TABLE OF COMMON CHORDS BY FUNCTION

If a chord isn't in this table it is almost certainly an applied chord (tonicization or modulation of another key), or a result of modal mixture (minor chords in major and vice versa).
Function Root RN Triad inversion 7th chord Tendency tones Notes
inversion
major minor 5/3 6/3 6/4 7 6/5 4/3 4/2 root 3rd 5th 7th
Tonic (T) ^1 I i Y Y
T substitute ^6 vi VI Y Y
^3 iii III Y Y
^4 IV6 iv6 (!) rarely substitutes vi/VI
Dominant (D) ^5 V V♯3 Y Y Y Y Y Y ⇧ ⇩ resolve 3rd and 7th tritone properly
^1 V64 v64 Y bass is ^5, has notes of I64 but functions as D
^7 viiø viio Y Y Y Y Y ⇧ (⇧) ⇩ ⇩ resolve tritones, 3rd may resolve down
extended dominants (V9, V11, V13)
augmented/diminished dominants (V♯5, V♭5)
Predominant ^4 IV iv Y Y Y Y ⇩ in major, adding 7th creates a major 7th chord
(PD)
^2 ii Y Y (!) Y Y Y ⇩ prepare 7th
^2 iiø Y (!) Y Y Y ⇧ ⇩ ⇩ cannot be in root position, prepare 7th, resolve tritones
Neapolitan (♭II)
augmented 6th (It, Gr, Fr)
PD substitute ^7 viiø43/42 viio43/42 Y Y ⇧ (⇧) ⇩ ⇩ moves to V7 (bass suspension) or V64
^6 vi VI (!) (!) rarely substitutes IV
Non- ^1 (I6/4) (i6/4) Y usually passing or neighbour motion between PD chords
functional
^5 (V6/4) (v6/4) Y ⇧ usually passing or neighbour motion between T chords
^5 V43/42 V43/42 Y Y ⇧ (⇩) passing or neighbour motion between T chords, ^4 can
resolve up in soprano to form parallel 10ths
^7 viiø65/43 viio65/43 Y Y ⇧ (⇧) (⇩) ⇩
other 6/4 chords
common tone chords
Non- ^♭7 ♭VII Y ⇩ part of melodic minor motion ^8 ^♮7 ^♮6 ^5
functional
^5 v Y ⇩
(minor only)
^4 IV♯3 Y Y ⇧ part of melodic minor motion ^5 ^♯6 ^♯7 ^8

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