Operational Amplifier
Masramdhani Saputra
1
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
Very high differential gain +Vcc
Input 1
High input impedance +
Low output impedance
V o
Vd Output
Provide voltage changes
(amplitude and polarity) Input 2
Used in oscillator, filter and Rin~inf -Vcc Rout~0
instrumentation Vo GdVd
Accumulate a very high gain
by multiple stages Gd : differential gain normally
very large, say 105
2
IC Product
OFFSET OUTPUT A 1 8 V+
NULL
1 8 N.C.
-IN 2 7 V+ -IN A 2 7 OUTPUT B
+
+IN 3 + 6 OUTPUT
+IN A 3 6 -IN B
OFFSET V 4 + 5 +IN B
V 4 5 NULL
DIP-741 Dual op-amp 1458 device
3
Single-Ended Input
+
V o + terminal : Source
~ Vi terminal : Ground
0o phase change
+
V
o
+ terminal : Ground
terminal : Source
180o phase change
~
V i
4
Double-Ended Input
Differential input
+
V d V Vd V V
o
~
0o phase shift change
between Vo and Vd
+
V
o
Qu: What Vo should be if,
~ V1 V 2
~
V 2
V 1
Ans: (A or B) ?
(A) (B)
5
Distortion
+V =+5V cc
+5V
+
V
o
V
d 0
5V
V =5V cc
The output voltage never excess the DC
voltage supply of the Op-Amp
6
Op-Amp Properties
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain V1
+
- The gain without feedback Vo
- Equal to differential gain V2
- Zero common-mode gain
- Pratically, Gd = 20,000 to 200,000
i1~0 +
(2) Infinite Input impedance Vo
- Input current ii ~0A i2~0
- T- in high-grade op-amp
- m-A input current in low-grade op-amp
Rout
(3) Zero Output Impedance
- act as perfect internal voltage source Vo' +
Rload
- No internal resistance
- Output impedance in series with load
- Reducing output voltage to the load Rload
- Practically, Rout ~ 20-100 Vload Vo
Rload Rout
7
Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp
Ideal Practical Ideal op-amp
+ AVin
Open Loop gain A 105 Vin ~ Vout
Bandwidth BW 10-100Hz Zout=0
Input Impedance Zin >1M
Output Impedance Zout 0 10-100
Practical op-amp
Output Voltage Vout Depends only Depends slightly +
on Vd = (V+V) on average input Zin Zout
Differential Vc = (V++V)/2 Vin Vout
~
mode signal Common-Mode
signal AVin
CMRR 10-100dB
8
Ideal Op-Amp Applications
Analysis Method :
Two ideal Op-Amp Properties:
(1) The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V
(2) The current into both V+ and V termainals is zero
For ideal Op-Amp circuit:
(1) Write the kirchhoff node equation at the noninverting
terminal V+
(2) Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting
terminal V
(3) Set V+ = V and solve for the desired closed-loop gain
9
Noninverting Amplifier
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V+
yields, V V
V in +
i V
o
(2) Kirchhoff node equation at V
yields, V 0 V Vo Ra Rf
0
Ra Rf
(3) Setting V+ = V yields
Vi Vi Vo Vo Rf
0 or 1
Ra Rf Vi Ra
10
v+ v+
v i + vi +
v R1 v-
vo
v-
o
R2
R a R f Ra Rf
Noninverting amplifier Noninverting input with voltage divider
Rf Rf R2
vo (1 )vi vo (1 )( )vi
Ra Ra R1 R2
v+ v+
vi + vi +
vo R1 v-
vo
v- R2
Rf Rf
Less than unity gain
Voltage follower
vo vi vo
R2
vi
R1 R2
11
Inverting Amplifier
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V+ Rf
yields, V 0 Ra
V o
(2) Kirchhoff node equation at V
yields,
V ~in +
Vin V_ Vo V
0
Ra Rf
(3) Setting V+ = V yields
Notice: The closed-loop gain Vo/Vin is
Vo R f dependent upon the ratio of two resistors,
and is independent of the open-loop gain.
Vin Ra This is caused by the use of feedback output
voltage to subtract from the input voltage.
12
Multiple Inputs
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V+ Rf
yields,
V 0 Va Ra
Rb
(2) Kirchhoff node equation at V
Vb
Rc V o
Vc +
yields,
V_ Vo V Va V Vb V Vc
0
Rf Ra Rb Rc
(3) Setting V+ = V yields
Va Vb Vc c V
Vo R f R f
j
Ra Rb Rc j a R j
13
Inverting Integrator
Now replace resistors Ra and Rf by complex Zf
components Za and Zf, respectively, therefore Za
Zf
Vo Vin V
o
Za
Supposing V ~in +
(i) The feedback component is a capacitor C, i.e.,
1
Zf
jC
(ii) The input component is a resistor R, Za = R
Therefore, the closed-loop gain (Vo/Vin) become:
C
1 R
vo (t )
RC vi (t )dt
V
o
where
vi (t ) Vi e jt V ~in +
What happens if Za = 1/jC whereas, Zf = R?
Inverting differentiator
14
Op-Amp Integrator
Example:
C 0.01F
(a) Determine the rate of change +5V R
of the output voltage. 0
100s
V
i
10 k
V o
(b) Draw the output waveform.
+
Vo(max)=10 V
Solution:
(a) Rate of change of the output voltage
Vo V 5V
i +5V
t RC (10 k)(0.01 F)
50 mV/ s
0 V i
0
(b) In 100 s, the voltage decrease -5V
Vo (50 mV/ s)(100s) 5V
-10V V o
15
Op-Amp Differentiator
R
C
0
to t1 t2 V
i V
o 0
+
to t1 t2
dV
vo i RC
dt
16
