Pr

ogr
ammabl
eLogi
cDev
ices
· PLD'
sar
edev
icest
hatcani
mpl
ementawi
dev
ari
etyofl
ogi
cfunct
ions.

· Thepr
ogr
ammi
ngmaybeper
manentorr
epr
ogr
ammabl
e.

· Exampl
esofcommont
ypesofPROM'
s:

o ROM -(
ReadOnlyMemory)I
sprogr
ammedbyt
hemanuf
act
urerandcannot
beal
ter
edbytheuser(
you,
theengi
neer
).

o PROM - (
Progr
ammabl eROM)canbeprogrammedonce.Theseare
progr
ammedbyf ryi
ngasetoffusesint
hedevi
cethatper
manent
lybreakconnect
ions
betweenwi
res.Thus,t
hesedev
icescannotberepr
ogrammed.

o EPROM -(Er
asabl
ePROM)canbeprogr
ammedandr epr
ogr
ammed.To
r
eprogr
am t
hisdev
iceyouhavet
oputi
tunderul
tr
avi
oletl
i
ghtf
oranext
endedper
iodof
t
ime.

o EEPROM -(
Elect
ri
cal
l
lyEr
asabl
ePROM)Thisdev
icecanbeer
ased
el
ect
ri
cal
l
yandist
her
eforemucheasi
erandqui
ckert
oworkwit
hthana

EPROM.

· Theot
hert
ypesofPLD'
shav
esi
mil
art
echnol
ogi
esf
orpr
ogr
ammi
ng
t
hem.

· CommonPLD'
sincl
ude:

o PROM'
s(I
'
lluset
hist
erm gener
ical
l
ytoi
ncl
udeal
lty
pesofPROM'
s)

o PLA'
s-Pr
ogr
ammabl
eAr
rayLogi
c.Thi
stechnol
ogyi
sobsol
etesoIwi
l
lnot
di
scussi
t.

o PALDevi
ces-Progr
ammableArr
ayLogi
cDevices.Averypopul
ardev
icef
or
i
mpl
ement
ingcombi
nati
onall
ogic,
thet
ypet
hatwe'
vebeendiscussi
ng.

o GALDev ices-Gat
eAr
rayLogi
c.Si
mil
art
oPALDev
ices,
butt
hesehav
e
addi
ti
onal
flexi
bil
i
ty.

o PGA-Pr
ogr
ammabl
eGat
eAr
ray
s.Thesear
eev
enmor
efl
exi
blet
hanGAL'
s.

o FPGA'
s-Fi
eldPr
ogrammabl
eGat
eAr r
ays.Thesedev
icesar
ever
yel
abor
ate
andcanber
epr
ogr
ammedwhilebei
ngi
ncomplet
esystem.

Pr
ogr
ammabl
eLogi
cDev
ices
 Logicdev i
cesconst it
uteoneofthethreeimpor t
antclassesofdev i
cesusedtobui l
d
digi
talelect
ronicssy st
ems, memorydev i
cesandmi cr
oprocessorsbeingtheothertwo.
Memor ydev i
cessuchasROM andRAM ar eusedt ostor
einformat i
onsuchast he
soft
war einstr
uct i
onsofapr ogr
am orthecont entsofadat abase,andmicropr
ocessors
executesoftwar einstr
ucti
onstoperfor
m av ariet
yoffunctions,fr
om runni
nga
word-processingpr ogr
am tocarr
yingoutfarmor ecompl extasks.

Logicdev i
cesimpl emental mostev er
yot herfuncti
ont hatthesy stem mustper f
orm,
i
ncludingdev i
ce-to-dev i
ceinterfacing,datatiming,cont r
olanddi splayoperati
onsandso
on.Sof ar,
wehav edi scussedt hosel ogicdev i
cest hatper formf i
xedl ogi
cfunctions
decideduponatt hemanuf acturingstage.Logi cgat es, multi
plexers,demulti
plexers,
ari
thmet i
ccircuit
s,et c.,
aresomeexampl es.Sequent iallogicdev i
cessuchasf l
ip-
flops,
counters,r
egisters,et c.
,tobedi scussedi nthef ol
lowi ngchapt ers,alsobelongtot his
categoryoflogicdev i
ces.Inthepr esentchapt er,wewi lldi
scussanewcat egoryofl ogi
c
devicescall
edpr ogr ammabl elogi cdev i
ces( PLDs).

Thefuncti
ontobeper f
ormedbyaprogrammablel
ogicdev
iceisundefinedatthet
imeof
i
tsmanuf act
ure.Thesedev
icesar
eprogrammedbytheusertoperform arangeof
funct
ionsdependinguponthel
ogi
ccapacit
yandotherf
eat
uresofferedbythedevi
ce.

Wewi l
lbeginwithacompar i
sonoff ixedandpr ogr
ammabl elogi
c,andt
henf ol
l
owt hi
s
upwi thadet ai
l
eddescr i
ptionofdifferenttypesofPLDsintermsofoperati
onal
fundament al
s,sali
entfeatures,ar
chitectur
eandt ypi
calappli
cati
ons.Abri
efint
roduct
ion
tothedev i
cesof f
eredbysomeoft hemaj ormanufactur
ersofPLDsandPLD
programmi nglanguagesisgi ventowar dstheendofthechapt er
.

Adv
ant
agesandDi
sadv
ant
agesofFi
xedLogi
cVer
susPr
ogr
ammabl
eLogi
c

1.Ifwewanttobuil
daf i
xedlogicdevicetoperform acert
ainspeci
ficfunct
ion,
theti
me
requi
redfr
om desi
gnt ot
hef i
nalstagewhent hemanuf act
ureddeviceisactual
l
y
avail
abl
eforusecouldeasil
ybesev er
al monthstoay earorso.PLD-baseddesign
requi
resmuchlessti
mef rom desi
gncy clet
opr oducti
onrun.

2.Inthecaseoff i
xedlogicdevices,theprocessofdesi gnv ali
dati
onfoll
owedby
i
ncor por
ationofchanges,ifany,i
nvolvessubstantialnonrecurri
ngengineeri
ng(NRE)
costs,whichleadstoanenhancedcostoft heini
tialpr ot
otypedevice.I
nthecaseof
PLDs, i
nexpensivesoft
war etool
scanbeusedf orqui ckv al
idati
onofdesigns.The
programmabl efeatur
eoft hesedevicesall
owsqui cki ncorporat
ionofchangesandalso
aquicktest i
ngofthedeviceinanact ualappli
cati
onenv i
ronment .

I
nthi
scase,t
hedevi
ceusedf
orpr
otot
ypi
ngi
sthesameast
heonet
hatwoul
dqual
i
fyf
or
usei
ntheendequi
pment.

3.Inthecaseofprogr
ammablelogi
cdev i
ces,userscanchanget hecir
cuitasoft
enas
theywanttounti
lthedesi
gnoperat
est ot
heirsati
sfacti
on.PLDsof f
ertotheusersmuch
mor efl
exi
bil
i
tyduri
ngthedesi
gncycle.Desi
gniterati
onsarenothingbutchangestot
he
pr
ogr
ammi
ngf
il
e.

4.Fixedlogi
cdev i
ceshaveanedgef orl
arge-
vol
umeappli
cat
ionsastheycanbemass
producedmor eeconomical
ly.Theyarealsot
hepref
err
edchoicei
nappli
cati
ons
requir
ingthehighestper
for
mancel evel
.

Pr
ogr
ammabl
eLogi
cDev
ices-AnOv
erv
iew
Therearemanyt ypesofpr ogrammabl elogicdevi
ce,di
sti
nguishablefrom oneanotheri
n
ter
msofar chi
tecture,l
ogiccapaci t
y,pr
ogr ammabil
it
yandcer t
ainot herspeci
fi
cfeatur
es.
I
nt hi
ssecti
on,wewi l
lbri
eflydiscusscommonl yusedPLDsandt heirsali
entf
eatur
es.A
detai
leddescr
ipti
onofeachoft hem wi
llfoll
owinsubsequentsections.

1.Pr
ogr
ammabl
eROMs
PROM ( ProgrammableReadOnl yMemor y)andEPROM ( Erasabl
eProgrammabl eRead
OnlyMemor y)canbeconsideredtobepr edecessorstoPLDs.Thear chit
ect
ureofa
programmabl eROM allowstheusert ohardware-i
mplementanar bit
rarycombinati
onal
functi
onofagi v
ennumberofi nputs.Whenusedasamemor ydevi
ce,ninput
soft he
ROM ( cal
ledaddressli
nesinthiscase)andm out puts(cal
leddatali
nes)canbeusedt o
store2nm- bitwords.

WhenusedasaPLD, i
tcanbeusedt oimplementm diff
erentcombi nationalf
unctions,
witheachf uncti
onbeingachosenf uncti
onofnv ar
iabl
es.Anyconcei vablen-var
iable
Booleanf unct
ioncanbemadet oappearatanyofthem out putli
nes.Agener ali
zed
ROM dev icewithninputsandm outputshas2nhar d-
wiredANDgat esatt hei
nputand
m programmabl eORgat esattheoutput.EachANDgat ehasni nputs,andeachORgat e
has2ni nputs.Thus,eachORgat ecanbeusedt ogenerateanyconcei vableBoolean
functi
onofnv ar
iabl
es,andthi
sgener al
i
zedROM canbeusedt opr oducem ar bi
trary
n-var
iableBooleanfuncti
ons.

TheANDar r
ayproducesall
possiblemintermsofagi
v ennumberofinputv
ariables,and
theprogrammableORar r
ayall
owsonl ythedesir
edmintermstoappearattheiri
nput s.
Figureshowstheint
ernalar
chi
tectureofaPROM havingfouri
nputli
nes,ahard-wired
arrayof16ANDgat esandaprogr ammabl ear
rayoff
ourORgat es.

Acr oss( ×)indicat

esani ntact(orunprogrammed)f usiblelinkori
nterconnect
ion,
anda
dot( )i
ndi catesahard-wiredinter
connection.PROMs, EPROMsandEEPROMs
(Electr
icallyErasabl
ePr ogrammabl eReadOnl yMemor y )canbeprogrammedusi ng
standar dPROM pr ogrammer s.Oneoft hemajordisadv antagesofPROMsi st
heir
i
nef fi
cientuseofl ogi
ccapaci ty.I
tisnoteconomi caltousePROMsf orallt
hose
applicati
onswher eonlyaf ewmi nter
msar eneeded.

Ot
herdi
sadv
ant
agesi
ncl
uder
elat
ivel
yhi
gherpowerconsumpt
ionandani
nabi
l
ityt
o
provi
desafecoversforasy
nchronouslogi
ctr
ansit
ions.Theyar
eusual
l
ymuchsl ower
thanthededi
catedlogi
ccir
cui
ts.Also,t
heycannotbeusedt oi
mpl
ementsequenti
al
l
ogicowingtotheabsenceoffl
ip-f
lops.

2.Pr
ogr
ammabl
eLogi
cAr
ray
Apr ogrammabl el ogicar ray(PLA)dev icehasapr ogrammabl eANDar r
ayatt hei nput
andapr ogrammabl eORar rayatt heout put,whi chmakesi toneoft hemostv er
sat il
e
PLDs.It sarchit
ecturedi ffersfrom t hatofaPROM i nt hefollowingrespect s.Ithasa
programmabl eANDar rayr athert hanahar d-wi r
edANDar ray .ThenumberofANDgat es
i
nanm- i
nputPROM i sal way sequal t
o2m .I nt hecaseofaPLA, thenumberofAND
gatesint heprogrammabl eANDar rayform i nputv ari
ablesi susuallymuchl esst han2m
,andt henumberofi nput sofeachoft heORgat esequal st henumberofANDgat es.
EachORgat ecangener ateanar bitr
aryBool eanf unctionwi thamaxi mum ofmi nter ms
equal t
ot henumberofANDgat es.Figure9.4showst heinternalarchitectur
eofaPLA
devicewi thfourinputlines, apr ogrammabl ear r
ayofei ghtANDgat esatt hei nputanda
programmabl earrayoft woORgat esatt heout put.APLAdev i
cemakesmor eef ficient
useofl ogiccapaci t
ythanaPROM.Howev er,ithasi tsowndi sadvantagesr esulti
ngf r
om
twoset sofpr ogrammabl ef uses, whichmakesi trelativ
elymor edif
ficulttomanuf acture,
program andt est.

GALdevicecanbeerasedandr eprogrammed.Al so,i

thasreprogrammabl eoutputl
ogi
c.
Thi
sfeaturemakesitpart
icul
arl
yat t
racti
veatt hedev i
ceprot
otypingstage,asanybugs
i
nthelogiccanbecorrect
edbyr eprogrammi ng.Asi mil
ardevi
cecal l
edPEEL
(Pr
ogrammableElectr
ical
l
yErasableLogi c)wasi ntr
oducedbyt heInt
ernati
onalCMOS
Technol
ogy(
ICT)Cor
por
ati
on.

//
///Pr ogrammabl eLogicDevi
cesoraPLDsaredevi
cesthatconsi
stoftwoormor e
gatepl anesthatareinter
connectedandwhi
chcanbeprogr
ammedt ogivearequir
ed
l
ogicf unction.TherearetwotypesofPLDs:
Progr
ammablelogicar
ray(PLA)and
Programmabl eArraylogi
c(PAL)

PLA:
Thegeneralst
ruct
ureofaPLAi sshownbel
ow.Thelogi
cgat
esusedcanbetwolev
el,
in
AND-OR,NAND- NANDorNOR- NORconfi
gur
ati
on.Someti
mesanAND-OR-EXOR
conf
igur
ationcanalsobeused.

WhenanAND- ORmatri
xisused,
boththegat
eplanesar
eprogr
ammabl e.Duetotheuse
ofANDmat ri
xfol
l
owedbyORmat ri
x,wecanusethem f
orthei
mplementati
onoflogi
c
funct
ionsintheSOPfor
m, sucht
hattheANDmat r
ixi
mplement
stheproductter
msand
theORi mplementst
hesum ofpr
oductter
ms.

ANDmat ri
x:EachANDgat ehas2M inputswheretheinputsrangefr
om I 0toI
M-1.Ther
e
i
sani chromef usel
inkconnectedinseri
eswit
heachinput .I
nanunpr ogrammedPLAal l
fuseli
nksar eint
act.Whenwehav etoimplementalogicfuncti
onthatisprogr
am the
array
,thedesiredconnect
ionsarelef
tint
act(markedwithanx)whi l
et heunwant
ed
nichr
omel inksareopened(insuchcaseanxmar kisnot).Theoutputisthusaproduct
term.

ORmat ri
x:t
heoutputsofANDmat ri
xisconnectedtoORmatri
x.Thi
sisalsoprovi
ded
wit
hnichromefuselinksandhencecanalsobeprogrammed.Theoutputoft
heORar r
ay
gi
vesthesum ofproducts.TheORmat r
ixispr
ogrammedbyopencircuit
ingt
he
unwantedfuseli
nks.Theopenfuseli
nksareequival
entt
oa0attheinputofthe
cor
respondingORgat e.

I
nputbuf
fer
sinaPLAareusedforavoi
dingthel
oadingofsour
cesconnectedatinput
s
whi
leout
putbuf
fer
sar
eusedt oincr
easethecur
rentsour
cingcapabi
l
ityofthePLA
PAL:
Pr
ogrammableArr
ayl
ogi
cist
hemostcommonl
yusedty
peofPLD.Iti
sapr
ogr
ammabl
e
ar
rayofl
ogi
cgatesonasi
ngl
echi
pwit
hanAND-ORconfi
gur
ati
on.

Thespecialf
eatur
eofPAList
hatithasaprogr
ammabl eANDarrayandafi
xedORarray
.
Also,eachORgateint
heORarraygetsi
nputsf
rom someoftheANDgates.Thatmeans
outputsofal
ltheANDgat
esarenotappli
edtoanyoftheORgates.

Thefoll
owi
ngf
igur
eshowstheconf
igur
ati
onofaPALwi
th5i
nput
s,8-
ANDgat
es
(pr
ogrammabl
e)and4-
fi
xedORgates.

Therear
e5i nputbuff
ers,
oneperinput
,whi
chareusedforreducingloadoninput
s.The
buff
ersproduceinver
tedandnon-
inver
tedv
ersi
onsofthei
rcorrespondingi
nputs.

ANDmat ri
x-Therear e8pr ogrammableANDgat esi
ntheANDmat r
ix.EachANDgate
recei
ves10i nputs,whi charethecomplementanduncomplement edf or
msoft he5input
l
ines.All10inputsareappl iedtoeachANDgatealongwit
ht henichromef useli
nks
i
ntact.TheseANDgat escanbepr ogr
ammedbyopeni ngt
hesui t
abl efuseli
nks,t
o
generate8pr oductterms.

ORmatri
x-TheORmatri
xconsi
stsof4fi
xedORgates.EachORgat
erecei
v esinputs
fr
om t
heoutput
sofonl
ytwoANDgat esasshown.I
nputandOut
putci
rcui
ts-theinput
andoutputci
rcui
tsofPALar
esimil
art
othoseofPLA.Thenumberofnichr
omef use
l
inksi
sequal t
o2M xnwhereM=numberofavail
ableinput
sandn=numberofpr
oduct
ter
ms.Trist
atebuff
ersar
eusedbet
weenoutputofeachORgateandthedevi
ceoutput
s.

/
///
MEMORYDEVI
CES

1. . Whati
smeantbymemor
yExpansi
on?Ment
ioni
tsl
i
mit
.

Thememoryexpansi
oncanbeachi
evedi
ntwoway
s:byexpandi
ngwor
dsi
zeand
expandi
ngmemorycapaci
ty.

Li
mit
ati
ons:

1. Memor
ycapaci
tyupt
o16Mby
tes.

2. 24addr
essl
i
nesand16dat
ali
nes.

2.
. Whatar
etheadv
ant
agesofst
ati
cRAM andDy
nami
cRam?

St
ati
cRAM:

Accesst
imei
sless.
· Fastoper
ati
on.

Dy
nami
cRam

· I
tconsumesl
esspower
.

· Costi
slow.

/
3. Whati
sdi
ff
erencebet
weenPALandPLA?

PLA:

ØBot
hANDandORar
ray
sar
epr
ogr
ammabl
eandCompl
ex

Ø Cost
li
ert
hanPAL

PAL:

Ø ANDar
ray
sar
epr
ogr
ammabl
eORar
ray
sar
efi
xed

Ø CheaperandSi
mpl
er

4. I
mpl
ementt
heexcl
usi
veorf
unct
ionusi
ngROM.

· Cani
mpl
ementmul
ti
-i
nput
/mul
ti
-out
putl
ogi
cfunct
ionsi
nsi
deofROM.

· Dat
aout
put
sar
ethel
ogi
cfunct
ionsandt
headdr
essl
i
nesar
ethel
ogi
c
f
unct
ioni
nput
s.

· Wecr
eat
eaROM Tabl
etost
oret
hel
ogi
cfunct
ions.

· Whenaninput(oraddr
ess)i
spresent
ed,t
hev
aluest
oredi
nthe
speci
fi
edmemor
ylocat
ionappearsatt
hedataoutput
s.

· Eachdat
aout
putr
epr
esent
sthecor
rectv
aluef
ori
tsl
ogi
cfunct
ion

5. Compar
eDy
nami
cRAM wi
thSt
ati
cRAM.

· St
ati
cRam i
sver
ycost
ly.

· Dy
nami
cRam i
scheaper
.

· St
ati
cRam cont
ainsTr
ansi
stor
s.

· Dy
nami
cRam cont
ainsCapaci
tor
s.

· St
ati
cRam i
susedi
nL1andL2cache.

· Dy
nami
cRam i
susedi
nsy
stem RAM.

6. Ment
ionf
ewappl
i
cat
ionsofPLAandPAL.
· I
mpl
ementcombi
nat
ional
cir
cui
ts

I
mpl
ementsequent
ial
cir
cui
ts·

Codeconv
ert
ers

· Mi
cropr
ocessorbasedsy
stems

7. Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentt
ypesofpr
ogr
ammabl
elogi
cdev
ices?

· PROM

· PLA

· PAL

· GAL

9. Li
stt
headv
ant
agesofPLDs.

· l
owandf
ixed(
twogat
e)pr
opagat
iondel
ays(
typi
cal
l
ydownt
o5ns)
,

· si
mpl
e,

· l
ow-
cost(
free)
,

· desi
gnt
ool
s.

10. Whati
sPAL?

PALispr
ogrammabl
earrayl
ogi
c,PALconsi
stsofapr
ogr
ammabl
eANDar
rayanda
fi
xedORarr
aywit
houtputl
ogi
c.

11. Whati
saccesst
imeandcy
clet
imeofamemor
y?

Accesst
imeisthemaxi
mum speci
fi
edt
imewi
thi
nwhi
chav
ali
dnewdat
aisputont
he
databusaf
teranaddr
essisappl
i
ed.

Cycl
eti
meisthemini
mum ti
mef
orwhi
chanaddr
essmustbehel
dst
abl
eont
he
addr
essbusi
nreadcycl
e.

12.I
mpl
ementa2-
bitmul
ti
pli
erusi
ngROM.

13. Howt
hememor
iesar
ecl
assi
fi
ed?

I
tiscl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wot
ypes:
· v
olat
il
e non-
vol
ati
l
e
memory

15. Whati
svol
ati
l
eandnon-
vol
ati
l
ememor
y?

Thememor
ywhi
chcannothol
dthedat
awhenpoweri
stur
nedof
fisknownasv
olat
il
e
memory.
Thememor
ywhi
chcanhol
dthedat
awhenpoweri
stur
nedof
fisknownas
non-
vol
ati
l
ememory

16. Gi
vet
headv
ant
agesofRAM.

· Readandwr
it
ethedat
a.

Dat
aisaccessedbyusi
ngaddr
essoft
hememor
ylocat
ion.

Hi
gherspeed.