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• Collinear points are three or more points that lie on the same A ray, also known as a half-line, is part of line consisting of one
line. endpoint and extends infinitely in the other direction.
A point indicates a position; it has no length, width, or depth. • Noncollinear points are three or more points that do not lie on
the same line. M N
P C
B
A
A point is named by a single capital letter, i.e. point P. D
The ray consisting of endpoint M extending through N is denoted
Collinear points: A-B-C
Noncollinear points: A-B-D, A-C-D, B-C-D, A-B-C-D by MN .
A line is a set of continuous points that extend forever in both • Opposite rays are two rays that have the same end point but
directions. Two points determine a line. A line segment is a part of a line that is bounded by two extend in opposite directions.
A B endpoints, and contains all points between them.
E T
l S
F R
The line containing points A and B is denoted by AB.
Alternatively, a line can also be named by a single lower case
letter: l. The line segment above with endpoints E and F is denoted by EF . SR and ST are opposite rays.
The measure of an angle indicates how wide or narrow it is. For Two lines or two segments that intersect to form a right angle are
example, the measure of BOA is 60 , denoted as said to be perpendicular.
m BOA = 60 . m
Angles are measured in degrees ( ) or radians (rad). A complete
revolution is 360 or 2 rad.
Conversion between radians and degrees
l
1 revolution = 360 = 2 rad
180
1 rad = -----------
1 = -----------
180
180 If line l is perpendicular to line m , we write lm .
Therefore, to convert from radians to degrees, multiply by -----------.
Conversely, to convert from degrees to radians, multiply by -----------.
180
Acute Angle
An angle whose measure is less than 90 is called an acute angle.
A
B C
Right Angle
An angle whose measure is equal to 90 is called a right angle.
B C
Straight Angle
An angle that is formed by two opposite rays and whose measure
is equal to 180 is a straight angle.
A B C
Obtuse Angle
An angle whose measure is greater than 90 but less than 180 is
called obtuse angle.
B C
2
a
c
1 3
b
Interior Angles
The sum of the measures of the interior angles in a triangle is
180 . 1 + 2 + 3 = 180
Triangle Inequality
In a triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two sides is greater
than the length of third side. Mathematically, this means:
a + b c
a + c b
b + c a
Greater Angle Opposite Longer Side
In a triangle, the greater angle is opposite to the longer side, and
vice versa.
Height
A height (also known as altitude) of a triangle is a line segment
drawn from a vertex of the triangle perpendicular to the opposite
side (base). In every triangle, three different heights can be drawn
from the three vertices.
h3 A
h2
h1
B C
1 1 1 1
Area = --- base height = --- BC h 1 = --- AB h 2 = --- AC h 3
2 2 2 2
Heron’s Formula
The area of a triangle whose sides have lengths a , b , and c can
also be calculated by
Area = ss – as – bs – c
where s = a--------------------
+ b + c is the semiperimeter.
-
2
Median
A median of a triangle is a line segment connecting the vertex
and the midpoint of the opposite side. The median divides the
triangle into two smaller triangles of equal area.
A
B D C
In the figure above, D is the midpoint of side BC . Then the area
of triangle ABD is equal to the area of triangle ADC .
Exterior Angle
The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum
of the measures of the two remote interior angles of the triangle.
1 2 4
In the figures above, m 1 = m 3 + m 4 . This is because
m 1 + m 2 = 180 = m 2 + m 3 + m 4 . Subtracting
m 2 from the left and right hand sides of the equation yields the
desired result.
A D
A
1 D
4
B C
2 3 In isosceles trapezoid ABCD, legs AB = CD , diagonals
B C AC = DB , m ABC = m DCB , m BAD = m CDA ,
• A quadrilateral has four sides, four vertices, and two ABC DCB , and ABD DCA .
diagonals.
• The sum of the measures of the interior angles in a
quadrilateral is 360. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 360
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral that has exactly one pair of parallel
sides. The parallel sides are called the bases; the nonparallel sides
are called the legs. A trapezoid is not a parallelogram, or vice
versa.
Height
A height of a trapezoid is a segment drawn from any point on
one of the bases perpendicular to the other base. An infinite
number of heights can be drawn in a trapezoid, and all of them
have the same length.
Median
The median of a trapezoid is a line segment that joins the
midpoints of the legs. The median is parallel to the bases and
equal to half of the sum of the lengths of the bases.
A D
E F
B G C
In trapezoid ABCD, bases AD BC ; AG is a height; E and F are
midpoints of legs AB and CD; median EF = 1--- AD + BC .
2
Area: A = average base height = 1
--- AD + BC AG
2
Isosceles Trapezoid
An isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with congruent legs.
Properties
• The two diagonals are congruent.
• The two legs are congruent.
• The lower (and upper) base angles are congruent.
Inscribed Right Angles
An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle; the line
A circle is the set of all points that have the same distance from a segment formed by the arc intercepts of an inscribed right angle
fixed point. The fixed point, usually denoted by letter O, is called is a diameter.
the center of the circle. C
• The distance from the center of the circle to any point of the B
O
circle is called the radius of the circle. m ACB = 90
• A line segment whose endpoints are on the circle and which A
passes through the center of the circle is called a diameter.
The length of any diameter is twice the length of the radius.
• Two circles that have the same center are concentric circles. Congruent Inscribed Angles
If inscribed angles intercept the same or congruent arcs, then they
A are congruent; if inscribed angles are congruent, then their
intercepted arcs are congruent.
Circle with center O, r B
diameter AB, and radius r O
m ABC = m ADC
O
m BAD = m BCD A
B D
Perimeter (Circumference): C
P = diameter = 2 radius = 2r
Area: A = radius 2 = r 2
An arc is a connected section of a circle. An arc with endpoints A
)
and B is denoted as AB .
Central Angle
A central angle is a an angle whose vertex is at the center of the
circle.
The measure of an arc is same as the measure of its central angle.
• A minor arc is an arc whose measure is less than 180 .
• A major arc is an arc whose measure is greater than 180. A
major arc is usually denoted by three letters (see example
below).
C
)
mAB = 60 A
O 60
)
mACB = 360 – 60 = 300
B
)
The measure of minor arc AB is 60 , denoted as mAB = 60 ;
)
the measure of major arc ACB is 360 – 60 = 300 , denoted
)
as mACB = 300 .
Arc Length & Area Sector
In a circle with radius r, an arc measuring x has length
x x
----------- 2r . The enclosed sector has area ----------- r 2 .
360 360
A
x
)
arc length AB = ----------- 2r r
360 O x
x
shaded sector area = ----------- r 2
360 B
Inscribed Angles
An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on a circle and
whose sides intersect the circle.
The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to half of the measure
of its intercepted arc.
1
)
m ACB = --- mAB x
-----
O x
2 C 2
B
Triangle
1 1 Square Sphere
a c Area = --- base height = --- bh Area = side 2 = s 2
2 2 s r Surface Area = 4 radius 2 = 4r 2
h
= ss – as – bs – c Perimeter = 4 side = 4s 4 3 4 3
Volume = --- radius = --- r
b 3 3
where s = a +b+c
--------------------- is the semiperimeter.
2
Regular n-gon
Equilateral Triangle Area = 1--- apothem perimeter = 1
--- aP Cylinder
3 3 a 2 2
s Area = ------- side 2 = ------- s 2 s Perimeter = n side = ns Surface Area = 2r 2 + 2rh
4 4
r
Perimeter = 3 side = 3s Volume = base height = r 2 h
b1
Circle
Trapezoid r
l1 l2 Area = radius 2 = r 2
h Area=(average base)height = 1--- b 1 + b 2 h Cone
2 Perimeter = 2 radius = 2r s Surface Area = rs + r 2
Perimeter = b 1 + b 2 + l 1 + l 2 h
b2 1 1
r Volume = --- base height = --- r 2 h
3 3
Parallelogram A Arc Length and Area Sector
s
h Area = base height = bh x
)
r Arc Length AB = ----------- 2r
Perimeter = 2 base + side = 2 b + s 360 Right Prism
b x
B Shaded Sector Area = ----------- r 2
360 Surface Area = Ph + 2B
h where P is the perimeter of the base, and B
Rhombus is the area of the base.
s 1 Rectangular Solid
d2 Area = --- diangonal 1 diangonal 2 h Volume = base height = Bh
d1 2 Surface Area = 2 lw + lh + hw
1
= --- d 1 d 2 w Volume = base height = lwh
2 l
Perimeter = 4 side = 4s Right Regular Pyramid
1
Cube Surface Area = --- Ps + B
h s 2
Rectangle
Surface Area = 6 side 2 = 6s 2 where P is the perimeter of the base, and B
h Area = base height = bh s is the area of the base.
Volume = side 3 = s 3
Perimeter = 2 base + height = 2 b + h 1 1
Volume = --- base height = --- Bh
b 3 3
