fzzp vd;why; vd;d nghwpay;Jiw

………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Nghf;Ftuj;JJiw
jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; vd;gij
tiuaiw nra;f …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………… njhlu;ghly;Jiw

jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; gpd;tUk; …………………………………………………

Jiwfspy; vt;thW gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ ? …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
fy;tpj;Jiw …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… fzzp td;nghUl;fspd; tiffis
………………………………………………… tpsf;Ff
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
kUj;Jtj;Jiw …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… fzzp ,aq;f Njitahd ghfk;fs; ahJ
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
tq;fpj;Jiw …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… gpd;tUk; Input device ,d; Njit >
………………………………………………… gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk; vd;gtw;iw
tpsf;Ff
ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw
Mouse
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
nghOJNghf;FJiw
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

Njit MICR
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Njit
Key board
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

Njit OMR

…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Njit
Touch Pad
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

Njit OCR

…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………… Njit
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
………………………………………………… Njit
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Bar Code Reader
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Smart Card Reader
Njit
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………… Njit
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Scanner …………………………………………………
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Web Cam

Njit
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
………………………………………………… Njit
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
Magnetic Strip Reader gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Digitizer

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

 …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Remote Control

Njit
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
gpd;tUk; Monitor; ,d; tiffis xg;gpl;L
………………………………………………… NtWgLj;Jf
Graphic Tablets CRT LCD LED

Njit mr;Rnghwp tiffis fhl;rpgLj;Jf

…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Sensor

gpd;tUk; mr;Rnghwp tif gz;Gfis $Wf

Njit jl;ly; tif

…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………  ,t; tifapy; fhfpjj;jpd; kPJ
jl;Lthjy; Gs;sp my;yJ vOj;J
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk cUthfpwJ.

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

  Fiwe;j tpiy rpwe;j ciog;G tpN\lj;Jtk
vd;gjhy; kpf mjpf msT
mr;rpLtjpy; ngupJk; …………………………………………………
gad;gLfpd;;wd. …………………………………………………
 xNu rkaj;jpy; gy gbfs; vLf;f Daisy Wheel printer
KbAk;.
 mbf;Fk; nrayhy; rj;jk; njhopy;El;gk
mjpfk;.
 efUk; ghfq;fisf; nfhz;L …………………………………………………
nray;gLtjhy; Ntfk; FiwT. …………………………………………………
 xsp Gfk; js;fspy; mr;rpl tpN\lj;Jtk
KbahJ.
…………………………………………………
jl;lh tif …………………………………………………
Thermal printer
 efUk; ghfq;fs; FiwT njhopy;El;gk
vd;gjhy; Ntfk; mjpfk;.
 jl;ly; vJTk; ,y;iy rj;jk; …………………………………………………
,y;iy. …………………………………………………
 vOj;jf;fis gyg;gy tpN\lj;Jtk
tbtq;fspy; vspjpy; ngwyhk;
 mjpfk; juk; cs;s glq;fis …………………………………………………
tiuayhk; …………………………………………………
 xsp GFk; jhs;fspy; mr;rpl
KbAk; Laser printer
 gy gbfs; vLf;f KbahJ. xU njhopy;El;gk
rkaj;jpy; xU gb jhd;
fpilf;Fk;. …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
tpN\lj;Jtk
gpd;tUk; mr;Rnghwp njhopy;El;gk;>
tpN\lj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw $Wf …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Line Printer
njhopy;El;gk Ink jet printer

………………………………………………… njhopy;El;gk
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
tpN\lj;Jtk …………………………………………………

………………………………………………… tpN\lj;Jtk
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Dot matrix printer
njhopy;El;gk
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

epidtfj;jpd; tiffis
ml;ltizgLj;Jf

epidtf kl;lj;ij xOq;F

tupirapy; $Wf?

gpd;tUk; epidtfj;jpd; nfhs;ssT

epidtf tiffis gpd;tUk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk; jd;ik
jiyg;gpy; xg;gpl;L Muha;f. vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Ff
Magnetic Tape
mZfy;

mZfy;
f tif

nfhs;t
ngsjPf
epidt

Ntfk;
tpiy
msT

Kiw

CD
dT

Floppy Disk
Hard disk
gjptfq;
fs;

mZfy; Ntfk;
…………………………………………………
epidt

…………………………………………………
fq;fs;
gJf;F

mZfy; Neuk
…………………………………………………
vOkhd

epidt

…………………………………………………;
mZF

fk;

mZfy; Kiw
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………....
epidt
fq;fs;
Jiz

td;ntl;L gFjpahf;fspd; ed;ikfs;

jPikfs;
…………………………………………………
ehlhf;f

…………………………………………………
fhe;j

…………………………………………………
s;

…………………………………………………

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

………………………………………………… John Von Neumann Structure
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
S RAM , D RAM; vd;gtw;wpd; NtWghl;il
$Wf
SRAM DRAM

ROM; ,d; tiffis NtWgLj;jp tpsf;Ff fzzp tiffis; tpsf;Ff

PROM EPROM EEPROM 1. …………………………………………

…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
Cache Memory ,d; tiffis $Wf …………………………………………
2. …………………………………………
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 …………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
ika nrayfj;jpd; %d;W gFjpfis $wp
tpsf;Ff 3. …………………………………………
…………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Down Sizing, Mini Sizing
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

Grid Computer, Parallel Computer gy;fU nrayp

………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Clock Speed

jUtpg;G epiwNtw;W Row;rp Kiwia

G+uzgLj;Jf …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………;
Word Size
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

fzpdpapd; tuyhW
fzdpapd; tuyhw;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w Kf;fpa
tplaq;fs’

 Abaas vd;w fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp fp.K

3000 Mz;Lfspy; fzpj;jy;
nraw;ghl;bw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1617 y; ];nfhl;yhe;J ehl;ilr;
Bus Nru;e;j N[hd; Neg;gpau; (john napien)
System Bus vd;gtuhy; klf;if Nfhl;ghl;L
(Logarithms) mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
………………………………………………… ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp $l;ly;fis
………………………………………………… nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;. ,J
Neg;gpaupd; rl;lfq;fs; (Napier’s
Address Bus
Bone) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
…………………………………………………  1632k; Mz;lstpy; N[hd;
………………………………………………… Neg;gpaupd; klf;iff; Nfhl;ghl;il
gad;gLj;jp tOf;Fr; rl;lk; (slide
Data Bus
Rule) fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
…………………………………………………  1642y; gpuhd;]; ehl;L Blasic Pascal
………………………………………………… vd;gtuhy; nghwpKiw fzpg;ghd;
(mechanical machine) $l;lw; nghwp
Control Bus
(Adding Machine)
………………………………………………… fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. Pascaline vd
………………………………………………… miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk;
fopj;jy;> $l;ly; khj;jpuk; nra;af;
Rbajhf ,Ue;jJ.

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

  1674k; Mz;L N[u;kd; ehl;ilr; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l fl;lisj; njhFjpia
Nru;e;j fzpjtpayhsuhd cgNahfg;gLj;jp KjyhtJ
Nfhl;gpul; tpy;ypak; (Gottfiried vz;zpay; fzpdp Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
wilhem) vd;gtuhy; g];fypd; NkYk; 1945 f;F gpd;du; fzpdp Kd;Ndw;j;jpy;
tpupTgLj;jg;gl;l ,ae;jpuk; gb ,lk;ngw;w khw;wq;fis gpd;tUk;
fzf;fplyp (Step Rekonen) jiyKiwfshf gpupj;Jg; ghu;f;fyhk;.
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J +, *, /, -
Nghd;w nra;ghLfis nra;a Kjyhk; jiyKiwf;fzpdp (1st Generation
ty;yJ. computer – 1940-1956 (Vaccuum tube)
 1800k; Mz;L gpuhd;]; ehl;L  cs;sf nraw;ghLfSf;fhf (Vacum
fzpjtpasuhd rhu;y;]; gNg[; tube) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
(Charles babege) vd;gtuhy; Kjd;  fPo; epuypfis (Low level language)
Kjypy; nghwpKiwf; fzpj;jYf;F epuw;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mtrpakhd khjpupia (Machine language)
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpj;jpahrg;
 gpujhd epidtfkhf Magnetic drum
nghwp (Difrent engine)
,J kpff’ Fiwe;j
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
nfhs;ssitNa nfhz;L
 Charles Babbage fzpj fhzg;gl;lJ.
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f  Mjpf ntg;gk; ruhrupahf 250KW/h
tifapYk; juTfis Nrkpf;ff; gad;gLj;jpaJ mNj Neuk;
$ba tifapYkhf tpj;jpahrg; ruhrupahf 1500 rJu mb
nghwpia Nkk;gLj;jp gFg;gha;T ,lg;gug;igf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
nghwpia (Analytical engine) guhkupg;gJ fbdk;.
cUthf;fpdhu;. ,d;W  Xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ,yj;udpay;
ghtizapYs;s fzpdpfspy; kl;Lk; fzpdp rhu;
fhzg;gLk; rhuk;r khjpup (input, mwpTs;stu;fisNa ,af;f;
process,output) vz;fUtpfis $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
Kjd;Kjypy; Kd;itj;jhu;.  cs;sPL ntspaPl;bw;fhf (Punch card)
,jdhNyNa ,tu; fzpdpfspd; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
je;ij vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
 ,tuJ vz;zf;fU Njhw;wj;jpw;F ,e;j fzpdpf;F cjhuzkhf:
cjtpaspj;j (Lady Ada Augusta UNIVAC, ENIAC
Lovelace) vd;gtu; Kjyhtj fzpdp
epuyu; (Programmer) vd 2k; jiyKiw fzpdpfs; (2nd Generation
miof;fg;gl;lhu;. computers- 1957-1963 (Transistors)
 1939apy; (Prof Howard Aliken)  cs;sf nraw;ghLfSf;fhf
KjyhtJ jd;dpaf;f fzpdp (Transistors) kpd;kg;
,ae;jpukd (Automatic sequence ngUf;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;J.
controlled calculation) /mark 1 ,jdhy; Kd;diu tpl
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. gd;klq;F Ntfkhf
 1946apy; (ENIAC) Electronic nraw;gl;lJ.
Numerical integrated calculator  Gpujhd epidtfkhf
calculator and computer vDk; Kjy; magnetic core
,yj;jpudpay; vz;zpay; fzpdp gad;gLj;jg;gl;J.
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.  fPo; epiy epiuapfs; (Low
 1949apy; (EDVAC) Electronic discrete level language )
variable automatic computers) vDk; epuw;gLj;Jtjw;F

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

 gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. EX:  rkhe;jpu nraw;jpd; (Parallel
Assembly language processing)
 Kd;diu tpl $ba mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
epidtf Mw;wy;  (Robotic) mwpKfk;
nraw;ghl;Lj;jpwd; $baJ. nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,uz;lhk; ju epidtfkhf  GUI cld; $ba OS
(Magnatic Tape) gad;ghl;bw;F te;jJ.
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j  Micro/ Personal fzfzpfspd;
fzpdpf;F cjhuzkhf: IBM ghtid mjpfupj;jJ.
1620, UNIVAC 1108  gy;NtWgl;l cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;
rhjdq;fs; gad;ghl;bw;F
3k; jiyKiw fzpdpfs; (3rd Generation te;jd. EX: web camera, Light
computers (intergrated circutes- IC)
pen, Scanner, ETC
 cs;sf nraw;ghl;bw;ghf
APPLE, IBM, DELL Nghd;w epWtdq;fs;
xd;;epizf;fg;gl;l Rw;Wf;fs; (IC)
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. cw;gj;jpapy; gpugykhditfshfTk; Intel,
Cirias, IDT, AMD kw;Wk; Motorola Nghd;w
 IC apd; tUifapd; gpd;du;
epWtdq;fs; Ez;nrayp jahupg;gjpy;
fzpdpapd; Njhw;wk; rpwpjhfpaJ. gpugykhd fk;gdpfs;.
Ntfk; mjpfupj;J tpiyFiwT
epidtf Mw;wy; mjpfupj;jJ. 5k; jiyKiw fzpdpfs; (5th Generation
 cs;sPL ntspaPl;bw;fhf (Keyboard, computers future)
Mouse) kw;Wk; Gjpa rhjdq;fs;
gad;ghl;bw;F te;jJ.  ,J Gj;jp $u;ikAs;s kdpj
*isf;f epfuhd fzpdpfis
 Mini fzpdpfs; cU nghJthd cUthf;ftij mbg;gilahf
gad;ghl;L fzpdpfshdJ. EX: nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Honey well 6000 series  ,J nraw;if Ez;zwpT vdTk;
miof;g;gLk;. (Artifiial intelligent)
4k; jiyKiw fzpdpfs; (4th
Generation computers (Microprocessors  ,jid mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl
– 1971 gpwF) %yf;$w;W fzpdp Molecular
computer kugzf;fzdp (DNA
 cs;sf nraw;ghl;bw;fhf Large Computer) Nghd;w capupay;
scale integration (LSI) kw;Wk; fzpdpfspd; njhopEl;gk;
very large scale intergration gh njhopy;El;gk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
,jdhy;; circuit
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fzpdpapd; tiffs; Types of
Computer
 ,jdhy; Ez;nrayp
(Microprocessors) Njhw;wk; fzpdpia gpd;tUk; Kiwfspd; gpupj;Jg;
ngw;wJ. ghu;f;yhk;
 Micro, Super fzpdpfs; Nghd;w
 gUkid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L
tpj;jparkhd mjpnraw;wpwd;
 Super computer
kpf;f fzpdpfs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wd.  Main frame
 Ntfk; epidtf Mw;wy; computer
mjpfupj;jJ.  Mini computer
 Network sever
 Personal computer

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

  Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahf; 1000f;fzf;fhd ghtidahsu;fSila
nfhz;L Njitfis ruPhf; ifahStjw;fhf
 nghJ gad;ghl;L gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nehf;fk; Main computer
 tpNrl
gad;ghl;L ,J (Main frame) fzpdpfis tpl
Nehf;fk; : tpNrl nraw;wpwd; Fiwe;jJk; Mdhy; (PC)
Njit fistpl nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJkhd
 njhopw;Ew;gj;ij fzpdpfshFk; mJ ntspahd Neuj;jpy;
mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L ,Ue;j fapdpfis tpl rpwpajhf
,Ue;jjpdhy; ,e;j ngaiu ,J ngw;wJ.
 xg;gpay; fzpdp (Analog computer) ,JTk; jiyikf; fzpdpfisg; Nghy; gy
 vz;zpay; fzpdp (Digital computer) ghtidahsu;fis xNu Neuj;jpy;
 Hybrid computer ifahsf; $ba jpwd;kpf;fJ. Terminal/ PC
%yk; ,jDld; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;j
KbAk;.

1) gUkid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L tiyg;gpd;dy; Nritafq;fs; Network

tifg;gLj;jy;
severs
gUkid mbg;gilahf vd;gJ mjDila xU fzpdp tiyg;gpd;dypy; gy jdpafs;
ngsjPf Njhw;wj;jpd; msT> nraw;wpwd; fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; fzpdp rhu; futpfs;
xNu Neuj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; ghtidahsu; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,t;thW
msT> mjDila ngWkjp vd;gtw;wpid ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;f $ba fzpdpfs; kw;Wk;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,J fUtpfis Kfhik nrw;tjw;Fk;
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;. mtw;wpw;Fj; Njitahd juTfs; kw;Wk;
nkd;nghUl;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfntd
kPf;fzdp (super computer)
njhopw;glf; $ba fzpdpNa tiyg;gpd;dy;
kPf;fzpdpfs; ,d;iwa fzpdpfspy; mjpf Ntitafq;fs; (Nwtwork sever) vdg;gLk;.
nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJk; tpiy $baJk; mjp nghJthf epWtdj;jpd; Njtapid
cau; njhopy; E;l;gj;jpYk; mikag; nghWj;J gy fzpdpfs; ,t;tiyaikg;gpy;
ngw;wpUf;Fk; fzpdpNa ,JthFk;. ,it ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,t; tiyg;gpd;dy;
ngUk;ghYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Muha;r;rpf; Nritafq;fspd; gad;fshtd:
$lq;fs; ngUk; Ntiyg; gOTs;s
epWtdq;fspNyna gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.  Email sever fshf gad;gLj;jyhk;
,it Mapuf;fzf;fhd Ez;nraypfis  Internet server (proxy); fshf
(miroprocessors) jd;dfj;Nj gad;gLj;jyhk;
nfhz;Ls;sNjhL vkJ tPl;bYs;s  Print server Nfhg;Gf;fis gfpu;e;J
fzpdpfis tpl gd; klq;F nfhs;s gad;gLj;jyhk;
nraw;wpwd;kpf;fJ.  (Print sever) printer cld;
jiyikf; fzpdp (Main frame ,izf;fg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gly
computer)  (Data base server) Ald;
,izf;fg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gly;
,e;j fzpdpfshdJ ngupa rf;jp tha;e;j
KiwikfshFk;. ,e;j fzpdpapd;
ghtizahsu;fs; (Terminal) Clhf
,izf;fg;gl;bUg;gu;. ,it xU jlitapy; jdpahs; fzpdp (Personal computer (PC))
1000f;F Nkw;gl;l ghtizahsu;fis jdpg;gl;l egu;fspd; ghitf;fhfntd
ifahsj;jf;f ty;yikAilaJ. ,it cs;s fzpdpfNs ,itahFk;.
tq;pfspy; tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J mjdhNyNa ,J jdpahs; fzpdpfs;
epWtdq;fsJ nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

Personal computer (PC)) vd gad;gLj;jf; 4bajhf ,Ug;gNjhL
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,it nghJthf njhL czu;Tld; $ba
fhupahya kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l jpiuapidAk; nfhz;L
Ntiyg;ghLfshd jl;lr;R nra;jy; tiujy; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ,e;j pen
md;whl tzpf nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; fshdJ fl;lisfsid
nra;jy; jdpg;gl;l nghOJ Nghf;F kw;Wk; toq;Ftjw;F rpy Icon fis
nrhe;j NjitfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;Lk;. njupT nra;tjw;fhfTs;sJ. ,J
rpy nkd;nghUl;fspd; tpNrl
gjpg;gpd; %yNk nraw;glf;
,jid xNu Neuj;jpy; xUtNu gad;gLj;j $bajhfTs;sJ.
KbAk;. NkYk; ,jDila nghsjPf 5. Hand held pc
Njhw;wj;jpd; mstpid kd;dpl;L rpy Neuk; ,J iff;flf;fkhdjhf
,J Ez;fzdpfspd; (Microcomputer) ,Ug;gjdhy; ,e;j nghaiu
vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,J gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
gpd;tUk; tifahd PC f;fs; ,d;W gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
gad;ghl;by; cs;sd.  Fwpg;G vLg;gjw;F
 njhiyNgrp njhlu;HG
1. Nkirf; fzpdpfs; Desk top
tpguq;fis tpgupg;gjw;F
computers
 ehshe;j jpd;f;fhl;bia
,it jdpg;gl;l
ghu;g;gjw;F
ghtidf;fhfntd Nkirapy;
itj;Jg; ghtpf;fg;gLtjdhy; ,e;j  ehshe;j jpdf;fhl;bia
ngaiug; ngw;wJ. ghu;g;gjw;F
2. Work station
,JTk; jdpg;gl;l tiyaikg;G
ghtidf;fhfTs;s xU ,izaj;Jld;
fzpdpagFk;. Mdhy; ,J ,izg;gjw;fhd trjpia
rhjhuz nkirf; fzpdpia tpl nfhz;bUg;gNjhL
rf;jp tha;e;jnjhd;W ,J njhiyNgrpahfTk; music
tpQ;Qhdpfs; xspg;gl player MfTk;
gilg;ghspfs; tiugl njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. kpfTk;
nghwpapayhsu;fSf;F vd fbd gpugykhd Hand held
ntiyfis Ntfkhf nra;tjw;F fzpdpahf personal digital
s;s xd;whFk;. assistant (PDA)
3. Note book fzpdpfs; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
,J tpUk;gpa ,lj;jpw;F 6. Smart phone
vLj;Jr;nry;yj;jf;f tifapy; ,J tpNrl ,ay;Gfis nfhz;l
nky;ypajhfTk; Fiwe;j njhiyNgrpahFk;. ,J toikahd
epiwAlDk; Nkirf; fzpdpfs; ifj;njhiyNgrpia tpl ngupaJ.
nraw;ghLfs nghz;ls;s
xU rpwpa (keyboard, internet, email,
fzpdpfshFk;. ,it kpd;
calendar, etc) Nghd;w trjpfisf;
fyq;fspd; (Battery) apd; Jiz
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
nfhz;L ,aq;ff; $baJ.
4. Table pc 2) Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahf
Note book apid tpl Fiwe;Jk; nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jy;
Note book y; xs;s ,ay;Gfis fzpdpahdJ gy;NtWgl;l
tpl $Ljyhd ,ay;Gfis NijitfSf;F
nfhz;lJkhFk;. ,jpy; styles/ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. xU fzpdp
digital pen (njhl jpiuapy; vy;yhj; NjitfSf;Fk;
fl;lisapLtjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fr;rp) NjitfSf;f Vw;g mit

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

 gpd;tUkhW nfhz;L fzpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhz;lhYk;
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. kpfr;rupahd fzpg;gl
P ;bidj; jUk;.
,jd; jPik ahnjdpy; nryT $baJ
tpNrl Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; nra;epuypLtJ rpf;fyhdJ.
(programming)
Muha;r;rp Nghd;w tpNrl NjitfSf;F
vd tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Fzpdpfs; ;
ahTk; ,t;tifiar; rhUk;. ,it
me;Nehf;fq;fis epiwntw;wj;jf;f
tifapy; nraw;wpwd; kpf;fjhfTk; ,aYik Analog computers (njhlupay; fzpdp/
kpf;fjhfTk; fhzg;gl;L mikAk;. xg;Gikf; fzpdp)
Eg: Suer omputer ,f;fzdpfspy; juT cs;sPlhdJ
nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd fzpdpfs; njhlu;rr
; pahf toq;fg;gLk;. mjhtJ
cs;sPlhf toq;fg;gLfpd;w voltage,
,it gy;NtWgl;l Njitfis epiwt ntg;gepiy, mOj;jk; vd;gd fzpdpapd;
nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld; jahupf;fg;gl;l Kwptilahj xl;lj;ijAila jhtyhf
fzpdpahFk;. Rpy re;ju;gq;fspy; ,it nfhs;sg;hLk;. NkYk; nghwpapay; kw;Wk;
tpNrl Njitfis ” u;j;jp nra;aTk; tpQ;Qhd tpz;zg;gq;fspy; ngupa mstpy;
gad;gLk;. nrad; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. juTfshdJ
miy tbtpy; jho;e;J Nghf $ba voltage
Eg: PC mOj;jq;fshf ,Uf;Fk;.
3) njhopy; El;gj;jpid ,e;j njhopy; El;gk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l single
mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L
purpose fUtpfspNyNa gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
fzpdpfis tifg;gLj;jy;
,jd; ed;ik:
 vz;zpay; fzpdp (Digital
computers)  tpiy FiwT
vz;zpay; fzpdpfshdJ  ,yfthf nrw;epuy; ,lKbAk;
gy;NtWgl;l cs;sPl;L fUtpfs;
%yk; ,yf;fq;fs; ,jd; jPik:
vOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W mjid
mt; cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpfs;  kpfr;rupahd jd;ikAila
cs;sPLfis kpd;rhu ntspaPl;bid ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
Jbg;Gf;fshf (on, off, (1,0)) fbdk;. ,jdhy; ,jidg;
khw;wp mjid fzpj kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jp ghupa mstpyhd
ju;f; uPjpahd nraw;ghLfSf;F tzpf nraw;ghLfSf;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. NkYk; ,e;j gad;gLj;JtJ cfe;jjy;y.
nraw;ghl;bw;F Nkyjpfkhf
 nrad;Kiwf;fhf
jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;
 ju;f;f uPjpahf
nraw;ghLfis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;
 kw;Wk; Delete gd;dy;

,jd; kfg;ngupa ed;ik ahnjdpy; ,j

tzpf gpuNahf tpz;zg;gq;fSf;F
nghUj;jkhdJk; mt; tpz;zg;gq;fspy;
vt;tsTf;f mjpfkhf jrkjhdq;fis

A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L