CHAPTER 3 Trigonometry : Trigonometric nctions.: Measurement of glespArc Length and Area.of (el (Off gq NTRODUCTION -onometry is a branch of Mathematics and it deals with the study of measurements Trigonomelt§ © study of the relations between the sides and angles of a triangle), S 1 metry Was derived from two Greek Words Trigonon (meaning triangle) Temmeaning measure). Greek Mathemstican Hipparchus first established the nits beteen the sides and angles ofa triangleand the subject was subsequently gen Baler At presnt Tgenomeary e use in Surveying, Astronomy, Navigeion Woes, Engineering, ete se nement of Angles in Trigonometry. Angles in Geometry are always positive coi Cteivcen, (and 300" But angles in Trugonametr) may bs positive or negative tar measurements are aot restricted to any fixed limits, They are formed by the INITIAL POSTION sat ero a straight line about fixed point lying on it starting Bom a fixed position tevjd the initial position). Fig. 34 cet a revolving line (or ray) OP starting from the initial position OX rotate sino te point O and generate the angle ZXOP, Here O is called the veriex ae xoP is the Trigonometrical angle. I OP rotates in the anti-clockwise di- ‘St about O and generates the angle ZXOP =, then =@ is said to be positive Seer}. if OP rotates in the dlockwise direction about O and generates X0P-#, then 6" is said to be negative. and Metro Ifthe line OP starting from OX revolves about O in the anticlockwise direction and «fer makng one complete revolution comes to the position OP then the angle gen- ented by OP, is more than four right angles i.e. more than 360°. __ Similarly, if OP makes two complete revolutions and then comes to position OF, then the angle generated is more than cight right angles and so on. am 42 UNITS OF MEASURING ANGLES: ees aE y There are three different systems of units for measurement of angles in Trigonometry, viz. (i) Sexagesimal Siem, (11) Centesimal System, (tit) Circular System. Sexagesimal System, In this system, 1 right angle is divided into 90 equal parts and each part (or division) ‘called a degree (ie. 1° ).1 degree (or 1°) is again divided into 60 parts, each part being called a sexagesimal ee (ie. 1’), 1 minute (i.e. 1’) is again sub-divided into 60 parts, each part being called a sexagesimal second le 1). Thos 1 right angie = 90 degrees or 90% 1'= 60 sexagesimal minutes or 60’ 1’ = 60 sexagesimal seconds or 60”This syster meting) o. uttt the Common ot the Euglish quien Centesimal Syste, the English sy eae In this system, 1 right angle is divided into 100 equal parts ae each Paro called a grade (or 18). 1p i 10 equal parts, each part being called a oq minute (er 4 Brade (or 1) is again divided into 100 equal p called a conten (or 1") + T minute (or 1") is again subdivided fete 100 equal parts, each part being ntesimal gd Relation bet tween Sexage 1 right angle = With the help of this re of units to another system of waite ationship we can convert an angle from one system on eroular Measure, The unit of measurement of angles in this system is a radian ‘simal and Centesimal Systems 90° = 1008 or, g 9 ‘ (F, or, fe = 2 srades and 18 = 75 degrees. i defined as the angle subtended at the centre of a viedo by an are equal to the radius of * the circle, and it is denoted by If. ~ Fig. 23 TUNG 88,60 Abie Pwiliel'¢ dy ies roaae of the cirele, and ZAOB=1 radian or 1°, 3.2.1 Theorem |. In alt Circles, the ratio of ‘the circumference to its diameter is constant ig OF Let us draw any two concentric circles having a common centre O, Let r be the radius of the Els Cat Ao LOE Of the nner etnies Lae ACD n, Poe a a eda ane ce the Tee A Ot LCi, ate thetwaits ieee ee OA, OB, OC, OD,..... with the innes Then AyB,C,D,..., is also a regulee Polygon of sides inscribed in the inner circle. Now OA~= 0B = 00 <1 4 Cl eg ; wes rand OA) = OB, = OC, = OD =....=ry. From similar triangles OAB and OA,B;, we get _AB r (1) at a 1 OA, ry & Timeter of the polygon ABCD, n-AB AB or _ 2 Perimeter of the polygon A ByCy ApB, “ry "Bry OY iameter of the outer circle Diameter of the inner circle » however large. If the number of sides n becomes larger and larger, the length ef the sides of the polygons become smaller and smaller and ultimately (when n> =), the perimeters of the two polygons tend to coincide with the circumfere of the corresponding circles and then from (2), we have Gireumference ofthe outer circle _ Diameter of the outer circle Circumference of the inner circle 5 ameter of the inner circle 3 Circumference of the outer circle _ Circumference of the inner circle iG. tee y Diameter of the outer circle ~ Diameter of the inner Ty) c : This constant is denoted by the Greek letter m. Circumference of a circle Diameter of the circle —™ or, Circumference of a circle of radius r =nx2r=2ar. ® is an irrational (or inommensurable) number. For approximate calculation, we take 22 a & Fig. 35, m= 3.1416 orn =>, Theorem I. A radian is a constant angle. Let us draw any circle of radius r with O as its centre ani AB be an are of the ercle such that AB = Oh fa then Ey ee 4 AOB = 1 radian =1° ‘AO is produced to meet the circumference at C, Then are ABC =1 x circumference = 9 xn =m and ZAOC =2 right angles Since angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc is proportional to the corresponding are, we hit sno or, =—Lzadian_ “ZAOC ~ are ABC " 2right angles Be on 1 radian = £2 right angles = > right angles.castant and 1 Fight angle is also constant 0 ti Tpdian = @ constant angle, Hen tween radians and degrees 2 some we get Tradian = right angles orm radian = 2 right angles = 180° x F 390° and 1°=4gq Padians. radians, av angle = 90° 100% = = radians ie, 180 degrees = 200 grades tnt nvength of an are of a circle ra arc of length ;: subtends an angle 0 radians at the centre of a circle 1 then § = 1 0: or 87 Fda 0 cite of radius with Os its centre and let are AB = OA = radian = 1 gp = s and let arc ABP subtend an angle 0 at the centre of the circle. ‘sohtended at the centre ofa circle is proportional to the corresponding. are, we have ‘Then soe! ~ tare? ce ale aop_aeABP 9, FS or gare, ZyoB~ are AB cn ve Sector of a Circle. Let O be the centre of a circle of radius r. Let AOB S‘Grele and let ZAOB = @ radians. c ‘Area of sector AOB _ 0 ea of the circle — 2m + the sector AOB angle at the centre is @ and for the whole circle the angle fa spite ontre is 2) tor AOB_ 0 = 1 a om Area of the sector AOB = 9-21? = 9 ‘ABs, then s=r@,0r,0=* ‘+. From (1), Area of the sector AOB = 4 Kar. a 2 322 llustrative Examples Exampl oes (ii) 18°20 (iii) 40° 87°30”. Solution, (i) We have, 180°=2 radians ; 45° = 79 * 45 = radians ‘Again 90° = 100 grades ; » 45°= 109 45-50 grades. i) 18 20 = 18 20 degrees = 18 4} degrees 25 degrees, 140 degrees = nt radians 55 = 58 ai Im adi degrees = 79% g aidians = jog Tadians Again 90 degrees = 100 grades 55 100, 55 _ 550 s 10 f degrees = iy x 9 = O grades = 20 grade 57 x 100 minutes = 20 grade 37 min 3.7 see, = 208 37' 8.7” Zap degrees ~g~ degrees Now 180 degrees = n radians -. 57° degrees Fix 9g? radians = $35 radians az 1625 89” ‘*vain 90 degrees = 100 grades «. 525 degrees = yg = 36 458 13’ 89 —_— AEi By Example 2. (i) Express x radians in degrees. (ii) Express et in the sexagesimal and centesimal system’ 190 , 180 gjogroes = # radians =" detec, (@) x radians = 180 degrees radian = "de Solution. diane = 180 degr Tradian =" 150, 3 sen 180 3 radians = 20 fT (ii) n radians = 180 degrees 1 radian = '®° degrees 39 z ‘200 2 anaiana = 200% 3 t= 30 grades =30 Again radians = 200 grades; 1 radian = 2° drades go *rduPS” x 20 x p_3C 7 y that Deo oe Example 3, If'an angle measures D degrees or C radians, shot thE 99x z =n radians | Solution. Given angle = D degrees = 5% x D radians 180% = 7 rat 180 D _2C 10h 99 Also given angle = C radians we .D=C, each being equal to the given angle or. {go ~ x ; fh in degrees, minutes and seconds, 180 Example 4, The cireular measure of an angle tn 1.5. Express 8. Joos a ay Solution. radians #160) deerext ae eae a 15 radians = 8915 degrees = 334 %15 [= 3.14 appre = 180 4 1 radian = “> degrees _ 270 _ 27000 _g, 310 “314° 314 Se dewtees =85° +317 60min = 85° 4 59+ Zi, = 95° 59 14° Aapprea). Exammple 5. (i) One angle of a traingle is 54° and another angle is © radians. Find the third an in centesimal unit. Express the third angle in degrees i) Two angles of a triangle are 50 greads and Z x radians. = radians, then we have to fini? Solution. (7) If A, B, C be the three angles of the triangle and A =54°, in centesimal unit. We know that A +B + C = 180° I 180° Pa 4d s. From (i) , 54° + 45° + C = 180°, or, C=81. ‘We have 90°=1 right angle = 100 grades. = = ae grades =81e= ad x 81=90 grades ; C = 90 grades. Hence the third angle = C = 90 grades. fll} (id) If A, B, C be the three angles of the triangle, then A + B + C = 180° Here A = 50 grades = #7 right angles = 3 x90 degrees = 45°, eee eee -2 180° = 7x15°=105°_ From (1), 45°+ 105°+C= 180° or, C=180°— 150°=30°, Hence the third angle is 30°. Example 6. The difference between two acute angles of a right-angled triangle is “, radians. Fill a8 ] the angles in degrees. 1 Solution. We have 7 radians === 10°. Let A and B be the two acute angles in degrees. Then the other angle C oD) and A-=B=10° gle C is a right angle. i A+B=90°