L4
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
describes experimentally discovered behavior of particles.
Molecules that make up a solid are thought to be very relatively tightly
packed molecules.
These molecules will gently sway in place without changing physical
locations.
In general, they are not affected by the shape and volume of the
containerthat is holding them.
1. Properties of Solids
Solids
can be broadly categorized as crystalline and amorphous Figure 1: Particle arrangement of a
Crystalline solids have regular, highly ordered arrangement. crystalline solid (left) and
amorphous solid (right).
Amethyst,fluorite, and pyrite are examples of crystalline solids.
Amorphous solids on the other hand have random, disordered
arrangement. Glass, rubbers, and plastics are examples of amorphous
solids.
Crystalline solids are also called True Solids whereas
amorphous solid is called Super-cooled liquids.
Crystalline solids and amorphous solids differ in so many aspects. Their structure,
compressibility,melting point, heat of fusion, and physical properties differs from each other.
Properties Crystalline Solid Amorphous Solid
Structure The constituent particles, atoms, ions, or The constituent particles are
molecules are arranged in regular and arranged in irregular three-
definite three-dimensional patters. For dimensional patterns.
example,
sodium chloride, diamond, and sugar.
Cutting with a knife Gives clean, sharp cleavage Unclean cleavage
Compressibility Rigid and incompressible Usually rigid and can not be
compressed to any appreciable
extent.
Melting point They have a sharp and definite melting point Melting point is not definite.
Melt over a range of
temperatures.
Heat of fusion Definite Not definite
Physical properties Crystalline solids are anisotropic which Amorphous solid is isotropic,
means that their physical properties are not which means that their physical
identical in all directions. properties are identical in all
directions.
2. Phase Changes
involve the transition from onephase to another.
For example, a solid will change intoliquid during
melting.
A phase change entails absorption or release of heat.
Other phase changes include vaporization,
condensation, and sublimation.
are physical changes that are characterized by
changes in molecular order
molecules in solid state have the most order, and those
in gas state have the greatest randomness.
Figure 2: Phase changes and the direction
of heatenergy.
These are the following processes involve in changing of
phases of matter:
1. Melting
Solids changes into liquid when heated.
This random motion disrupts the intermolecular forces of attraction between water molecules.
As a result, the water molecules break loose from solid lattice of the ice.
The temperature at which solid changes into liquid.
It is defined at which the melting rate of a solid is the same as its freezing rate at a given pressure.
This implies that the solid and liquid phases of a solid are in equilibrium.
The Latent Heat Of Fusion (∆Hfus)
is the energy required to melt one mole of solid at its melting point.
The latent heat of fusion is highly dependent on the nature of intermolecular forces of attraction.
solids with high melting point also -> have highvalues of latent heat of fusion.
2. Vaporization
a process in which liquid is turned into gas.
process involve in boiling of water.
In boiling of water, the heat energy provided by the fire for example increases the temperature of
the water until such time that it reaches its boiling point (373K).
At this point, the temperature remains constant until the liquid has been completely vaporized.
A measure of how strongly molecules is held in a liquid is its molar heat of vaporization
-> (∆Hvap) -> which is defined as the energy required to vaporize one mole of a liquid.
The molar heat of vaporization is directly related to the strength of intermolecular forces that exist in the
liquid.
If the intermolecular force is strong, it takes a lot of energy to free the molecules from the liquid phase.
3. Sublimation
a process in which solid is vaporized at atmospheric pressure without transforming it to a liquid.
Household products such as mothballs and deodorizers undergo sublimation.
Occurrence of such phase change is marked by the distinct odor these products give off.
Note that all phase changes are physical changes.
This means that no chemical bonds are broken during these processes.
It is also important to take note that during phase changes, the temperature do notchange.
Table 2: Specific heat of several
3. Phase Change and Latent Heat substances
Heat energy is required to increase the temperature of a
substance.
The specific heat of a particular substance is defined as the
amount of heat -> required to raise the temperature of one gram of
asubstance by one Celsius degree.
Its unit is usually in calories or joules per gram per Celsius degree.
To solve for the quantity of heatrequired to raise the temperature
of a certain mass, we use this formula:
Q = mc∆T where Q is the quantity of heat measured in calorie
(cal) or joule (J)
m is the mass of the substancemeasured in gram or
kilogram
𝑔 𝐶˚ c is the the specific heat measured in
∆T is the change in temperature.
𝐽
𝐽/ 𝑘𝑔 𝐾 or 𝑐𝑎𝑙 /𝑔 𝐶˚ Table 1: Latent heat of several substances
However, as mentioned earlier, the heat
energy during phase change is used to
break the intermolecular forces that hold the
molecules of a particular substance
together, thus whenever phase changes
occur the temperature of the substance
remains the same. So, to solvefor the quantity
of heat needed to melt or freeze, or vaporize
or condense a particular substance, we use
this formula:
Q = mL where L is the latent heat.
So, to determine how much heat energy is needed to melt or freeze the water for example,
we use:Q = mLf
where Lf is the latent heat of fusion measured in J/kg or cal/g
The latent heat of vaporization (Lv) is used to calculate the amount of heat needed to vaporize or condense the
water.
Q = mLv
Both latent heat of fusion and vaporization are specific for every substance.
the latent heat of vaporization is greater than latent heat of fusion. This explains why steam can cause more
damagecompared to boiling water.
Figure 3 illustrates the relationship of heat energy to the
temperature of water. Here, we can see that whenever
phase change happens, the temperature remains the
same.
To identify the total amount of heat energy required to
raise the temperature of a substance, we can simply add
all the amount of heat energy considering those heat
energy involve during phase change.
Figure 3: The graph of the relationship of heat
energy andtemperature change of water.
Here is an example:
4. How many joules of energy is required to heat 75 grams of water from -85˚C to 185˚C?
Principle:
Absorption of Heat
Justification:
The initial phase of water is solid basing on its initial temperature which is -85˚C and its final phaseis gas (the final
temperature is 185˚C). Thus, we can tell that the energy is absorbed.
\Plan:
1. Make a diagram of showing the phase changes that might occur from initial phase to finalphase.
Then identify the formula for each stage.
2. Solve for the amount of heat for each stage.
3. Add all the amount of heat to solve for the total amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of water from -85 ˚C to 185 ˚C.
Try to answer this sample problems:
1. How much heat must be absorbed by ice of mass m=720g at -10 degree Celsius to take it to the
liquid state at 15 degree Celsius?
2. A copper cylinder has a mass of 76.8 g and a specific heat of 0.092 cal/g·C˚. It is heated to 86.5° C
and then put in 68.7 g of turpentine whose temperature is 19.5° C. The final temperature of the
mixture is 31.9° C. What is the specific heat of the turpentine?
1.
