Theory:
INVERTER
Inverter is basically a power electronic converter that converts dc power supply into AC waveform. The
input d.c can be taken from battery or rectifiers. The inverters may be classified into square wave, quasi-
square wave or low distorted sine wave according to their output waveform. Square wave and quasi
square have high value of Total Harmonic Distortion, therefore, they are restricted for low and medium
power applications but for high power application better quality waveform is desired.
SINGLE PHASE FULL BRIDGE INVERTER
A single-phase bridge DC-AC inverter is shown in Figure below. The analysis of the single-phase DC-AC
inverters is done taking into account following assumptions and conventions.
1) The current entering node a in Figure 1 is considered to be positive.
2) The switches S1, S2, S3 and S4 are unidirectional, i.e. they conduct current in one direction.
Fig 1.
When the switches S1 and S2 are turned on simultaneously for a duration 0 ≤ t ≤ T1 , the input voltage
Vin appears across the load and the current flows from point a to b as shown in fig 2.
Q1 – Q2 ON, Q3 – Q4 OFF. Output Voltage is Vs.
Fig 2.
If the switches S3 and S4 turned on duration T1 ≤ t ≤ T2, the voltage across the load the load is reversed
and the current through the load flows from point b to a as shown in fig 3.
Q1 – Q2 OFF, Q3 – Q4 ON .Vo = -Vs.
Fig 3.
THREE PHASE INVERTER
A three-phase inverter converts a DC input into a three-phase AC output. Its three arms are normally
delayed by an angle of 120° so as to generate a three-phase AC supply. The inverter switches each has a
ratio of 50% and switching occurs after every T/6 of the time T (60° angle interval). The switches S1 and
S4, the switches S2 and S5 and switches S3 and S6 complement each other.
The figure below shows a circuit for a three phase inverter. It is nothing but three single phase inverters
put across the same DC source. The pole voltages in a three phase inverter are equal to the pole voltages
in single phase half bridge inverter.
The two types of inverters above have two modes of conduction − 180° mode of conduction and 120°
mode of conduction.
180° mode of conduction
In this mode of conduction, every device is in conduction state for 180° where they are switched ON at
60° intervals. The terminals A, B and C are the output terminals of the bridge that are connected to the
three-phase delta or star connection of the load.
For the period 0° − 60° the points S1, S5 and S6 are in conduction mode. The terminals A and C of the
load are connected to the source at its positive point. The terminal B is connected to the source at its
negative point. In addition, resistances R/2 is between the neutral and the positive end while resistance
R is between the neutral and the negative terminal.
120° mode of conduction
In this mode of conduction, each electronic device is in a conduction state for 120°. It is most suitable for
a delta connection in a load because it results in a six-step type of waveform across any of its phases.
Therefore, at any instant only two devices are conducting because each device conducts at only 120°.
The terminal A on the load is connected to the positive end while the terminal B is connected to the
negative end of the source. The terminal C on the load is in a condition called floating state.
