Leveling:-It is an art of finding the relative heights and depths of the objects on

the surface of earth .it is that part of surveying which deals with the measurement
in vertical plane.

Principle of leveling:-The principle of leveling lies in furnishing a horizontal

sight and finding the vertical distances of the points above this line.

1.1 Instruments in levelling

The level.
Tripod stand.
Levelling staff.
Level:-It consists of essentially a telescope and a level tube to provide a
horizontal line of sight,both fitted above the levelling head .it is supported on
tripod stand when in use.

1.2 Parts of a level

Levelling head.
Telescope.
Eye piece.
Focussing screw.
Level tube.
Diaphragm screw.
Magnetic compass plate.
Levelling head:-It consists of a tribarch plate having three arms each carrying a
levelling screw in the ball and socket arrangements and an outer hollow vertical
axis into which fits the inner solid vertical axis of upper works.

Magnetic compass plate:-The level is usually provided with a compass of the

prismatic type with the only difference that the sighting is done with the telescope
and the readings are observed through the prism placed at the west end of the
compass.To take readings in usual ways as in ordinary compass,the graduations are
turned clockwise through 900 so that 00 or 3600 is marked as west,900 at
north,1800at the east and 2700 at the south.
Telescope:-There are two types of telescopes of levels.
External focusing telescope:-The principle parts of this type of telescope are
The body,

The object glass,

The eye piece,

The diaphragm.

The body consists of two tubes, one of which slides with in the other.one tube
carries the object,glass while the other carries the eye piece.

Internal focusing type:-It mainly differs from the above type in this way that
the slide carries an additional double concave lens and is moved by the focusing
screw and the eye piece are fixed at opposite ends of the same tube.

Bubble or level tube:-It is curved and sealed glass tube nearly fitted with
alcohol, the remaining space is being occupied by the bubble air. The tube is
graduated from both the directions from the centre so that the bubble may be
centered when so desired.

Tripod stand:-The level is supported on a tripod stand when in use. The tripod
consists of three legs which may be solid or sometimes framed or lightness. The
legs are usually made of mahogany wood and fitted at their lower ends with
pointed steel shoes in order that they may be firmly pressed into the ground.

Levelling staff:-It is graduated rod used for measuring the vertical distances of
the points above or below the horizontal line of sight.

Folding metric staff:-This type of staff is lighter, more convenient to handle

and gives more accurate readings.

1.3 Terms used in levelling

Level surface:-This is a surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of earth,
e.g. the surface of still water in a lake .Every point on this surface of earth is
equidistant from the centre of the earth,

Horizontal surface:-A horizontal surface through any point is a surface

tangential to the level surface at that point. It is perpendicular to the plumb line.

Vertical surface:-A vertical surface through any point is a surface normal to

level surface at that point. Any line lying in the vertical surface is called a vertical
line.

Datum surface or line:-It is an imaginary line from which the vertical

distances of the points above or below are measured.in india the datum adopted for
great trigonometrical survey (G.T.S) of indian department is mean sea level at
Karachi.

Line of collimation:-It is an imaginary straight line joining the intersection of

cross hairs of diaphragm to the optical centre of the object glass and its
continuation

Back sight:-It is staff reading taken on known R.L as on a bench mark or a

change point.

Fore sight:-It is a staff reading taken on a point whose R.L is to be determined.

Intermediate sight:-It is any reading other than foresight and back sight taken
on known R.L from the same setup of the level.

Height of instrument:-It is the R.L of the line of collimation when the

instrument is correctly leveled.

Bench mark:-It is a fixed reference point of known elevation.

1.4 Adjustments of the level

There are two types of adjustments

Permanent adjust ment

Temporary adjustment
Permanent adjustment:-The permanent adjustment are made to establish a
fixed relationship between the fundamental lines of the instrument. Once made the
permanent adjustments last for a long time depending on the type of instrument.

Temporary adjustments:-these are performed to make the axis of rotation

vertical and to eliminate the parallel every time when the instrument is shifted and
shifted and setup in a new position.it is also known as setting up of the
instrument and is made in following steps.

(1)Fixing the instruments on stand:-Release the clamp screw of the

instrument, hold it in the right hand and fix it on the tripod stand by turning round
only the lower part with left hand.Then screw the instrument firmly

(2)Levelling up of the instrument:-

(A)levelling by legs:-Bring all foot screw in the centre of their run and place
the instrument in the desired position at a convenient height with the tribarch plate
as nearly horizontal as possible. Fix any two legs firmly into the ground by
pressing them with hand and turn the telescope to be nearly parallel to the line
joining the feet of these two legs. Then move the third leg to right or left and in or
out to bring the long and cross bubbles respectively in their central position.

(B)Levelling by foot screws:-Place the telescope parallel to any pair of the

foot screws and bring the long bubble to the centre of its run by turning these
screws and equally either both inwards or both outwards .To move the bubble to
the right turn the screws inwards and to move it left turn the screws outwards.
Then turn the third foot screw to bring the cross bubble to its central position.

(3)Focusing:-This is done in two steps

(A)Focusing the eye piece:Point the telescope towards the sky or hold a piece
of white paper in front of the telescope.Move the eye piece in and out until a
distinct and sharp black image of the cross hairs is seen

(B)Focusing the object glass:Direct the telescope towards the staff and turn
the focusing screw until a clear and sharp image of the staff graduations is obtained
and it may be noted that the parallax is completely illuminated if there is no change
in the staff reading when the eye is moved up and down

1.5 Instructions for a staff man

1.The staff should be held vertical and upright

2.Ground for the staff should be clear

3.When working with a telescope staff,care should be taken to stretch it fully by

the spring catches

4.The bottom of the shoe of the staff should be quite clean and there shold be no
mud sticking

5.The staff men should not wear flat shoes in the survey of hilly areas.

1.6 Instructions for a level man

1.Levelling should always commence from a permanent bench mark

2.The level should be set up on a firm ground and at some convenient place from
where the greatest number of sights can be taken

3.On looking through the telescope,the staff is seen inverted it should therefore
always be read from above downwards and not upwards.

2.0 Readings
S.NO R.D B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L REMARKS
0 1.486 101.486 100
1 30 0.987 100.499
2 30 1.600 0.068 103.018 101.418 C.P
3 30 2.290 0.0358 104.95 102.66 C.P
4 30 2.588 1.026 106.512 103.924 C.P
5 30 2.456 0.678 108.29 105.834 C.P
6 30 1.502 106.788
7 30 1.118 107.172
8 30 1.755 0.243 109.802 108.047 C.P
9 30 2.176 0.881 111.097 108.921 C.P
10 30 2.113 1.183 112.027 109.914 C.P
11 30 2.055 0.735 113.347 111.292 C.P
12 30 0.949 112.398
13 30 0.206 0.722 112.831 112.625 C.P
14 30 1.268 111.563
15 30 1.932 0.658 114.105 112.173 C.P
16 30 1.265 112.84
17 30 3.003 0.285 116.823 113.82 C.P
18 30 2.305 1.012 118.116 115.811 C.P
19 30 1.032 117.084
20 30 1.433 0.416 119.133 117.7 C.P
21 30 1.488 117.645
22 30 2.124 0.820 120.437 118.313 C.P
23 30 2.371 0.544 122.264 119.893 C.P
24 30 1.477 120.787
25 30 1.271 120.993
26 30 1.995 0.724 123.535 121.54 C.P
27 30 1.552 121.983
28 30 0.890 122.645
29 30 1.743 0.232 125.046 123.303
30 30 2.862 1.130 126.778 123.916 C.P
31 30 1.966 1.038 127.736 125.74 C.P
32 30 3.116 1.021 129.831 126.715 C.P
33 30 3.017 0.458 132.39 129.373 C.P
34 20 2.861 0.877 134.374 131.513 C.P
35 30 2.966 0.142 137.198 134.232 C.P

36 30 3.790 0.453 140.535 136.745 C.P

37 30 3.762 0.808 143.491 139.729 C.P
38 30 1.362 142.129
39 30 0.890 142.601
40 25 2.695 0.151 146.033 143.338 C.P
41 30 2.003 144.03
42 30 0.139 3.325 142.847 142.708 C.P
43 30 0.982 2.968 140.861 139.879 C.P
44 30 1.369 139.492
45 30 2.730 0.763 142.828 140.098 C.P
46 30 1.158 141.67
47 30 2.164 0.096 144.896 142.732 C.P
48 30 2.599 0.805 146.69 144.091 C.P
49 30 2.602 0.461 148.831 146.229 C.P
50 30 3.339 0.247 151.923 148.584 C.P
51 20 3.545 0.665 154.803 151.258 C.P
52 30 3.013 0.864 156.952 153.939 C.P
53 25 3.869 0.424 160.397 156.528 C.P
54 30 3.840 0.557 163.68 159.84 C.P
55 30 0.345 163.335 C.P

CHECK= . . = . .
91.51828.183 = 163.335100
63.335 = 63.335 HENCE OK

2.1 Estimation
Stati Dista Diff. Mean Centr Area total Dist. Quantity
(bd+sd2)L
on. nce. of depth al of secti in
(m) G.L (d).( area sides onal b/w
&F.L m) (bd). (sd2) area( stns.
(m) B=3. S=11/ bd+s (L) Bank Cutti
5m. 2
(ban d2). (m) ing ng
(m2) k) (m2) (m3) (m3)
S=1(
cuttin
g)
(m2)
1 0 15
2 30 14.3 14.65 51.7 321.9 373.2 30 1119
3 6
3 60 13.18 13.74 48.09 283.1 331.2 30 9938.
8 7 1
4 90 11.74 12.46 43.61 232.8 276.4 30 8294.
7 8 4
5 120 10.27 11.00 38.51 181.6 220.1 30 6605.
5 65 75 25
6 150 8.166 9.218 32.26 127.4 159.7 30 4791.
5 1 3
7 180 7.01 7.588 26.55 86.36 112.9 30 3387.
1 3
8 210 6.43 6.72 23.52 67.73 91.25 30 2737.
5
9 240 5.35 5.89 20.61 52.03 72.64 30 2179.
5 2
10 270 4.28 4.815 16.85 34.77 51.62 30 1548.
6
11 300 3.08 3.68 12.88 20.31 33.19 30 995.7
12 330 1.50 2.29 8.015 7.86 15.87 30 476.1
13 360 0.20 0.85 2.975 1.08 4.055 30 121.6
5
374.1 0 0.10 0.35 0.015 0.365 14.11 5.150
14 390 - 0.212 0.742 0.044 0.786 15.89 12.48
0.225
397.8 0 0.112 0.392 0.012 0.404 7.83 3.16
3
15 420 0.637 0.431 1.508 0.278 1.786 22.17 39.59
445.2 0 0.318 1.113 0.151 1.264 25.24 31.90
4
16 450 -0.17 0.403 1.41 0.162 1.572 4.76 7.48
17 480 -0.54 0.355 1.24 0.126 1.366 30 40.98
18 510 -1.22 0.88 3.08 0.774 3.854 30 115.6
2
19 540 -2.91 2.065 7.22 4.26 11.48 30 344.4
20 570 -3.88 3.395 11.88 11.56 23.4 30 702
21 600 -4.2 4.04 14.14 16.32 30.46 30 913.8
22 630 -3.84 4.022 14.07 16.17 30.24 30 907.2
23 660 -4.21 4.027 14.09 16.21 30.3 30 909
24 690 -5.49 4.85 16.97 23.52 40.49 30 1214.
7
25 720 -6.08 5.785 20.24 33.46 53.7 30 1611
26 750 -5.99 6.035 21.12 36.42 57.54 30 1726.
2
27 780 -6.24 6.115 21.40 37.39 58.73 30 1763.
7
28 810 -6.38 6.31 22.08 39.81 61.89 30 1856.
7
29 840 -6.75 6.56 22.96 43.03 65.99 30 1979.
7
30 870 -7.10 6.92 24.22 47.88 72.1 30 2163
30 900 -7.41 7.255 25.39 52.63 78.02 30 2340.
6
32 930 -8.34 7.87 27.54 61.93 89.47 30 2684.
1
33 960 -8.41 8.37 29.29 70.05 99.35 30 2980.
 6 5
34 990 - 9.29 32.52 86.30 118.8 30 3564.
10.17 2 6
35 1010 - 10.94 38.29 119.6 157.9 20 3159.
11.71 8 7 4
36 1040 - 12.62 44.17 159.2 203.4 30 6102.
13.53 6 3 9
37 1070 - 14.33 50.15 205.3 255.4 30 7664.
15.14 4 9 7
38 1100 - 16.18 56.63 261.7 318.4 30 9552.
17.23 9 2 6
39 1130 - 17.98 62.93 323.2 386.4 30 1158
18.73 8 2 6.3
40 1160 - 18.51 64.78 342.6 407.4 30 1222
18.30 2 2
41 1185 - 18.29 64.01 334.5 398.5 25 9963.
18.28 2 3 25
42 1215 - 18.18 63.63 330.5 394.1 30 1182
18.08 1 4 4.2
43 1245 - 16.96 59.36 287.6 347 30 1041
15.85 4 0
44 1275 - 13.96 48.93 195.4 244.3 30 7331.
12.12 4 7 1
45 1305 -6.24 9.18 32.13 84.27 116.4 30 3492
46 1335 - 8.39 29.36 70.39 99.75 30 2992.
10.54 5
47 1365 - 10.88 38.08 118.3 156.4 30 4693.
11.22 7 5 5
48 1395 - 11.3 39.55 127.6 167.2 30 5017.
11.38 9 4 2
49 1425 - 11.61 40.63 134.7 175.4 30 5262.
11.84 9 2 6
50 1455 - 12.45 43.57 155.0 198.5 30 5957.
13.07 0 7 1
51 1485 - 13.8 48.3 190.4 238.7 30 7162.
14.53 4 4 2
52 1505 - 15.56 54.46 242.1 296.5 20 5931.
16.60 1 7 4
53 1535 - 17.49 61.21 305.9 367.1 30 1101
18.38 0 1 3.3
54 1560 - 19.3 67.55 372.4 440.0 25 1100
20.22 9 4 1
55 1590 - 21.4 75.00 459.2 534.2 30 1602
22.64 4 4 7.2
56 1620 - 23.93 83.75 572.6 656.3 30 1969
25.53 4 9 1.7
Negative sign indicates cutting Total;- 5234 2158
7.74 99.07

Abstract of estimated cost

Item Particulars of Quantity Unit Rate Per Cost

no. items Rs. P Rs. P

1 Earthwork in 52347.74 Cu m 275.0 Cu 143956.285

banking m
2 Earthwork in 215899.07 Cu m 350.0 Cu 755646.745
cutting m
Total:- 899603.03
Add 5%(3% for contenigencies & 2% for work charged 44980.15
establishment)
Grand Total 944583.18