ECE
305
Spring
2015
SOLUTIONS:
ECE
305
Homework:
Week
4
Mark
Lundstrom
Purdue
University
1) Answer
the
following
questions
about
resistivity
at
T
=
300K.
1a)
Compute
the
resistivity
of
intrinsic
Si,
Ge,
and
GaAs.
1b)
Compute
the
resistivity
of
n-‐type
Si,
Ge,
and
GaAs
doped
at
N D = 1019 cm -3 .
Assume
complete
ionization
of
dopants.
Solution:
According
to
eqn.
(3.7)
on
p.
85
of
SDF
1
ρ= Ω-cm
nqµ n + pqµ p
What
are
the
units
of
1 nqµ n
or
1 pqµ p ?
In
MKS
(also
called
SI)
units:
1 1 1 1 V V
→ -3 × × 2 = − m = − m = Ω-m
MKS
or
SI
nqµ m C m /(V-s) ( C/s ) A
But
we
are
usually
given
carrier
densities
per
cm3
and
mobility
in
cm2/(V-‐s),
which
are
not
MKS
units.
1 1 1 1 V V
→ × × = − cm = − cm = Ω-cm
nqµ cm -3
C cm /(V-s) ( C/s )
2
A
so
then
the
answer
comes
out
in
Ω - cm .
Resistivity
is
usually
quoted
in
Ω - cm .
1a)
We
need
the
carrier
densities
and
mobilities:
n = p = ni
From
Fig.
3.5,
p.
80
of
SDF
for
silicon:
cm 2 cm 2
µ n ≈ 1400
µ p ≈ 460
V-s V-s
1 1
ρ= = Ω-cm
nqµ n + pqµ p ni q µ n + µ p ( )
1
ρ = 10 = 3.4 × 105 Ω-cm
10 × 1.6 × 10 × (1400 + 460 )
−19
ρ = 3.4 × 105 Ω-cm
(silicon)
This
is
a
very
large
resistivity
–
not
as
large
as
an
insulator,
but
very
large
for
a
semiconductor.
ECE-‐305
1
Spring
2015
ECE
305
Spring
2015
HW4
Solutions
(continued):
For
Ge:
1
ρ= Ω-cm
(
ni q µ n + µ p )
From
Fig.
3.5,
p.
80
of
SDF
for
Ge:
cm 2 cm 2
µ n ≈ 4000
µ p ≈ 2000
V-s V-s
From
Fig.
2.20,
p.
54
of
SDF
for
Ge:
ni ( 300 K ) = 2 × 1013 cm -3
1
ρ= = 5.2 × 101 Ω-cm
2 × 10 × 1.6 × 10
13 −19
× ( 4000 + 2000 )
ρ = 5.2 × 10 Ω-cm
(Ge)
1
Intrinsic
Ge
is
fairly
conductive!
This
happens
because
the
mobilities
are
higher,
but
mostly
because
the
bandgap
is
much
lower,
so
the
intrinsic
carrier
concentration
is
much
larger.
For
GaAs:
1
ρ= Ω-cm
(
ni q µ n + µ p )
From
Fig.
3.5,
p.
80
of
SDF
for
GaAs:
cm 2 cm 2
µ n ≈ 8500
µ p ≈ 430
V-s V-s
From
Fig.
2.20,
p.
54
of
SDF
for
Ge:
ni ( 300 K ) = 2.25 × 106 cm -3
1
ρ= = 3.1× 108 Ω-cm
2.25 × 10 × 1.6 × 10 × (8500 + 430 )
6 −19
ρ = 3.1× 10 Ω-cm
(GaAs)
8
Intrinsic
GaAs
has
a
resistivity
that
is
orders
of
magnitude
larger
than
Si!
This
happens
even
though
the
electron
mobility
is
much
larger
than
Si
because
the
bandgap
is
much
larger,
so
the
intrinsic
carrier
concentration
is
orders
of
magnitude
smaller.
ECE-‐305
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Spring
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ECE
305
Spring
2015
HW4
Solutions
(continued):
1b)
Since
we
are
heavily
doped
n-‐type
in
this
case,
we
can
ignore
the
contribution
from
holes.
1
ρ= Ω-cm
nqµ n
For
Si:
From
Fig.
3.5,
p.
80
of
SDF
for
Si:
cm 2
µ n ≈ 110
V-s
1
ρ= −19
= 5.7 × 10−3 Ω-cm
1× 10 × 1.6 × 10 × 110
19
ρ = 5.7 × 10−3 Ω-cm
(Si)
This
is
about
eight
orders
of
magnitude
lower
than
the
intrinsic
resistivity
of
Si.
The
ability
to
control
the
resistivity
over
orders
of
magnitude
is
what
makes
semiconductors
so
useful.
For
Ge:
From
Fig.
3.5,
p.
80
of
SDF
for
Si:
cm 2
µ n ≈ 900
V-s
1
ρ= −19
= 6.9 × 10−4 Ω-cm
1× 10 × 1.6 × 10 × 900
19
ρ = 6.9 × 10−4 Ω-cm
(Ge)
Even
lower
than
Si
because
the
mobility
is
higher.
For
GaAs:
From
Fig.
3.5,
p.
80
of
SDF
for
GaAs:
cm 2
µ n ≈ 3200
V-s
1
ρ= −19
= 2.0 × 10−4 Ω-cm
1× 10 × 1.6 × 10 × 3200
19
ρ = 2.0 × 10−4 Ω-cm
(GaAs)
Even
lower
than
Ge
because
the
mobility
is
higher.
ECE-‐305
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ECE
305
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2015
HW4
Solutions
(continued):
Comments:
For
Si,
we
found
that
the
range
of
possible
resistivities
is
3.0 × 105 Ω-cm < ρ < 6 × 10−3 Ω-cm
which
is
about
eight
orders
of
magnitude.
In
practice,
we
could
never
have
pure,
intrinsic
Si,
there
will
always
be
some
unintentional
dopants
no
matter
how
pure
we
try
to
make
Si,
so
the
resistivities
would
not
be
as
high
as
indicted
here,
but
it’s
common
to
find
resistivities
in
the
1000’s.
Also,
one
can
dope
Si
to
1020 cm -3 ,
so
resistivities
10
times
lower
than
indicated
above
can
be
obtained.
How
do
these
limits
compare
to
insulators
and
metals?
A
Google
search
shows
Resistivity
of
copper:
ρ Cu = 1.68 × 10−8 Ω-cm
Resistivity
of
diamond:
ρ = 1013 − 1020 Ω-cm
diamond
So
semiconductors
are
not
great
metals
and
not
great
insulators
–
their
usefulness
comes
from
the
ability
to
vary
their
resistivity
controllably
with
doping.
2) You
are
given
a
10
Ohm-‐cm
silicon
wafer
at
300
K.
2a)
If
it
is
n-‐type,
What
is
the
electron
density?
2b)
If
it
is
p-‐type,
what
is
the
hole
density?
Solution:
From
Fig.
3.8
on
p.
86
of
SDF,
we
can
read
off
the
doping
density
for
a
given
resistivity.
2a)
10
Ohm-‐cm
n-‐type
corresponds
to
N D ≈ 5 × 1014 cm -3
.
Under
these
conditions:
n ≈ N D ≈ 5 × 1014 cm -3
2b)
10
Ohm-‐cm
p-‐type
corresponds
to
N A ≈ 1.3× 1015 cm -3
.
Under
these
conditions:
p ≈ N A ≈ 1.3× 1015 cm -3
ECE-‐305
4
Spring
2015
ECE
305
Spring
2015
HW4
Solutions
(continued):
3) Determine
the
diffusion
coefficient
for
electrons
in
Si
at
T
=
300
K
for
the
following
two
conditions.
3a)
Intrinsic
Si
3b)
Si
doped
at
N D = 1019 cm -3
Solution:
3a)
intrinsic
Si
From
Fig.
3.5
of
SDF
for
lightly
doped
material.
Si:
µ n = 1360 cm 2 V-s
Dn k BT kT k BT
= → Dn = B µ n
Dn = µ = 0.026 × 1360
µn q q q n
Dn = 35 cm 2 s
3b)
Si
doped
at
N D = 1019 cm -3
From
Fig.
3.5
of
SDF
for
lightly
doped
material.
Si:
µ n = 110 cm 2 V-s
k BT
Dn = µ = 0.026 × 110
q n
Dn = 2.9 cm 2 s
4)
For
the
energy
band
sketched
below,
provide
sketches
of
the
following:
4a)
The
carrier
densities,
n(x),
and
p(x)
vs.
position,
4b)
The
electrostatic
potential,
ψ ( x ) ,
vs.
position.
4c)
The
electric
field
E
vs.
position.
4d)
The
space
charge
density,
ρ ( x )
vs.
position.
ECE-‐305
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ECE
305
Spring
2015
HW4
Solutions
(continued):
Solution:
( E − E ( x ))
4a)
The
carrier
densities,
n(x),
and
p(x)
vs.
position
follow
from
n ( x ) = ni e F i
k BT
( E ( x )− EF ) kBT .
and
p ( x ) = ni e i
ECE-‐305
6
Spring
2015
ECE
305
Spring
2015
HW4
Solutions
(continued):
4b)
The
electrostatic
potential,
ψ ( x ) ,
vs.
position
(just
turn
EC ( x ) ,
or
EV ( x ) ,
or
Ei ( x )
upside
down.
4c)
The
electric
field
E
vs.
position
(is
proportional
to
the
slope
of
EC ( x ) ,
or
EV ( x ) ,
or
Ei ( x ) .
ECE-‐305
7
Spring
2015
ECE
305
Spring
2015
HW4
Solutions
(continued):
4d)
The
space
charge
density,
ρ ( x )
vs.
position.
(Take
slope
of
electric
field
vs.
position
or
deduce
from
the
carrier
densities
and
doping
densities.)
5)
For
the
energy
band
diagram
sketched
below,
answer
the
following
questions.
5a)
Sketch
the
electrostatic
potential,
V ( x ) ,
vs.
position,
x.
5b)
Sketch
the
electric
field,
E ( x ) ,
vs.
position,
x.
5c)
Sketch
the
electron
density,
n ( x )
vs.
position,
x.
5d)
Sketch
the
hole
density,
p ( x ) ,
vs.
position,
x.
ECE-‐305
8
Spring
2015
ECE
305
Spring
2015
HW4
Solutions
(continued):
Solution:
5a)
Sketch
the
electrostatic
potential,
V ( x ) ,
vs.
position,
x.
5b)
Sketch
the
electric
field,
E ( x ) ,
vs.
position,
x.
ECE-‐305
9
Spring
2015
ECE
305
Spring
2015
HW4
Solutions
(continued):
5c)
Sketch
the
electron
density,
n ( x )
vs.
position,
x.
5d)
Sketch
the
hole
density,
p ( x ) ,
vs.
position,
x.
ECE-‐305
10
Spring
2015