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Determine the integrals of some
algebraic, exponential, logarithmic and
COURSE trigonometric functions through basic
OUTCOME: rules or other appropriate techniques and
use integrals to solve applied problems.
Recall, distinguish various rules of integration
and determine the indefinite integral
Integrate exponential, logarithmic,
trigonometric and inverse trigonometric
functions
Identify the suitable substitution (i.e u and
du) to be used in the integration
Choose the correct u and dv in using by part
method
Decompose partial fraction and apply it in the
integration.
Analyze the integrals and apply the suitable
technique to determine the result of
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integration
Standard
Integration
RULES OF polynomial
INTEGRATION rational
natural log
Integration of
functions exponent
trigonometry
TECHNIQUES OF
INTEGRATION
Partial
Substitution By Part
Fraction
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y = f(x)
If we differentiate both sides with respect to x
dy
f (x)
dx
When we integrate both sides with respect to x
dy
dx dx f ( x)dx
y = f ( x)dx (indefinite integral)
y = f(x) + c , c - constant
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reverse process of differentiation
f x dx
integrand
Integral
sign
Indefinite integral
f x dx F x c
Integration
Definite integral
b
f x dx F b F a
a
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derivative
F(x) f(x)
anti-derivative
F x x 2 x anti-derivative of f x
5
d
F x 5 x 4 2
dx
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1. k dx = kx + C
n+1
x
; n 1
n
2. x dx = +C
n +1
3. kf x dx = k f x dx
4. af x bg x dx a f x dx b g x dx
where a, b, k are constants and C is an arbitrary constant
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1) [f(x)g(x)] dx f(x) dx g(x) dx
2)
[f(x)g(x)] dx f(x) g(x) dx
f(x)
f(x) dx
3) dx
g(x)
g(x) dx
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a1x a2 x an dx
n n1
1.
a1xndx a2 xn1dx andx
Integrate term by term
n1
ax b
ax b dx n 1 a
n
2*. C ; n 1
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1)
3x 5 2x 3 x 1 dx
3x5 dx 2x 3 dx x dx 1dx
x6 x4 x2
3 c1 2 c2 c3 x c 4
6 4 2
6 4 2
x x x
xC
2 2 2 simply can be written as
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2 3x
4
2) dx
1
1 4x 2
3) 9
dx
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Exercises:
1. Find the antiderivative, F(x) of f ( x ) 3
x
that satisfies F(1) = 2.
2. Evaluate the following integrals.
3x
2 x 7 x 5 dx
6 2
a)
7 3 y 3 y dy
b) 34
y
2
c)
x 5 2x 2 1
x4
dx d) e 2t 5 dt
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k ax b
k
ax b
1. dx C
d
dx ax b ln k
ax b
k
C
a ln k
eax b
2. eax b dx
a
C
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3e
x
1. dx
3
1 4 x 2
4. 3 e dx
1
2. 3e 4x 1
dx
21 2 x
2x
5. 5
dx
3. e 2x
e
e x
dx
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1 ln ax b
1. ax b
dx
d
C
dx
ax b
1
ln ax b C
a
1
2. x
dx ln x C
f 'x
*3. dx ln f x C
f(x)
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2
1.
1
3x
dx 3. 2x
dx
3x
2x
2. 4x 1
dx 4. 2
dx
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3x 2 e 22 x 1 dx
2 3 x 1
2
2x 2
dx e dx
3 x
dx
3 2 x 1
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1. 3 x e3 x 1 dx
4.
5
3 10 x
dx
2. x
2
3 2 6x dx 5.
6x
dx
2
3
2 x
1 3x 2
44 x 1
e
2
3. 2 x
3e dx 6. 3
x 6
3
dx
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cos ax b
1.
sin ax b dx a
C
sin ax b
2. cos ax b dx a
C
tan ax b
3.
sec ax b dx C
2
a
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1
1) cos x dx
4
2) 3 cos 3 x dx
4
3) 2 sec 2 (5 x 3) dx
1
4) cos2 5 x dx
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1 sin1 ax
1. dx C
1 ax a
2
1 cos1 ax
2. dx C
1 ax a
2
1 tan 1
ax C
3. 1 ax 2 dx a
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4 1
dx 4 dx
1 4x 1 2x
2 2
cos 1 2 x
4 c
2
1
2 cos 2 x c
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sin2 x
e
1. dx 4. dx
1 cos x 4 9x 2
3 sin 2 3 y 2 3 y dy
3
2. 5.
3
dx
2x 1
2
1
x 2 8x 2
3. cos sec d
2
6. dx
2
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- Some of integral cannot be solved using
direct method.
Substitution Parts Partial Fraction
Integrand in the Integrand involves polynomial
form of composite product of polynomial
dx
function functions
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f g xg ' x dx
Steps:
1. Assume g(x) = u
2. Diff u wrt x
du/dx = g(x) dx = du/g(x)
3. Substitute in the integrand
f u g ' x
du
g ' x
f u du
4. Integrate w.r.t u
5. Substitute back u.
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(4x 3)(2x 3x 5) dx
2 3
Find
du
let u 2 x 3x 5
2
4x 3
dx
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ln x 3
x
dx
let u ln x
du 1
dx xdu
dx x
ln x 3
x
dx
u3
xxdu
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1 1
Find x3 x 2
sin dx
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x3
x2 2
dx using substitution of u = x2 2.
du du
u x 2 2
2 x dx
dx 2x
x2 u 2
x3 1 x2
x2 2
dx
2 u
du
x 3 du 1 u2
u 2x
2 u
du
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x e
2 x3
1) dx
sin t
2) cos2 t dt
sin2 x
3) 1 cos x
dx
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u dv uv v du
Integrand can be written as two parts; u and dv.
dv term consists of the term dx.
choice of u and dv:
u easy to differentiate
dv easy to integrate
Try this. LoPet Lo Logarithm
P Polynomial
e Exponential
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t trigonometric
Find:
1. x x 1dx
3 xe
2 x 4
2. dx
3. ln x dx
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1) x x 1dx
dv
Let u = x and x 1
dx
du 2
1 v ( x 1) 32
dx 3
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3xe
2 x 4
dx
dv
Let u = 3x and e 2 x 4
dx
3 2 x 4 3 2 x 4
xe e c
2 4
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ln x dx
u ln x and dv dx
x ln x x c
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Find :
x
4
a) ln xdx
x
2 x
b) e dx
x
c) x 3 dx
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3
x
Fractions
2
x 2
3 2 5x 6 single
+ = fraction
x x 2 x x 2
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conversely
5x 6 3 2
= +
x x 2 x x 2
Partial Fractions
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P x
Dx
deg P(x) < deg D(x) deg P(x) deg D(x)
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CASE 1: CASE 2:
Proper fractions Improper fractions
Linear Quadratic
factor factor
Long
Repeated Repeated Division
Linear Quadratic
factor factor
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P x
1)
a1x b1 a2 x b2 ... an x bn
A B N
a1x b1 a2 x b2 an x b n
P x A B C
2)
ax b
n
ax b ax b 2
ax b
n
P x Ax B
3) 2
ax bx c ax bx c
2
P x Ax B C
4)
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a1x b1x c a2 x b2 a1x b1x c a2 x b2
2 2
P x
D x
identify proper or improper p.f
apply rules of p.f based on D(x)
multiply both sides with D(x) -
cancellation
substitute appropriate values to determine A, B, C,...
(or compare coefficents)
rewrite complete answer
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2x 3
Express in partial fractions.
3x 2x 1
2x 3 A B
3x 2x 1 3x 2 x 1
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x 1
Decompose into partial fractions
x 2
3x 5
x 1 A B C
2
x 3x 5 x x
2
3x 5
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1 x2
Express in partial fractions
1 x
2 2
1 x 2
Ax B Cx D
1 x
2 2
1 x 2
1 x 2 2
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Reduce the following expression into partial
fractions.
x x 5x
3 2
x 3x 2
2
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Express the following in partial fractions
3x 1 x 3
1. 3.
x 2
9 x 2
1 x x2
2
4x 1
x 3 2x 1
2.
x 1 x 2
1 4.
x 3 3x
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P x
Dx dx
deg P(x) < deg D(x) deg P(x) deg D(x)
Long division
Decompose into P.F
Division algorithm
Integrate term by term Partial fractions
Integrate(division algorithm after P.F)
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3x 2
x 2 2 x 24 dx
3x 2 3x 2 A B
x 2 x 24 x 4x 6 x 4 x 6
2
(show all the workings)
x6 20 10 B B 2
x 4 10 10 A A 1
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3x 2 1 2
x 2 2 x 24 dx x 4 x 6 dx
x4
ln c
x 6 2
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6x 7
Evaluate ( x 2) 2 dx
6x 7 A B
( x 2) 2
x 2 ( x 2) 2
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2 x3 4 x 2 x 3
Evaluate x 2 2 x 3 dx
2x 4x x 3
3 2
5x 3
2x 2
x 2x 3
2
x 2x 3
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Integrate:
6
1) 2 dx
x 4x 3
x x 5
2
2) x x2
dx
x 4x 3x 4
3 2
3) x 4x 3
2
dx
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