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¢ An overview of angiosperm reproduction
Germinated pollen grain
(n) (male gametophyte)
Stigma Anther at
on stigma of carpel
Anther Carpel tip of stamen
Stamen
Style
Filament Ovary Ovary (base of carpel)
Pollen tube
Ovule
Embryo sac (n)
(female gametophyte)
Sepal
Egg (n) FERTILIZATION
Petal
Receptacle
REPRODUCTIVE
Sperm (n) Zygote
(a) An idealized flower. Mature sporophyte Seed (2n)
plant (2n) with (develops
STRUCTURES Key
flowers
Seed
from ovule)
OBICO JJA, Instructor Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Department of Biology, UP Manila
(b) Simplified angiosperm life cycle. Embryo (2n)
Germinating
See Figure 30.10 for a more detailed (sporophyte)
seed
version of the life cycle, including meiosis. Simple fruit
(develops from ovary)
Figure 38.2a, b
FUNCTION OF FLOWER:
SPECIALIZATIONS DRIVEN BY
POLLINATION
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SYMMETRY OVARY LOCATION FLORAL DISTRIBUTION
Lupine inflorescence
Bilateral symmetry
(orchid)
Superior
ovary
Sunflower inflorescence
Sepal
Semi-inferior ovary Inferior ovary
Radial symmetry
(daffodil)
Fused petals
REPRODUCTIVE VARIATIONS
Maize, a monoecious Dioecious Sagittaria
species latifolia (common
arrowhead)
stigma
FLOWER anther style
STAMEN
¢ Reproductive organ of angiosperms filament
¢ Angiosperms- flowering plants
¢ Modified shoot with four whorls
PISTIL
Parts of a flower
SEPALS- calyx
Non-reproductive parts
PETALS- corolla
ovary
PETAL ovule
STAMENS- androecium
Reproductive parts
PISTILS- gynoecium
receptacle
SEPAL
pedicel
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FLORAL VARIATION MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
¢ Complete and Incomplete
¢ Perfect and Imperfect (Bisexual and Unisexual)
Unisexual flowers- either pistillate/ carpellate or
staminate
¢ Monoecious and Dioecious
ALTERNATION OF GENERATION
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¢ Carpels and stamens
Contain the sporangia
¢ Sporangium
Contains the spores
Chambers where male and female gametophytes
develop
¢ Male gametophyte
Sperm-containing pollen grain
¢ Female gametophyte
Egg-containing structures called embryo sacs
Embryo sac develop within the ovules
¢ Development of male gametophyte (Pollen)
¢ Development of female gametophyte (Embryo)
¢ Pollination
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POLLINATION
integument
micropyle
funiculus
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SEED
¢ Contains a miniature plant
¢ Seed Dormancy
Very low metabolic rate
Not growing and developing
Ensures that germination will occur at a time and
place most advantageous to the seedling
¢ Germination
Resumption of growth and development
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SEED GERMINATION
¢ Imbibition
¢ Seed coat expand and ruptures
¢ Activation of digestive enzymes
¢ Mobilization of nutrients
¢ Radicle-first structure to emerge
Types:
¢ Epigeal
¢ Hypogeal
FRUIT
¢ Mature ovary
¢ As seed develops after
fertilization, the ovary
wall thickens
¢ Protects the enclosed
seed
¢ Other floral parts
wither
¢ Variation in fruits
Aid in their dispersal
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FROM OVARY TO FRUIT
¢ A fruit
Develops from the ovary
Protects the enclosed seeds
Aids in the dispersal of seeds by wind or
animals
¢ Fruits are classified into several types
Depending on their developmental origin FRUIT TYPES
Based on Developmental Origin
¢ Simple- single ovary
Carpels
Stamen
Ovary
Flower
¢ Aggregate- single flower with several unfused carpels
Stigma
¢ Multiple - inflorescence
Stamen
Ovule
Pineapple inflorescence
Based on Texture of the Pericarp
Pea flower Raspberry flower
Carpel
¢ Dry
Each
(fruitlet) Stigma segment Indehiscent
Seed
Ovary
develops
from the Dehiscent
carpel of
Stamen
one flower
¢ Fleshy
Pea fruit
Raspberry fruit Pineapple fruit Pericarp has visible layers
(a) Simple fruit. A simple fruit (b) Aggregate fruit. An aggregate fruit (c) Multiple fruit. A multiple fruit ¢ Exocarp
develops from many separate develops from many carpels
develops from a single carpel (or
several fused carpels) of one flower carpels of one flower (examples: of many flowers (examples: ¢ Mesocarp
(examples: pea, lemon, peanut). raspberry, blackberry, strawberry). pineapple, fig). ¢ Endocarp
Figure 38.9a–c
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FLESHY FRUIT PERICARP
Fleshy Fruit Pericarp
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A. SIMPLE FRUIT SIMPLE FLESHY FRUIT
¢ Simple fruits can be either fleshy or dry when mature
¢ 1. Berry – entire pericarp is soft and
fleshy at maturity.
¢ For example, grapes, tomato, etc.
¢ 2.Hesperidium - is a berry ¢ 3.Pepo – is a berry
with tough, leathery rind (peel) containing oils with tough, leathery rind (peel) not containing oils
¢ Rutaceae: oranges, lemons, ¢ Cucurbitaceae: pumpkin, melons, cucumbers
other citrus
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SIMPLE FLESHY FRUIT: DRUPE SIMPLE FLESHY FRUIT: POME
¢ 4. Drupe – outer part of fruit wall is fleshy or ¢ 5. Pomes: most of the fleshy part of pomes develops
fibrous, inner part is hard and stony from the enlarged base of the perianth (corolla and
¢ Fleshy drupe – mango calyx) that has fused with the ovary wall
¢ Fibrous drupe - coconut ¢ Rosaceae
SIMPLE DRY FRUIT: DEHISCENT
SIMPLE DRY FRUIT: LEGUMES
¢ Dehiscentfruits open at maturity include: ¢ Legumes are dry at maturity and split open along
¢ Capsule –splits open along several sutures 2 sutures
¢ Example: Cotton ¢ Examples: Leguminosae/Fabaceae
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SIMPLE DRY FRUITS: FOLLICLE SIMPLE DRY FRUIT: SILIQUE
¢ Follicle:a simple dry fruit that opens along one ¢ Silique:dry fruit that splits open along two
suture to release the seeds; sutures leaving a persistent wall
¢ Example: milkweed ¢ Example: cabbage
SIMPLE DRY FRUITS: INDEHISCENT
SIMPLE DRY FRUIT: INDEHISCENT
¢ Indehiscent dry fruits do NOT open at maturity
¢ Achene: single seeded fruit whose seed is
¢ Caryopsis/Grain: seed coat is fused
attached only at one point of the pericarp
to the ovary wall (rice, corn wheat)
¢ Example: strawberry
¢ Cypsela: also like achene
¢ Nuts:single-ovary wall and
seed coat remain separate, ¢ Example: dandelion
ovary wall is very hard
(acorns)
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SIMPLE DRY FRUIT: INDEHISCENT SIMPLE DRY FRUIT: SCHIZOCARP
¢ Samara: fruits with wings, ¢ Schizocarp: dry fruit that splits open and exposes
¢ Example: maple, one-seeded indehiscent segments
¢ Example: castor oil, dill
AGGREGATE C. MULTIPLE FRUIT
¢ develops from ovaries of several flowers borne/fused
¢ develops from one flower with many separate pistils/
carpels, all ripening simultaneously together on the same stalk
¢ Bromeliaceae
¢ Examples: strawberry, raspberries, blackberries
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FRUIT AND SEED DISPERSAL DISPERSAL OF FRUITS AND SEEDS
¢ Anemochory: Dispersal by wind.
¢ Autochory: Dispersal by physical expulsion,
often explosively.
¢ Endozoochory: Dispersal through animal
ingestion and excretion.
¢ Epizoochory: Dispersal by attachment to fur or
feathers.
¢ Hydrochory: Dispersal by water.
¢ Myrmecochory: Dispersal by ants.
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