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In Case of 2D: PH-1201 Unit 1 and 2 Lecture-5

The document discusses different coordinate systems including Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical polar coordinates. It defines the key components of each system, such as the perpendicular distances from axes (x and y) in Cartesian coordinates, the radial distance (ρ), azimuthal angle (φ), and longitudinal distance (z) in cylindrical coordinates, and the radial distance (r), polar angle (θ), and azimuthal angle (φ) in spherical polar coordinates. The document also covers the unit vectors in each system and how to transform vectors between the different coordinate representations.

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Brajesh Kumar
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41 views4 pages

In Case of 2D: PH-1201 Unit 1 and 2 Lecture-5

The document discusses different coordinate systems including Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical polar coordinates. It defines the key components of each system, such as the perpendicular distances from axes (x and y) in Cartesian coordinates, the radial distance (ρ), azimuthal angle (φ), and longitudinal distance (z) in cylindrical coordinates, and the radial distance (r), polar angle (θ), and azimuthal angle (φ) in spherical polar coordinates. The document also covers the unit vectors in each system and how to transform vectors between the different coordinate representations.

Uploaded by

Brajesh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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03-02-2017

PH-1201
Unit 1 and 2 In case of 2D
Lecture-5 Cartesian coordinate System
= cos
(i) Perpendicular distance from y axis(x)
(ii) Perpendicular distance from x axis(y) = sin

What we learned last week?


Fundamental Theorems of integral Calculus Length of the radius vector = +

Polar angle = tan


What are we going to learn today?
Curvilinear coordinate System
Polar coordinate System

Note: (i) x and y are orthogonal to each other


(ii) are also orthogonal to each other

Curvilinear coordinates In case of 3D


Why do we need a coordinate system?
To specify a point in space uniquely
Why different coordinate system?
Distance from origin

Cartesian coordinate System


In case of 1D origin (i) Perpendicular distance of the projection on x-y plane from y axis(x)
(ii) Perpendicular distance of the projection on x-y plane from x axis(y)
(iii) Perpendicular distance of the point from the x-y plane (z)

Note: x ,y and z are orthogonal to each other

1
03-02-2017

Orthogonality in Cartesian Coordinate


Spherical Polar coordinate system
system
Any vector can be expressed by the unit
vectors , ,
= + +
as they constitute the orthogonal basis set in
Cartesian system
Mutually exclusive
= + + = = sin cos

= cos =
= sin sin
. = . = . =1 . = . = . =0
= cos
= tan = = , = , =

Orthogonality in spherical and


Cylindrical coordinate system
cylindrical systems

= cos . = . = . = 1
= + . = . = . = 1
= , = , = Construction of = , = , =
= sin
= tan orthogonal basis
= set
=

2
03-02-2017

Vector: represented in curvilinear


Unit Vectors in Cylindrical System
system
= +
= + +
+ + = = ; = + = cos + sin
=> = = cos + sin =
+ +
= = = sin + cos
Transformation from one orthogonal system to another
= = = sin + cos
To transform a vector from one system to another, we
need to know the transformation relation between the
unit vectors of the systems = = = =

Unit vectors in Cartesian system Unit vectors in Spherical Coordinate


= sin cos
If a vector, r depends on a parameters u, then a vector that = + y + with
points in the direction of increasing u is dened by = sin sin

= = = = sin cos + sin sin + cos = cos

In Cartesian system = + + = =

Thus we have, = = = =
= = cos cos + cos sin sin

= = = = = =

= = = = = = sin sin + sin cos

= =
sin

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03-02-2017

Transformation between Cartesian and


Curvilinear coordinates
Cylindrical:
= cos + sin In Matrix
cos sin 0
= sin + cos Form
= sin cos 0
= 0 0 1

Spherical:
= sin cos + sin sin + cos
= cos cos + cos sin sin
= sin + cos

sin cos sin sin cos


= cos cos cos sin sin
sin cos 0

Example of Orthogonal Transformation: magnitude / =


of the vector remains constant

Orthogonal Transformation
= ( explain with rotation in 2D)
As a consequence, we get the inverse transformation

Cylindrical to Cartesian

cos sin 0
= sin cos 0
0 0 1

Spherical to Cartesian

sin cos cos cos sin


= sin sin cos sin cos
cos sin 0

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