Fundamentals of GD&T

In today’s modern and technically advanced design, engineering and manufacturing world, effective
communication is required to ensure the design and manufacture of successful products. Success
oriented organizations, which require accurate and common lines of communications between
engineering, design, manufacturing and quality consider knowledge of GD&T as an essential skill for
design professionals.

The best design in the world is worthless if it cannot be produced!

In this Course we teach you the GD&T as prescribed in the ASME Y14.5-2009 Standard which is the
need of the hour in Industries.

You'll get an in-depth explanation of geometric symbols, including each symbol's requirements,
tolerance zones, and limitations. The class includes a comparison of GD&T to coordinate tolerancing;
an explanation of tolerance zones; Rules #1 and #2; form and orientation controls; tolerance of position;
runout and profile controls.

Course Agenda

Introduction

 GD&T importance
 Fundamental Rules
 Coordinate tolerancing and its Short Comings
 What geometric tolerancing is, and its benefits
 Coordinate tolerancing Vs Geometric tolerancing

Key Terms Used in GD&T

 Size and actual local size, actual mating envelope, axis, center plane
 Complex feature, feature, feature of size, irregular feature of size
 Least and maximum material condition
 Non-opposed, opposed, partially opposed, pattern
 Regardless of feature size
 Related and unrelated actual mating envelope
 Feature control frame and placement

GD&T Symbols & Modifiers

 Geometric characteristic symbols

 Geometric modifying symbols

GD&T Rules

 Rule #1: applied to a feature of size, exceptions, overriding, inspecting

 Independency concept,
 Rule #2: All applicable rule

GD&T Concepts

 Virtual condition, calculations, and worst-case boundary

 Bonus tolerance concept and calculations
  Verification principles for a virtual condition boundary

Straightness Tolerance

 Derived median line, tolerance zones,

 Rule #1 as a straightness control
 Applied to a surface and a feature of size
 Bonus tolerance (at MMC)

Flatness Tolerance

 Derived median plane, tolerance zones

 Rule #1 as a flatness control
 Applied to a planar surface and feature of size
 Bonus tolerance (at MMC)

Circularity Tolerance

 Tolerance zones
 Rule #1 as a circularity control

Cylindricity Tolerance

 Tolerance zones
 Rule #1 as a cylindricity control

The Datum System

 Implied datums, benefits, terminology

 Datum reference frame and symbol
 Six degrees of freedom
 Coplanar datum feature
 Multiple datum reference frames

Datum Targets

 The datum target symbols, usage, requirements

 Point datum target, line datum target, datum target simulators, movable datum targets
 Datum target applications

Size Datum Features: RMB & MMB

 Terms, methods to specify a feature of size as a datum feature

 Effects of a datum feature (RMB)
 Maximum material boundary (MMB) and effects
 Datum shift, datum sequence, datum feature simulators

Perpendicularity Tolerance

 Perpendicularity and perpendicularity tolerance

 Common tolerance zones
 Modifiers used with perpendicularity tolerance

Parallelism Tolerance

 Parallelism and parallelism tolerance

  Common tolerance zones
 Modifiers used with parallelism tolerance

Angularity Tolerance

 Angularity, angularity tolerance

 Common tolerance zones
 Modifiers used in angularity tolerances

Position Tolerance Introduction

 True position and common tolerance zones

 Implied relationships and advantages
 Conditions of RFS and MMC applications
 Projected tolerance zone
 Zero tolerance at MMC
 Floating fastener and fixed fastener assemblies, formulas and limitations
 Calculating position tolerance values

Circular & Total & Runout Tolerances

 Circular runout and total runout tolerance,

 Interpretation, and comparison
 Tolerance zone shape

Concentricity & Symmetry Tolerances

 Concentricity and Symmetry tolerance

 Tolerance zone shapes

Profile Tolerances: Introduction

 Profile and true profile

 Part characteristics affected by profile tolerances
 Effects of datum references
 Advanced Concepts of GD&T
This course is based on ASME Y14.5 – 2009 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Standard. It is intended
for designers, product engineers, manufacturing and assembly engineers, and quality engineers. This
courseware is for participants with understanding on fundamental concepts of GD&T.

Advanced concepts include more in depth discussion on selected topics of GD&T that are not covered
in fundamentals of GD&T. The examples included are more complex and industrial application oriented.

GD&T Fundamentals Review

 GD&T skills Pre-requisite survey

 GD&T fundamentals for further study

Interpretation of Feature and Feature of Size

 Regular, element, complex, and interrupted feature; sub-feature

 The terms “opposed,” “fully opposed,” “partially opposed, “size dimension,” and “cylindrical”
 Importance of distinguishing between a feature and feature of size
 Requirements and categories of a feature of size
 Identifying and interpreting a complete, interrupted, partial, and bounded feature of size

Form Controls

 Calculating the straightness tolerance value with application example

 Calculating the flatness tolerance value with application example
 Calculating the circularity tolerance value with application example
 Calculating the cylindricity tolerance value with application example

The Datum System & Datum Feature Types

 Importance and advantages of datum system.

 Common misconceptions of datum system.
 Common errors in datum usage
 Common datum feature types and typical applications
 Degrees of freedom restrained when each datum feature type is used

Datum Targets

 Applications of datum targets

 Specifying fixed and movable datum targets
 Special datum target types

Tolerance of Position Usage

 Applications of tolerance of position control

 Tolerance of position control and material condition used

Simultaneous and Separate Requirements

 Simultaneous and separate requirements, effects and where they apply

 Tolerance of position at MMC simultaneous requirement
 Tolerance of position controls as separate requirements
Composite Position Tolerancing

 Rules, advantages, and when to use it

 “FRITZ” and “PLTZF”
 Tolerance of position composite application

Multiple Single-Segment Tolerance of Position Tolerancing

 Rules, advantages, and when to use it

 Tolerance of position vs. composite tolerance of position

Conical Tolerance Zones

 A conical tolerance zone and advantage of use

 Specifying a conical tolerance zone in a tolerance of position application
 When to use tolerance of position with a conical tolerance zone

Profile Tolerances

 Applications of profile control

 Converting coordinate tolerances into profile callouts
 The profile datum rule

Profile and Simultaneous Requirements

 Simultaneous requirement applied to profile

 Profile controls with separate requirements

Composite Profile Tolerancing

 Composite profile tolerancing, rules, and advantages

 Interpreting a composite profile application

Multiple Single-Segment Profile Tolerancing

 Rules, advantages, interpretation, when to use it

 Profile vs. a composite profile tolerance

Rigid/Non-Rigid Parts Definitions

 Free state
 Restrained state
 Rigid part
 Non-rigid part and part feature
 Best Drawing Practices

This course introduces the participants to the available drawing standards, drawing conventions and
teaches how to correctly interpret engineering drawings. It will improve a participant's understanding of
print reading and result in more effective communication on the job. The course focuses on practical
application of print interpretation. It will give participants a better understanding of the view
representation, dimensions, tolerances, and symbols used on prints. Newly acquired learning is
reinforced throughout the class with numerous practice problems.

Engineering Drawings

 Engineering drawings
 The purpose and importance of engineering drawings
 Standards used on engineering drawings

Drawing Formats

 Drawing sheet sizes

 Drawing zones
 Title and revisions blocks
 Angle of projection
 Engineering drawing units
 General, local, and flag notes
 Drawing scale
 Multi-sheet drawings

Line Conventions and Lettering

 Line types on drawings

 The functions represented by line types
 Hierarchy of line types
 Lettering

Drawing Views

 Orthographic projection
 Projection systems
 Single view and multi view drawings
 Detail, auxiliary, and assembly views

Section Views

 Section views
 Different types of section views
 Conventional vs. true geometry
 Revolution of features
 Sectioning of assemblies

Dimensioning and Tolerancing

 Practices for metric and English unit dimensions

 Expressing tolerance and General tolerances
 Definitions and Terms
 General symbols and abbreviations
 Thread, gear, and spline representation and specifications