9 in., and the diameter of the top of the bowl is 3 ft. : mid to the
nearest pint the quantity of water that the bowl will hold.
238. Find in inches the diagonal of a cube whose surface is equal to a
square yard.
239. The height of a frustum of a pyramid is 4 in. the lower end is a rect-
;

angle which is 9 by 12 in. ; the upper end is a rectangle of which the longer

side is 8 in. find the volume of the frustum.

:

240. The radii of the ends of a frustum of a right circular cone are 7 ft.
and 8 ft. respectively, and the height is 3 ft. ; the frustum is cut into three, each
I ft. in height, by planes parallel to the -ends find the volume of each of the
:

pieces.
241. A pyramid is cut out from a cube (edge = a) by a plane passing
through the extremities of three edges, meeting at a corner of the cube find :

the area of the surface of the figure left.

242. How
.much would it cost to have a pit dug at 4 annas per cubic yard,
its size at the top being 34 ft. 4 inches long, 30 ft. broad, the sides sloping at
an angle of 45, and its depth 13 ft. 6 in. ?
243. Investigate an expression for determining the area of a regular polygon
in terms of the number of sides and the radius of the inscribed circle.
244. The lower portion of a haystack is an inverted conic frustum, and the
upper part a cone ; the greatest height is 30 ft., and the greatest circum-
ference 60 ft., the height of the frustum 20 ft., and the diameter of the base
1 6 ft. find the volume in cubic feet.
:
168 Mensuration.

245. Find the number of cubic feet of masonry in a bridge arch of the
following dimensions span, 50 ft.:
rise, one-fourth the span ; thickness of
;

masonry, 3 ft. ; length of arch, 36 ft.

246. Find the weight of an iron dumb-bell consisting of two spheres of
4J in. diameter, joined by a cylindrical bar 6 in. long and 2 in. in diameter,
an iron ball 4 in. in diameter weighing 9 Ibs.
247. A zone of a sphere is 4 in. in thickness, the diameter of the base is
12 in., and that of the top 9 in. find the convex surface and the volume.
:

248. The ends of a prismoid are rectangles, the corresponding dimensions

of which are 18 ft. by 10 ft. and 12 ft. by 16 ft. ; the height of the prismoid is
9 ft. ; a section is made by a plane parallel to the ends at the distance of 3 ft.
from larger end show that the section is a square.
:

249. There is a cup in the shape of a conic frustum, 5 in. deep, the top
diameter being 4 in., and the bottom diameter 3 in. if it is filled with liquor, :

and three persons drink it successively in equal portions, what will be the
depth of each draught ?
250. Asquare-threaded
screw with double thread is formed upon a
cylinder 3 in. in diameter ; the thread projects from the cylinder {>$ of an inch,
and the screw rises 3 in. in four turns find the volume if the screw be 9 in. in
:

length.
251. Asphere 16 in. in diameter is divided into four parts of equal
height by three parallel planes : find the volume of each part.
252. Awell is to be constructed of the following dimensions : exterior
diameter, loft. ; interior diameter, 7 ft. ; height of cylinder, 30 ft. The cylinder
rises 2 ft. above the surface of the ground, and is surrounded by a masonry top
or platform 2 ft. in width (beyond the cylinder all round), and 5 ft. in depth,
being 3 ft. below the surface of the ground, and 2 ft. above it. (IT 3*14159.) =
Calculate (i) the quantity of masonry in the cylinder, and (2) the quantity in
the olatform.
253. A conical glass, whose depth is 4 in., and width at top 6 in., is filled
with water : if a sphere of 6-in. diameter be placed in the glass, how many
square inches of its surface will be immersed ?
254. Find the edge of the greatest cube that can be cut out of a cone
whose vertical angle is 60 and height 10 in.
255. What will be the cost of arching over a room 32 ft. long and 20 ft.
span, the arch being segmental, with a rise of \ of span, and thickness of 9 in.,
the cost of masonry being Rs. 35 per loo cub. ft. ?
256. A pint tankard is in the form of a frustum of a circular cone ; its
height is 4$ in., and the diameter of its base 3$ in., both measurements taken
inside : find the diameter of the top. (IT
= 3* 1416.)
257. Find the number of cubic yards of earth in a portion of a railway
cutting 12 chains in length the following numbers representing the areas in
:

square yards of a series of transverse sections taken at intervals of i chain :

290, 264, 276, 268, 280, 274, 254, 250, 268, 240, 232, 226, 220.
258. Each edge of a regular tetrahedron measures 4 in. find the :

volume.
259. Find the number of square miles between the 3Oth and 4$th parallels
of latitude, assuming the earth's radius to be 4000 miles, (ir = 3-1416. )
260. Prove that the area of a regular polygon of an even number of sides
inscribed in a circle is a mean proportional between the areas of the inscribed
and circumscribed polygons of half the number of sides.
261. A
tin funnel consists of two parts ; one part is conical, the slant

height being 6 in. and the end circumferences 20 in. and ij in. respectively,
the other part is a cylinder 8 in. long and i J in. in circumference find the :

number of square inches of tin.

262. A frustum of a square pyramid has the area of the base four times
 Miscellaneous Examples. 169
that of the top : show that its volume is seven-twelfths of that of a prism of
equal base and altitude.
263. A
cylindrical glass, height 8 in., diameter 3 in., is filled to a depth
of 5 with water ; the glass is then tilted till the water is about to run out :
in.
find the area of the surface of the water.
264. The height of a frustum of a pyramid is 4 in., the lower end is a
rectangle which is 9 in. X 12 in., the upper end is a rectangle of which the
longer side is 8 in. find the volume of the pyramid.
:

265. What will be the expense of excavating the foundation for a house
50 ft. X 30 ft., to be erected on a piece of ground sloping to the south
uniformly at the rate of one in 62 ? The front, of 50 ft., looking due south, and
thus agreeing with the horizontal direction of the ground, is to be dug every-
where to the depth of 10 ft., and at that depth the ground-floor is to be carried
on a level surface to the back, the excavation being thus deeper at the back
than at the front. It is to be excavated, and the earth removed, at the rate of
\Qd. per cubic yard.
266. Three labourers are required to erect a conical mound of earth, and
each is to perform the same share in the work, and to commence when his pre-
decessor has completed his task if the altitude of the cone is to be 20 ft., find
:

the altitude of the portion contributed by each labourer.

267. Abucket is filled twenty-seven times with water from a circular
well. It is found that the water fills I ft. 2| in. The bucket consists of a
irustum of a cone whose height is 10 in., and the diameters of whose ends are
9 in. and 12 in. Find diameter of the well.
268. What is the length of the edge of the largest cube that can be cut out
of a right cone of the following dimensions diameter of base, 12 in. ; height,
:

1 8 in. ? Note. The base of the cube is to be in the base of the cone.
269. A
flower-bed is to be made on the space common to four equal circles
whose centres are the angular points of a square of area 69 sq. ft. 64 sq. in.,
and radii equal in length to a side of the square find the area of the flower- :

bed.
_
270. Each edge of a pyramid on a triangular base is equal to 12^/3 ft. :
find the diameter of the greatest cylinder that can be cut out of it, the height
of the cylinder being equal to its diameter.
271. Find to the nearest cubic foot the quantity of masonry in a bridge
arch of 30 ft. span., 7 ft. rise, 3 ft. thick, and 27 ft. wide, and cost of con-
structing same at Rs.35 per 100 cub. ft.
272. Divide a cone into five equal parts by sections parallel to the base,
and find the altitude of each part, the height of the cone being 20 in.
273. A cubical box with a lid is made of planking, and weighs 10 Ibs. ;
its interior diagonal is 3 ft. : find its thickness, if I cub. ft. of the planking

weigh 40 Ibs.
274. Find the number of balls, each 6 in. in diameter, in a triangular pile
consisting of twenty courses, top course being a single ball ; and also the height
of the pile.
275. The base of a cone is a circle of 12 in. diameter, and its height is also
12 in. A
slice is cut from the one side of the cone by a plane passing through
the vertex and cutting the base at the distance of 3 in. from the centre, but not
including the centre find the solid content of the slice.
:

276. A
quadrilateral in a circle is bisected by one of its diagonals and
trisected by the other. The two adjacent sides, which contain an obtuse angle
and are subtended by the trisecting diagonal, are a and c respectively. Show
that the area = |Vf 34^'2 -( 4- * )}- 4 4

277. How many square yards of canvas

are required to make a conical tent
9 high, such that a man of 6 ft. could stand anywhere inside, within a radius
ft.

of 2 ft. from the centre without stooping ? (IT 3*1416.) =

 170 Mensuration.

278. The sides of a circular reservoir are inclined at an angle of 30 to the

horizon, and the diameter of the horizontal bottom is 60 ft. : find the number
of gallons contained in it when the water is 10 ft.
deep.
279. The arch masonry of a semicircular arched bridge of 40 ft. span and
25 ft. wide increases in thickness from the crown to the springing as follows :
along the first 10 ft. of the curve on each side of the crown the thickness is
I ft. 3 in. ; along the second
loft.pneach side, I ft. 6 in. ; and so on, increasing
3 in. on passing through every successive 10 ft. down to the springing line.
Calculate the cost at Rs.28 per 100 cub. ft. (IT 3-1416.)
280. The base of a prismoidal solid is a square, and the
top a regular
octagon, four alternate sides of which are parallel to the sides of the base. The
altitude of the solid is 6 ft., the sides of the base
3-5 ft., and those of the top
I ft. Find its volume.
281. A drinking water-trough for cattle is 13 ft. long and 3 ft. wide at top,
10 ft. long and I ft. wide at bottom, and I ft. deep, and the sides and ends
slope symmetrically : how many gallons of water does it hold when the water
is 7 in. deep ?

282. A
wire cable is formed of six wires twisted round a central one, the
diameter of each being s in. ; the central wire is straight, and the others
l

make one turn in 8 in. : find the volume of a yard of cable.

283. Four spheres are piled in a heap, three on the base and one on the
top ; the diameter of each is 10 ft. : find the vertical height of the pile.
284. A
perfectly flexible rope of 4 in. in diameter is coiled closely on the
ground, and there are twelve complete coils find the length of the rope in :

feet.
285. Brass wire j in. thick and of circular section weighs 4 ozs. per foot :

find weight of a length of wire sufficient to make twenty-five complete turns

round a cylindrical shaft 3 ft. in diameter.
286. A road having a gradient of I in 20 is cut through the ridge of a hill,
the sides of which have a slope of I in ten ; the length, measured from
its entrance at one side to its exit at the other, is
500 ft., width 30 ft., and sides
perpendicular find the quantity of cutting in the same.
:

287 4 A spherical sector is removed from a solid sphere such that the
.

spheric surface removed is one-sixteenth of the surface of the sphere : find what
fraction of the sphere has been removed.
288. A
rod whose section is an
equilateral triangle of side a is bent so as
to form a circular hoop of internal radius r ; one face of the rod is
perpendicular
to the plane of the hoop : find the ratio of the volumes of the two hoops that
could be thus formed.
289. A conical wineglass, of height h
and radius of base a, is held with
axis vertical. Water
poured to such a depth that on inserting a heavy
is

sphere of radius r the water completely fills the space between the sphere and
the cone. If the sphere is wholly submerged, find the depth of water
necessary.
290. The shaft of an obelisk is formed from a prism on a square base by
truncating the edges so that the top is reduced to a regular octagon inscribed in
the originally square top, and the bottom is unaltered : find its volume.
(Height h) side of square = a.)
=
291. Prove the formula V= {A l + A^ n+l +2(A, + A, + . . .
+ A w ^)
4- 4(A 2 -f- A + i . . . +
determining approximately the volume 01
AW)} for
earth in an embankment, and explain the symbols used.
292. The barrel of a shot-gun consists of a frustum of a cone, total
diameter at breech 0*836 in., at muzzle 0764 in. It is hollowed out to a
diameter of 0*62 in. throughout. Find the weight of copper in the barrel,
supposing that a solid rod of the same external dimensions as the barrel would
 Miscellaneous Examples. 171

have weighed 2 Ib. 6 ozs., and tjiat tjiere is O'I2 per cent, of copper in the
composition of the metal.
293. A
tj >/ ^>> J
canal lock, with two flo&jjfotes at one end, is filled to 8 ft. above
its original level in one and a half minutes supposing the lock to be 176 ft.
:

long and 12 ft. broad, and the water to flow in uniformly at the rate of 4 miles
an hour, find the sapejficjal areq^ of the two flood gates.
294. I want a roller 4 ft." m
length, and to weigh 8 cwt. It is to be made
offjeestonc of the specific gravity of i\. What must be its diameter ?
/295. A coaicaLglass, of depth 4 in. and breadth at top 3 in., is filled with
water if a glass rod J in. in diameter be pushed into it as far as it will go and
:

held upright, how much water will overflow ?

296. The diameters of the ends of a frustum of a cone are respectively
20 ft. and 1 6 ft., and the height of the frjistum is 5 ft. the frustum is divided
;

into three equal parts by planes parallel tcTthe ends' find distances of the
' ^the ""*"*'

planes from the smaller end. V^ ^

Vfjp'
297. A
square-based pyramidal mbiiolith of granite contains as many solid
feet as z. square, having its side equal to the perpendicular height would
embrace superficial ones, the sides of the base of the pyramid itself being equal
to one-half the slant edge find dimensions and cost of| polishing at 10 annas per
:

"
square foot. ,/j \- >v

298. A sfirajjsrjrjjog
consists of nine complete' coils; its vertical height is
17 in., the diameter of its traus-v^rse-. section is I in., and the mean radius of
the spiral
r 8 in.,' and the solid is bounded by J two horizontal planes
-
: find its
. ., ..^,*-c*- 4
volume. t
^r
299. A form of an isosceles triangle, and measures 2od'yds.
field is in the

along each of its equal sides, and 240 yds. along the base what must be the :

length of a tether fixed at its ajjc.j and to a horse's nose to enable him
to graze exactly one-sixth of it ?
300. There is a vessel in the form of a frustum of a cone standing on its
smaller end, whose volume is 8*67 cub. ft. and depth 21 in., and the diameter
of its top is to that of its base as 7 : 5. A
globe, the number representing whose
volume is two and a half times that representing its surface, is put into it. Show
that the diameters of the vessel are 35 and 25 in. approximately, and that of the
globe 15 in. ; and find also the volume of water which would be required just
to cover the globe.
301. On ground having a uniform slope of 6 horizontal to r vertical an
earthen njjouijd is to be constructed. The top to be horizontal, and in the
form of a square A BCD of 18 ft. side ; the corners A and each to be 7 ft., B
and the corners C and D
each 10 ft., vertically above the original ground
surface. The sides of the mound to have a slope of I horizontal to i vertical
(45) Find in cubic feet the volume of earth required for the construction.
302. If the inscribed circle of a square of I ft. side be removed, and the
remajining^ figure be made to rotate about one of the diagonals, find the volume
of the solid thus generated. Express the answer in cubic feet to three places
of decimals.
303. Two spheres of 3 in. and I in. diameter stand on a horizontal plane
in such a position that a vertical line
passes through the centres of both. A
hollow conical vessel touching both spheres also stands on the horizontal
plane. Find the volume of air contained in the hollow cone under the above
conditions.
 CHAPTER XXXVIII.
COLLECTION OF FORMUL/E VOLUMES AND SURFACES OF
SOLIDS.

203. Rectangular solids.

(i.)
V= abc
(ii.)
V= = AJ>
(iii.)
F=

(v.)
d = V 2
+ ^ +^ 2

y^ where F= volume; S whole surface ;

'
a = length ; = breadth ; c = depth ;

^j = area of base A 2 = area of side ;

;

A 3 = area of end ; d = diagonal.

Cubes. ^
(i.)
F=^
(11.) S= 6^ 2 ^
= a*J $
(iii.)
d
where F = volume S = whole ;
surface ;
# = edge = diagonal.
;
rf

Prisms and cylinders.

(i.)
V=Ah
(ii.) F=^/
(iii.) S=fl+2A
where V = volume 6* = whole sur- ;

face A = area of base A == area

; ; l

of cross section- = height / ;

//
;

= length / = perimeter of cross-

;

section.
Collection of Formula Volumes and Surfaces of Solids. 173

Circular cylinders.
V= Trr2 . //

where V volume ;
r = radius of base ;

h = height.

Right circular cylinders.

(i.)
F= irr*h

(ii.) S= 27rr(/i + r)
where V = volume ; S= whole surface ;

r - radius of base ; h = height.

Kings.
(i.)
r=^/
S = pl
(ii.)

where F= volume S = whole surface ;

A= area of cross-section ;
/ =
length or
mean circumference ; / = perimeter of
cross-section.

Cylindrical rings.

(i.)
r- rW
(ii.)
r=-
(iii.) .9 = 7r

(iv.) 5=
where V= volume ;
S= whole surface ;

R =outer radius; r=
inner radius; ^
C= outer circumference ; c inner cir- =
cumference.
 Mensuration.

Pyramids and cones.

V = \Ah
where F = volume; A = area of base ;

h = height.

Right regular pyramids.

(i.)
V=
(ii.)
S= $.
where V= volume ;
S= whole surface ;
A = area of base ;

p = perimeter of base ;
s = slant height.

Circular cones.

where V = volume ;
r = radius of
base ;
h= height.

Right circular cones.

(i.) F=
S=
(ii.)

where F= volume; S= whole surface; h = height; r

= radius
of base.
 Collection of Formula Volumes and Surfaces of Solids. 175

Regular tetrahedrons. (
-
;
;
^

(ii.) S=
(in.) // = 2tf^/-|

where V = volume 6' = whole surface ; ;

2# = edge ; h = height.
-

Wedges on rectangular -
bases.

where F = volume / = length of ;

base ;
b= breadth of base e = ;

edge ; A = area of cross-section.

1

Wedges on trape2?pidal bases, or

oblique frusta of triangular prisms.

V- A
^~ ei +e + e
* *
Al '

& V = volume A = area ; l of cross-

section ;
ely e^ e^ are the lengths of the
three parallel edges.

Oblique 'frusta of any right re-

gular prisms.
(i.)
V^A.l
where F= volume ; S= lateral surface ;
= area of cross-section ; / = mean length ; p
= perimeter of cross-section.
Note. By mean length is meant the average
length of the parallel edges, that is
of parallel edges
number of paraileF edges \
 Mensuration.

ders.
"* ~
Oblique frusta of right circular cylin-

V = Trr* I
(i.) .

S = 2-rrr I
(ii.) .

where V - volume S = curved ; surface ;

= radius of cross-section ;
/ =*mean length.

lA,

where V=
volume ; h height = ;
A 1 and
A are the areas of the ends ;
2 A = area
of mid-section parallel to the ends.

Frusta of pyramids and cones.

where V= volume ; // height = ;

and
A* are the areas of the ends.

Frusta of right regular

pyramids.

(i.) F=
(ii.)
S = $s
where V = volume ;
S = lateral sur-
face ; h height ; A and A z are the
v

areas of the ends ; P and p are the

perimeters of the ends ;
s = slant
height.
Frusta of right circular cones.

F=y(^ + + ^r)
(i.)
r 2 J

(ii.) S=ls(C + t)
(iii.) S=Trs( + r)
where V=
volume ; S = curved
surface and r are the radii of the
;

ends; Candor are the circumferences

of the ends ;
s = slant height.
Collection of Formulae Volumes and Surfaces of Solids. 177

Spheres.

(ii.) V=%Ki
S = *#
(iii.)

(iv.) S
= 47ir 2
where V = volume S = ; surface ;
d
= diameter ; ; = radius. ,
-
v'

(ii.) F^"^'-;-
\
and when the thickness of the stiell is-'
very small compared with the outer
diameter

(iii.) r= TT . >
2
Ji nearly

also, when the thickness of the shell is

nearly equal to the outer radius

(iv.) V= nearly
*-"
.I

where V= volume ;
D =
outer diameter d inner diameter ;
=
^? = outer radius ; r = inner radius ; h thickness, ;. = .
.

Oblate spheroids.

where V = volume ^ = semi ;

-
major
axis ;
b = semi-minor axis.

Prolate spheroids.

where F = volume ;
a = semi -
major axis ;

b = semi-minor axis.
178 Mensuration.

Zones of spheres.

(i.)
F=-6 { 3 (n
2
+ r + /r}
2
2 )

(ii.) S = *dA
where V = volume S = curved sur- ;

face ;
rly r.2 are the radii of the two
ends ; h = height ; d = diameter of
the sphere.

Segments of spheres.

v
(ii.)
r= --( Z d-*h)
(iii.)
6" = W/*
where F= S = curved surface
volume ; ;

rx = radius of the base of the segment ;

h = height d = diameter of the sphere.

Sectors of spheres,
(i.) V=fr*.h
(iii.)
S= irr{2/i +J(2r/i
- 2
/i
)}
where V= volume ; S= whole surface ;
r = radius of the sphere ; h and s are tne
height and curved surface of the segment
of the sphere that forms the base of the
sector.

Note. Formula (Ti.) follows from formula (i.), since s = 2irr . h

(198).
-
. y ,,v\
Similar solids.
(i.) 7 l : V, = of : a*
(ii.) S. = of
(iii.)
*
(iv.)
where ^ and F 2 are the volumes ;

5i and ^2 are the surfaces ; a and

#2 are corresponding linear dimen-
sions of the first and second
similar solids respectively.
-a,,
Collection of Formula Volumes and Surfaces of Solids. \ 79

Irregular solids whose opposite ends are plane figures

lying in parallel planes.
d
F= -{A,+ A2n+l + 2(A, + A, + . . . + A*-i)
+ + A*)}

d (L (L <L

where F= volume; 2ti = number of equal parts into which the

length of the solid is divided by planes parallel to its ends;
d = common distance between the parallel planes A ; 19 A 2,

^ 3 ... A<iM A^ n+l are the areas of the transverse sections of the
figure made by the parallel planes taken in order.
i8o Mensttration.

Tables.

*r_= 3-1415926536
,V/T= 17724538509
7T
2 = 9-86960440II
- = 0-3I83098862

-5
= 0*IOI32Il836

One cubic foot of pure water weighs 997*137 oz. (Av.) = 1000 ozs. nearly
One gallon measure contains 277-274 cub. in. = 0*16046 cub. ft.

~ = 277J cub. in. nearly

= 0-0036065
 ANSWERS
Examples XIX.
1. i8,oi6cub. in. 2. 125,648 cub. in. 3. 4 cub. yds. 25 cub. ft.176 cub. in.
4. 2 cub. yds. 25 cub. ft. 80 cub. in. 5. 35*84 cub. ft. 6. 27,000 oz.
7. 69-3125 cub. in. 8. 50x3 Ibs.

Examples XX,
1. 210 cub. ft. 2. incub. ft. 54 cub. in.
3. 7 cub. yds. 7 cub. ft. 1512 cub. in. 4. 30 2 in.
ft. 5. 5 ft. 2 in.
6. 9 in. 7. 9 sq. ft. 42 sq. in. 8. I yd. I ft. 3 in.
9. 2 sq. yds. 4 sq. ft. 132 sq. in. 10. 7 cub. yds. 16 cub. ft. 520 cub. in.
11. I yd. 2 ft. 10 in. 12. 6 cub. yds. 22 cub. ft. 16 cub. in.
13. Rs.i96o. 14. 10,240 bricks. 15. 2283 galls.
16. 876-5625 Ibs. 17. 15 tons 12 cwt. 2 qrs. 18. in. n
19, locub. yds. 1152 cub. in. 20. 9 cub. ft. 48 cub. in.
21. 22 cub. ft. 1288 cub. in. 22. 7 cub. yds. I cub. ft. 189 cub. in.
23. 1331 cub. yds. 24. 42 1 cub. yds. 25. I ft. 7 in.
26. i
yd. 7 in. 27. I yd. 2 ft. I in. 28. 5 yds. I ft. 5 in.
29. 4 ft. 5 in. 30. 24-06 in. 31. 345,600,000 sq. in.
32. 960 cub. 33. 1714 cub. in. 34. 1530 cub. in.
5 cub. ft. in.
35. 4-3 ... in. 37, 12 min. 53 sees. 38. i ft. 2 in. ; 2 ft. n in. ; 4 ft. I'in.
39. 3 cub. ft. 12 cub. in. nearly. 40. 58*4 in. nearly.
41, 42, 4 ft. 43. 12 ft. ; 9 ft. 44, i ft. in.
45 in. nearly. 3

Examination Questions XX.

1, Yes because edge of cube = 15-9 ... ft. ; side of square = i6'2 ft.
;

3. 42-4263 ft. 4. 6 days nearly. 5, 8242*408 cub. in.

6. 9 cub. ft. ; 3182 cub. in. 7, ^f oz. ; ij oz. 8, 314 cub. ft.

9, 5196-15 cub. in. 10, 17$ ft. broad ; 13 ft. high.

11. 31,5165 bricks. 12, 12,288 bricks. 13, 60 in.
14, 88,392^ tons. 15. 0-000046 in. 16, 2-75 in. near!/.
17. 279 ft. ; 93 ft. ; 124 ft. 18. 1 or. 8</. 19, 13-61 ft. ; 46-03 sq. ft.

Examples XXI,
1. 15 cub. ft. 10'. 2. 41 cub. ft. ii' i" 3'". 3. 29 cub. ft. 5' i" 8;" \i\
4, 42 cub. ft. 11" 6'" 7'". 5, 14 cub. ft. 8' 7" 2'" n' v 9".
6. i cub. prime 9 cub. sees.
1 82 Mensuration.

Examples XXII.

I cub. yd. 5 cub. ft. 396 cub. in.

1. 7 cub. ft. 966 cub. in. 2,
3. 5 cub. yds. 8 cub. ft. 1368 cub. in. 4, 5 cub. yds. 10 cub. ft. 768 cub. in.
i ft. 6 in.
5. 6. I 2 ft. 9 in.
sq. yd. I sq. ft. 72 sq. in. 7.

2 sq. yds. 2 sq. ft. 84 sq. in.

8. 9. 1134 cub. in. 10. 450 cub. in.
11. 1620 cub. ft. 12, I ft. 3 in. 13. 2 yds. 2 ft. 4 in.
14. I ton 14 cwt. 3 qrs. 5 Ibs. I oz. nearly. 15. 53$ cub. ft.
16. 26H cub ft- -*f 2 4 cub 23 cub. ft. 594 cub. in. -
y^s.
18. 7-2 . . . in. 19. 15-6 ... in. 20. 16*5 ... in.
21. 17,670 galls. 22. 404*0883 cub. ft. 23. 1087 coins.
24. Rs.47 loannasSpies. 25. 24,446 yds. nearly. 26. 12*217 cub. ft.
27, Rs.68 15 annas if pies. 28. 44-6 in. nearly. 29. 3*6 cub. ft. nearly.
30. 11*15 in. ; 13*15 in. 31. 10 ft. 10 in. nearly. 32. 957*6 galls.
33. 536,604^ cub. yds. 34. 9 tons 9 cwt. I qr. 9 Ibs. 12*8 ozs.
35. 0*72 ... in. 36. 4-08 ft. nearly. 37. 14*76 cub. ft.
38. Rs.327 6 annas I 39. 525 cub. ft. 40. 8*72 cub. in.
\ pies.
41. 39*13 cub. in. 42. 123*29 cub. in. 43. 220-98 cub. in.
44. 554*26 cub. in. 45. 9*76 cub. in. 46. 8*68 cub. in.
47. 6 in. 48. 4 ft. 4 in.

Examination Questions XXII.

0*416 in.
1. 2. 1*8638 tons. 3. 974*278 cub. ft. . . .

5. 2862! cub. ft. 6. 3033?, cub. ft. 7. 2*598 cub. ft.

8. 1848 cub. ft. 9. 35, 982^ cub. yds. ; 5jft. 10. 2595 cub. ft.
11. 14,627 cub. ft. nearly. 12. 2178 tons. 13. 1697 cub. ft. nearly.
3
14. I53, ? cub. ft. 15. 338 cub. ft. nearly ; Rs.uS nearly.
16. 107 ft. 17. 3374*9 cub. ft. ; Rs.ioi2, 7 annas 6 pies.
18. 2362*4 cub. ft. nearly ; Rs.7o8 II annas 8 pies nearly. 19. 33,750 cub. ft.
20. 1 1 04 cub. ft. nearly. 21. 1500 cub. ft. 22. 157,023 acres.
23. 18,327^ ft. 24. 1643^ cub. ft. ; 670^ cub. ft.
25. II95A cub. ft. ; 48715 cub. ft. 26. 5*9 in.
28. 1270^ cub. ft. 29. 373*395 Ibs. 30. 90 cub. ft.

31. 489 nearly. 32. 1257} cub. ft. ; 550 cub. ft.

33. 1-276... in. 34. 97,745^ yds. 35. 3398 Ibs.

36. 0*00^4 sq. in. 37. 5-4 galls, nearly. 38. 1-36 ft. nearly.
39. 651*9 Ibs. 40. 3*5625 galls. 41. ioi8f cub. in.
42. fg in. 43. 2710$ cub. ft. Rs.677 10 annas 10$ pies.
44. 0*207 * n< nearly. 45. 22*135 in. 46. Rs.497 6 annas 4^ pies.
47. i -4 in. nearly. 48. 2534*3 cub. in. 49. 10*283 cu ^- m -

50. 6196*773 Ibs. 51. 8200-83 ... 52. 3*286 . cub. in.
20-92 . .
;
ozs.
54. 25 in. 55. 63^ in. 56. Rs.5O9i 6 annas 10'^ pies.
57. 127,2851! cub. ft. 58. 3-841 in.

Examples XXIII.

1. 4 cub. ft. 1028 cub. in. 14 cub. ft. 1509 cub. in.
2.
3. 40 cub. ft. 292 cub. in. 3 cub. yds. 24 cub. ft. 668 cub. in.
4.
5. 10 ft. 6. 6 yds. 3 in. 7. 1 1 sq. ft. 36 sq. in.
8.
7 sq. ft. 78 sq. in. 9. 513} cub. in. 10. 53 cub. ft. 816 cub. m.^.
11. 59 cub. ft. 57*6 cub. in. 12. 3 cub. yds. 25 cub. ft. 1632 cub. in.
13. 3 in. 14. 3 in. 15. 774 in. nearly.
16. 2 ft. 6 in. 17. 1020 cub. ft. 18. 364 cub. yds.
19. 336 cub. ft. 20. i cub. ft. 1352 cub. in. 21. 0*5773 cub. ft.
 A nswers. 183
22. 94? cub. ft. 23. 1885 cub. in. nearly. 24. 114 Ibs.
25. 1178} cub. in. 26. 34,992 cub. ft. 27. 32725 cub. in.
28. 3*844 in. 29, 19 cub. yds. 6 cub. ft. 768 cub. in. 30. 8*973 cub. i

Examination Questions XXIII.

! 935'307 cub. ft. 2. *-. 3. 50-911 cub. ft.

6
5. 81-1898 . . . cub. ft. 8. 1173*4 . . . cub. ft.

9. 1885-618 . . . cub. ft. 10. 288,000/v/lT cub. ft.

11- 3 6 >373 cub. ft. nearly. 12. i66 cub. ft. 18. 203-6467 . . . cub. in.
14. 2708 cub. in. 16. \abh ; a :
2*/$a* + '{(?.
17. 311769 cub. ft. 18. 275-2 . . . cub. ft.
19. 6363-96 cub. ft. 20. 3 '399 cub. ft.
21- H93re cub. ft. ; 801-249 . . .
tons; ^104,696,606 8 s.
23. 64^ cub. ft. 24- 391 93 cub. ft. . 25. ii6&cub. ft.
27. 37$ cub. in. 6
28. 3392 cub. in. 29. 30 3 5 cub. in.
30. 6268 galls, nearly. 31. 32. 2-978 in.
70$ cub. ft.
33. 664 cub. ft. nearly. 34. ft. 10-0904 ft.
i8J ft. ; 19-40229 ;

35. 331 cub. in. nearly. 36. 3258-514 cub. in.

37., 63-39 cub. in. 38. 1930*971 cub. in.

Examples XXIV.
1. 1008 cub. in. 2. 2 cub.ft. 1269 cub. in.
3. i cub. ft. 1536 cub. in. 4. 554*25 cub. in.
5. i cub. ft. 414 cub. in. 6. 114-890625 tons. 7. 1
5-588 cub. ft.

Examination Questions XXIV.

1. I5J cub. in. 2. 4 cub. ft. 228 cub. in. 3. 307 lay cub. metres.
5. 1155 cub. in. ; 462 cub. in. 6. ii-$g in. 7. 4000 cub. in.
8. 59 cub. in. ; 161 cub. in. ; 239 cub. in.
9 35 cub. ft. 10. 995-92 cub. in.
11. 360 cub. in. ; 364 cub. in. ; 1004 cub. in. 12. 96-9948 cub. in.

Examples XXV.
33798 cub. 3. cub. in.
! 93'S307 cub. ft. 2. ft. 313*4 . . .

4, 30*909 cub. ft. 5. 1 12 "94 cub. ft. 6. 18-005 cub. ft.

Examination Questions XXV.

1. 0*6486 ... of its volume. 2.
3. 67T cub. ft. 4. 0*277 cub. in.

Examples XXVI, A.

1. 595,000. cub. ft. 2. 55-35 cub. ft. 3. 41-14 tons.

4. 14,666*6 cub. yds. 5. 466 cub. in. ; 394 cub. in. 6. 294-448 cub. in.

7. 4736 galls, nearly. 8. 33,650 cub. ft. 9. 56,877! cub. yds

Examples XXVI. B.

1. 19*324 cub. ft. 2. 59'59 cub. in. 3. 7 cub. ft. nearly.

4. 9*9 cub. ft. nearly. 5. 9990 cub. in. 6. 62-9 cub. ft.
7. 429 cub. ft. 8. 57-5 cub. ft. .
& 33.8*47
cub ft.

10. 55*106 cub. yds, 11. 1350-1$ cub. in. 12. II2'6 cub. in. ; 84*6 cub. in.

13. 22,704 cub. in. 14. 315*45 cub. ft.

1 84 Mensuration.

Examination Questions XXVI.

1. 296,050-4 galls. 2. ^842 4s. $\d. 3. 101,600 cub. ft.

4. 29,680 cub. in. 5. 12,580^ cub. yds. 6. 4366 cub. ft.

7, 26, 5 i6J cub. yds. 8. 12,466$ cub. yds. 9. 9*154 tons.

10. Prismoid, 36,120 cub. in. ; wedge, 7800 cub. in. 11. 47,412$ cub. yds.
15. 1,020,000 cub. ft.
12. 647,333^ cub. ft. 13.
925,929/3 cub. ft.
16. IQ8 cub. ft. ; I26 cub. ft. 17. 202,400 cub. ft.
18. 73}jcub. ft. 19. Rs.i6,i59. 20. 6-9282 cub. ft.
21. 72 cub. ft. 651 cub. in. 22. 493 cub. ft. 23. 38,026? cub. yds.
24. 7600 cub. ft. 25. 648 cub. ft. nearly. 26. 13,416 cub. ft. nearly.

27. -- cot -~ (a* + P + ab). 29, 464,020 cub. ft. nearly.

30. 147 cub. ft. 31. 1 64-638 cub. ft. 32. Rs. 125,077 5 annas 4 pies.
33. 136-15 cub. ft. nearly. 34. 912^/3 cub. ft. 35. 563-31 cub. in.
36. 57-62 galls. 37. i68Jf cub. yds. 38. 38,217! cub. in.
39. 12,370 cub. in. nearly. 40. 5 Ibs. 3-9 ozs. (Av.) nearly.
41. 43. 636 times nearly. 44. 2-05 in.
7372^ cub. ft.
45. 4 cwt. 3 qrs. 22 Ibs. 10*4 ozs. 46. I mi. 1005
yds.
i ft. 33 in.

47. 4826-25 cub. ft. 48. 91 ft cub. ft. 51. 48 ft.

52. 4} in. 53. O'8o6 ... in. per hour. 54. 30 2s. 2d. nearly.
55. 24*9 in. nearly. 56. 91 galls, nearly.
14-9 in. nearly :

57. Rs.958 9 annas i$ pies. 58. Rs. 14 8 annas 6f pies.

60. 9654 cub. ft. nearly. 61. 141-8 cub. yds. nearly.
62. 94 Ibs. 63. 68,954? cub. ft. 64. 66 times.
65. 60,709^ cub. ft. nearly. 66. 2*94 in.

Examples XXVII.

1.
381$ cub. ft, 2. 16-633 cub - ft - 3 -
120-362 cub. in.
4. 3-376 cub. yds. 5. 7 ft. 6. 6 in.
7. 16*87 CUD in. - 8. 370*40 cub. in. 9. 1909 bullets.
10. 104-4 g alls nearly.- 11. 9 cwt. 2 qrs. 8J{ Ibs. 12. 0*344 mins.
13. 113*76 cub. ft. 14. 101*82 Ibs. 15. 255-619 cub. in.
16. 18-0605 Ibs. 17. 79-8809 Ibs. 18. 9654$ cub. in.
19. 56*6931 cub. in.

Examination Questions XXVII.

1. 31? cub. ft. 2. 1*2599 ... in. 3. 4, 6, 9.

5. 14} cub. ft. 6. 4j in. 7. 4851 cub. in.
8. 3, 809, 5 23 cub. mi. nearly 9. 2-53 in. 10. 4-06293 in.
11. j.
12. I -2399 Ibs. 13. 2 ft. 6 in.
14. 7| Ibs. 15. 14-1421 ft. 16. JSMglfo or gfe nearly.
17. 16,036^ bullets. 18. 2 in. 19. TT cub. ft.

20. 864 persons. 21. cub. ft. 22. 165 '$7301$ Ibs.

23. 7*676 in. 24. 0*72204 in. 25. 201 Ibs. 13? oz.
26. Radius X 0*206. 27. Sir cub. ft. 28. 8*57 in.
29. 2073 galls.
30. 77*78 cub. ft. 31. 1299-87 cub. in.

82. 196 Ibs. nearly. 33. 168 Ibs. 5i ozs. 34. -cub. ft.

35. 20-08 Ibs.

 Answers. 185

Examples XXVIII.

1, 4163? cub. in. 1819} cub. in.

2. 3. 32^ cub. in.
4, 13,110$ cub. in. 5, 113} cub. ft.
6, ij$ cub. ft. 7, 792 cub. in. ; 2262^ cub. in.
8 -
I35S? cub in J 2 5 2 lb?
- - cub in 5 I 35if cub. in.
- - 9. 9*29 cub. in.
nearly,
10. 17,88076 cub. in. 11. 5 galls.
12. 8iJJ cub. ft. ; iSOjji cub. ft. ; i8o& cub. ft. ; 8ijJ cub. ft.

13, 13 cub. ft. 636 cub. in. 14. 821$ cub. in.

Examination Questions XXVIII.

1. 360 ft cub. ft. 2, V

5
3. 328 cub. ft.

4. &ft cub. ft. 5. 3797*619 cub. in.

6, 335'i cub. in. ; 335*1 cub. in. ; 737*2 cub. in. ; 737*2 cub. in.
7. 1470^ cub. in. ; 792 cub. in. ; 792 cub. in. 8. 370-47 cub. ft.
9. 40*88 Ibs. nearly. 10. 12 ins. 11. 2076*904 cub. ft.
13. 18 galls. 14. 26*2 cub. in. nearly.
12. 2262^ cub. ft. ; 792 cub. ft.
15, 4584 cub. ft. 16. 0-375 cub. in. 17. 37-77 cub. ft.

18. 4*574 ... in. 19. 6*299 ft 20 - - 181*028 . . . Ibs.

21, 188} cub. ft.

Examples XXIX,
1. 343 : 8. 2. I ft. 3 in. 3.79$, cub. in.
4, 32-76 Ibs. 5. 15 ft. 6.15*874 in. j 4*126 in.
7, 7:5. 8. 10:9. 9, Sift.
10. 7:8. 11. 2*38 ... ft. 12. 8*32 ft. ; 2-16 ft. ; 1-51 ft.

Examination Questions XXIX,

1. 7*98 in. nearly. 2, 0*271 of itself. 3. I : 7 : 19.
4. 16*2 ... in. 5. 125 : 64. 8. 2-77 ft.
nearly,
9. 1-9 ... ft. ; 3*5 . . . ft.

10, 56*162 ... in. ; 14*597 ... in. ; 10*239 ... in. 11. 58,320 Ibs.
12, 3 : 5. 14, 13-8 ... in. ; 3*6 ... in. ; 2*5 ... in.

Examples XXX.
1. 2, 96 sq. ft. 124 sq. in.
3. 29 sq. yds.
8 sq. ft. 102 sq. in.
50j sq. ft.
4. 77 sq. ft. 6 sq. in. 5. 20 sq. yds. I sq. ft. 72 sq. in.
6, 7. 8. 7-57 ft. nearly.
50 sq. yds. 96 sq. in. $s. 7$ct.
9, 277 sq. ft. nearly. 10. looo sq. in. 11. 1200 sq. in.
12. 96 sq. ft. ioo sq. in. 13. 15-49 in. 14, 25 6s. %d.
17. 4500 sq. ft. 18. 3360 sq. ft. 19. 92*784 sq. ft.
20. 89-656 sq. in. 21. 1'6i6 sq. ft. 22. 3 5^. ;J</.
23. 10 in. 24. 1154 sq. in. 25. 1-4433 in.

26. 20 sq. ft. 27. 43*30127 sq. ft. 28. 619*80762 sq. in.
29. 1960 sq. in. 30. 1218 sq._in. nearly. 31. 12 in.

32. i los. 4'9</. 33. 13,968^3^. in. 34. 221*296 sq. in.
35. 2829 sq. in. nearly. 36. 9758 sq. in. 37. 1680 sq. in.

38. ii5i sq. ft.

39. 33f sq. ft. 40. 6600 sq. ft.

41. 42. 209 sq. ft. 43. 61 sq. ft. 141 sq. in.
480 sq. in.
** 173 1**. 3' 2 ^* 45 - 256 s q- in -
1 86 Mensuration.

Examination Questions XXX.

Examination Questions XXXI.

1. 87 sq. in. 2. 6 sq. ft. 3. 6 sq. ft. 1 6 sq. in.

sq. ft. 80 sq. in.
4. 85 5. 9 sq. ft. 134 sq. in. 6. 1 12 sq. ft. 42 sq. in.
7. 37 sq. ft. 62 sq. in.
8. 60 sq. ft. 50 sq. in f 9. 267^ sq. in.
10. 7 sq. ft. 13$ sq. in. 11. 9 us. 6JJ/. 12. 505*17 . . .
sq. in.
 Answers. 187

Examination Questions XXXIV.

2. 4, in. nearly.
1, 73! sq. in. iioosq. ft. 1963-5 sq.
6. 346-62 sq. ft.

Examples XXXV. A.

1. 616 sq. in. 2. 68 sq. ft. 64 sq. in. 3. 38 sq. ft. 72 sq. in.
4, n sq. yd. 4 sq. ft. 131} sq. in. 5, 4 sq. ft. 40 sq. in.
6. 26 sq. ft. 106 sq. in. 7. 38 sq. ft. 72 sq. in. 8. 4-83 sq. ft. nearly.
9. 10. 4-58 in. 11. I ft. 2 in.
7 in.
12. in. 13. 4 I2s. 14. 6 $d.
125 sq. ft. 1025 sq. ^d. 17,
7*.
15. 2-04 in. 16. 254$ sq. in. 3 <w- 3iV-
18. 4*81 sq. ft. 19. 21 : II. 20. 215-6 sq. in.

Examples XXXV. B.

1. 90 sq. in. 2. 101*2 sq. in. 3. 8-25 sq. in. 4. I sq. ft. 66 sq. in.
5. 22-88 sq. in. 6. 84-48 sq. in. 7. 3 sq. ft. 105!) sq. in.
8. sq. ft. 82^ sq. in.
452 9. 1081 sq. ft. 20} sq. in.
10. 11. sq. in.
1631 sq. ft. 2O| sq. in. 141-372
12. 40*231 sq. in. 13. 3 in. 14. ^.

Examination Questions XXXV.

1. los. 2j</. 2, 4071-5006 sq. in. 3. 95 14*.
4. 2,818,362;$ sq. miles. 5. 1386 sq. in. 6. 47}! cub. ft.

8. 128-47 ft. 9. 5-38516 ft.

7. 466 4J. nearly. . . .
sq.
10. 18 in. 12. 352 sq. ft. 13. 6 ft.
3 16. 2*07 in. nearly.
14. 3 in. 15. 398 of earth's surface.
17. 1687$ sq. ft. 18. 745ft sq. ft. 19. 18* sq. in.
20. iSlg's sq. ft. 21. }th of radius. 22. 213$ sq. ft.

23. 515 . 24. 282,743 s q- ft - 25 '

iSi'3 sq. ft-
nearly,
26. loir sq. ft. ; 7o?r sq. ft. 27. 37977 sq. yds. nearly.

Examples XXXVI.
1. 2. 64 49. 3. 0-390625. 4. 9 16.
25 : 4. : :

5. 6, 7. 1:3. 8. i
-41421 ft.
343:729. sV
9. 10. 1:3:5.
49 sq. in.

Examination Questions XXXVI.

'
1. 2-228 ft. ; 1772 ft. 2. 3-629 sq. ft. 3. 3^3 i-

Miscellaneous Examples.

3. 562,500 sq. ft. ; 7I5,909 TV sq. ft. 4. 21$ ft. 5. 166 ft.
7j in., or 85 ft.

8. 7*483 sq. in. 9. 1-73205 yds.

6. 56 in.
11. 3-2083 cub. ft. ; Rs.i9 4 annas. 12. 193 ft.
13. 3I2| cub. ft. 14. 750 sq. yds. 16. 6 ft. ; 4774-
17. 240 tons. 19. Less by o'8 20. 1924 sq. in.
. . .
sq. ft.
21. 5oH in. 22. 269 ft. ; 323 ft. ; 431 ft. 23. 16*8253 sq. ft.

24. 98o|lbs. 25. 9| sq. in. 26, 15}? in.

27. loo yds. ; 785 7} sq. yds. 28. 64.
 188 Mensuration.

29. 1318-0349009 sq. ft. 30. 1924*50 31. 29-8

sq. ft. . . . ft.
32. 949 cub. ft. nearly. 33 J 442-7 nearly.
53i 34.
'
638^sq. ft.
35. 28-62426 acres. 36. 125 yds. 37. 7 ft.
38. 2574 sq. ft. ; 62j ft. ; 4iffi ft- 39. 2-3776 ;
3-6327.
40. i : 4- 41. 48-6 . . . 42. 31$ ozs,
galls.
43. 12-40; 10-74; 12-40. 44. 66-25 yds. 45. 15,246 ft.
sq.
46. 340,460 sq. ft. nearly. 47. 207-846 ft.
48. No ; because each of the
J* !i T
parallelograms
_
MN is not necessarily
*t\ J
the cor-
responding unit of area. * 93*5 . sq. in. . .

50. 31-0304 yds. 51. 259 shot. 62. 193-4 ft-

53. TT : 2. 54. 45-033 ... ft. 55. Sac. oro. 2
1*355 po-
56. i ac. 57. 58.
^ units.
sq. 47 2s. 5-724^.
47T
59. 129-903 ft. 61. ac. 62.
. . .
sq 3-83296 1963*5 sq. in.
63. 8246*7 cub. in. 64. Rs.2io 8 annas nearly.
66. 1524-204 yds. or 762-102 67. 498*83
yds. . . .
sq. . . . ft.
68. 594' 18 69. 409-449
. . .
sq. ft. sq. in. ; 50*64 in. . . . . . .

71. . ft. 72. 193 1 -37 sq. ft.; 1831 79 ft.

3-3540^. sq.
73. 3 :2*/3- 74. 4J ft. and 9 ft. 75. 1400 sq. ft.
76. 22 ft. ; 26' 20". 77. 82-7 sq. in. 78. 2-35 ac.
23
80. ft- 81. 3-099 ft. ; 22
25'033 nearly. ft
82. Sir cub. ft. : 67T cub ft. 83. ft. 84.
io,i64sq. 706-5.
85.
; 43-63... sq.ft. 86. 3-41421 ft. 87. 69-2 ft. nearly.
88. i8,77 5 sq. yds. 90. Rs.26 13 _. 2*3
^ annas pies.
91. 6 in. ; 113-0976 cub. in. 92. 13,33050. ft. 93. 424-26
t\A r>r>/"-0_ f, e\K _ A . . .
sq. ch.
886-81 sq. ft. 95. i 4 ,|: 96. 2619^ sq. ft.
97! 8-496 ac. 98. 25 in. 99. 9960 sq. ft.
100, 2O4JJ cub.
.
ft. 11-17 ft- 101. 201 nails. 102. 30 ft. 6 in.
103,
106,
.

H7ij cub. ft.

183*71 ... ft.
104. 6*03416 ft.
107. 187 cub. ft. 2 primes 2 thirds.
105. ^
__.. 8iQ JJ0 . ,

sq. ft.

108, 109. 10*003

836,750 sq. Iks.
14,322 sq. Iks. 111. 72-14 Ibs.
112. 4400 cub. ft. 113. 3540 sq. yds. 114. 2-82 . . .

115. 4-669 ... ft. 116. 10-504 in. 117. 3 ft. 9 in.
118. 3-5805 ac. 119. 46*28 cub. ft. I 20 373 lb s.
-
nearly.
121. 9 in. 122. 600 sq. yds. 123. 199-102 . .
sq. ch. .

124. 6.f. 125. 48 ft. 126. I026;

3o8o;5i 33 J.
127. 128. 5-42 in. nearly. 129. 0-1545 ozs.
130. 3147-18 cub. ft. 131. 3274. 132. 14,400 ft.
sq.
133. 30ft.; 55ft. 134.
-.

136. 6-336 in. to i mile. 137.

j^
5-058 ... ft. 135. 6* 1 1 in. nearly.
138. 17-6715 cub. ft.
246-5 sq. in. nearly.
139. 195-8264 cub. in. 140. 8-32 ft. 141. 455*498 . .
sq. yds. .

142. 6813-52 sq. ft. 143. 30,780.

145. Fence 17*008 ch. distant from smaller boundary. 146. 65-45 cub. ft.
147. 204 cub. ft. 6' 4" 6"'. 148.
~L
n
os. 6d. ; 7 12s. 3^, 149. 111$ cub. in.

150, 220 shot. 151. + d<F + d'*).

(aP 152. 5194-112 cub. ft.

153. 60 ft. 154. 0-35182 sq. ft. 155. i :660.

156. 102,275 cub. ft. 157. 6-933 ft. ;nearly. ; 1*264 ft- 1-802 ft.
158. 832,000 cub. ft. 159. 27-65 Ibs.
161. 46-08 sq. ft. ; 160-44 sq. ft. 162, 90. 163. 4 in.
164. 1-41421 ft.
167. 168 sq. in.
165. IU. Qd. nearly. 166. 0-684 in.
169. 5373 cub. in. nearly,
$m
168. 391} sq. in.
170. 233jcub. ft. 171. i -18215 in.
 Answers. 189

172. 2 II in. I ft. 6 in. 173. -

ft. by r^Vj ~).
174. 54^ min. past 10 ; 2ift min. past 10 ; 38^ and 5^ min. past 10 ;

175. 3-114 ... ft.

16ft min. past 10.
176. 177. 1329? cub. in. in.
34-8 in. nearly. ; 933? sq.
180. 21 yds. nearly.
179. 1728 marbles.
178. 3-82 cub. ft.
181. 3 : I. 979 ior. 6d. nearly.
182. 3-833 cwt. ;
183. 184. 50 ft.
Rs.24,095 nearly.
186. 4^ cub. ft.
185. 9-175 ... in. ; ii'957 ... in. ; 28*867 ... in.
188. 15,050 cub. yds.
187. 27-734 ... in. ; 7*208 ... in. ; 5-056 ... in.
189. 6196 cub. in. 190. 6-196 ... in. 191. 59^3^-
192. 193. 280 yds. 194. 8028 cub. ft. nearly.
14-3 ozs. nearly.
196. 42-26 ... ft. 197. Length, 24 ft. ; breadth, i6J ft.
198. Rs.20o. 199. 75-398454. ft. 200. 103, 119 galls, nearly.
201. ii cwt. oqrs. 26$ Ibs. 202. 3-8 . ft. . .

204. 91 ft. 8 in.

203. 1340 cub. ft. nearly.
206. 5-19615 in.
205. Height, 10 ft. ; length, 21 ft. ; breadth, lojft.
* ~ 2
207. . 208. 11-75 cub. in. 209. 744,000 cub. ft.

212. 3703-2 cub. ft.

210. 433-012 cub. in. 211. 7657} cub. ft.
213. 86-602 yds. 215. 20*3 sq. ft. nearly ; 686-4 sq. ft. nearly.
85^ cub. 217. IQJJ cub. ft.
216. 458^ cub. in. ; 458^ cub. in. ;
in.
218. 219. 283^ cub. ft. ; 247^ cub. ft.
2485 shot.
220. 588 cub. in. 221. io6o'8 cub. ft. nearly ; Rs.37i 4 annas nearly.
223.
222. 1-65 ... ft. ; 3-59 ... ft. Rs.988 nearly.
225. 4*898 in.
224. Rs.239 13 annas 10 pies nearly.
226. 65,o66 cub. ft. 227. 92 sq. ft. 96 sq. in nearly.
228. 229. 3*577 ... ft. from smaller end 19^ cub. ft.
9'4248'cub. ft. ;

230.
232.
^ of the earth's surface.
20,000 ft. 233. 0-519 in. nearly.
231.
234.
1058*6 yds.
3-96 in.
235. 4-87 sq. ft. ; 0*4249 cub. ft.
236. 740 miles an hour.
237. 238. in. 239. 304 cub. in.
143 pints. 25-455
240. cub. cub. 192}!$ cub. ft. 241. -(9
161^ ft. ; 176.2?
ft. ; +*/~3).

1 80
242. Rs.50 9 annas. 243. r2 x n tan . 244. 5804 cub. ft.
nearly.

245. 6550 cub. ft. nearly. 246. 30-5 Ibs. nearly.

247. 150-857 sq. in. ; 387*09 cub. in.
249. 2'oo .in. ; i"6i
. . in. ; 1*37 ... in.. .
250. 88*106 cub. in.
.

2 &1- 335ft cub. in. ; 335^ cub. in. ; 737^ cub. in. ; 737J1 cub. in.
252. 1201-6 cub. ft. ; 376-9 cub. ft. 253. I2?r sq. in.
254. 4*49 in. 255. Rs.i77 15 annas 8 pies nearly.
256. 2\ in. nearly. 257. 67,598^ cub. yds. 258. 7*542 cub. in.
259. 20,820,690 sq. miles nearly. 261. 73$ sq. in.
263. 15-8 sq. in. 264. 432 cub. in. 265. 23 14*. 1-96^.
266. 13-867 ... ft. ; 3-604 ... ft. ; 2*528 ... ft. 267. 45 in.
268. 5-76 in. 269. 21 sq. ft. 128 sq. in. nearly.
270. 7-029 ft. 271. 3037 cub. ft. Rs.lo63 nearly.
272. 11-696 in. ; 3*04 in. 2-132 in. ; 1-698 in. ;; 1*434 in.

273. 0-16 in. 274. 1540 balls ; 99 in. nearly.

275. 88-5 cub. in. nearly. 277. 22-654 sq. yds. 278. 297, 666 galls, nearly
279. Rs.695'69. 280. 51*056 cub. ft. 281. 63 galls, nearly.
282. 3-09 cub. in.
. . . 283. 18-1649 ... ft. 284. 157} ft.
285. 2 qrs. 2 Ibs. 14 oz. nearly. 286. 140,274*314 cub. ft.
_
287 4 288. (6r + a*J$ \ (6r +
1 90 Mensuration.

v ^
3
9. h x /T* 290, 292. 0-018 . . . ozs.
<**
3. 32 sq.'ft. 294. 1-35 ft. nearly. 295. 0-654 cub. in.
296. 1-9. ..ft. ; 3-5. ..ft.
297. Height, 10*5 ft. ; side of base, 5-6124 ft. ; cost, Rs,;6 3 annas 11 pies.
298. 355-5 cub. in. nearly. 299. 70* vds. nearly.
301 6588 cub. ft.
300. 7^
3 iil cub. in.
303. i 7 H cub. m.
302. o^iTcub. ft.

Additional Examination Questions.

XX.
20. 103 '923 yds. ; Rs.io64 nearly. 21. 10}? miles per hour.
23. 754li sq. ft. 24. ii,68osovs.

XXII.
59. 14,520 tanks. 60. 96 mins. 61. 4602 Ibs. nearly.
62. 51,606 galls, nearly. 63. 15,639* yds.
64. 15$ cub. in. ; 19^ cub. in.

XXIII.
39. 15*705 galls.
XXIV.
13. 3240 cub. in.
XXV.
5. II2| cub. ft.
XXVI.
67. I3,62ij cub. ft.

XXVIII.
22. 24131} cub. in. 23. 1980 cub. in.

XXIX.
15. 81 in. ; 108 in. 16. 4? cub. in. ; 3*1748 in.

XXX.
26. 8*2915 in. ; 237*1 sq. in.
27. 343 sq. ft.
28. 10 ft. ; 7 ft. ; 8 ft. 29. 467 sq. ft. nearly.
XXXI.
8 9. Rs.8oo.
XXXIII.
8. ft. 9. 39} sq. yds. nearly.
7. \Cs.
XXXV.
28. 2ijf per cent. 30. Rs. 18,072 12 ans.

31. SI T\ sq. ft. nearly.

BECCLBS.
PRINTED IN ENGLAND BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,