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10 Class Math

Mathamatics notes which helps the students

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Usman Sarwar
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109 views45 pages

10 Class Math

Mathamatics notes which helps the students

Uploaded by

Usman Sarwar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY NGSIOTE aera Angle: gle is defined as the union of two collinear r: point. The rays ys with some common end are called arms of the angle and the common end point is known as vertex of the angle. Clockwise or Anti-clockwise angle: It is easy if we make an angle by rotating a ray from one position to another When we form an angle in this way, the original position of the ray is called initial side and final position of the ray is called the terminal side of the angle. If the rots ion of the ray is anti-clockwise or clockwise, the angle has positive or negative measure respectively. Initial side Initial side Anti clockwise rotation positive measure (Measurement of an angle system (degree, minute and second) Degree: We divide the circumference of a circle into 360 equal arcs. The angle subtended at the centre of the circle by one arc is called one degree and is denoted by 1° The symbols 1°, 1’ and 1” are used to denote a degree, a minute and a second respectively. Thus 60 seconds (60”) make one minute (1’ ) 60 minutes (60') make one degree (1°) 90 degrees (90°) make one right angle. 360 degrees (360°) make 4 right angles. An angle of 360° denotes a complete circle or one revolution. We use coordinate system to locate any angle to a standard position, where its initial side is the positive x-axis and its vertex is the origin, Example: Locate (a) 45° (b) 120° (45° @)— 270° Solution: The angles are shown in figure. orm into decimal form and vice vers (). Convert 25°30’ to decimal degrees. (i) Convert 32.25° to D°M’s form. Solution: () 25°30’ 25° + 20 L959 522 25,5 60 (id) 25 100 Convert 12°23’35” to decimal degrees correct to three decimal places. Solution: 23° 35° 60” 60x60 23° 35° ++ 60 3600 = 12°+0.3833°+ 0.00972° = 12.3930° = 12,393° = 12° Convert 45.36° to D°M’S” form. Solution: (45.36)? = 45° + (0.36)° = 45° + 3 60 100 = 45°+21.6° = 45° 421" + (0.6 x 60)" = 45°21'36" (Radian measure of an angl (circular system Radian: The angle subtended at the centre of the circle by an are, whose length is equal to the radius of the circle is called one Radian. Pp FS lA Consider a circle of radius r whose centre is O From any point A on the circle cut off an arc AP whose length is equal to the radius of the circle. Join O with A and O with P. The ZAOP is one radian. This means that when Length of arc AP= length of radius OA then mZAOP = | radian We know that circumference of a circle is 2nr where r is the radius of the circle. Since a circle is an a ¢ whose length is 2nr The radian mi re of an angle that form a __ 2m complete circle is I ry 2m radians 360° : From this we see that 360° = 27 radians. or 180° = mt radians w Using this relation we ean convert degrees into radians and radians into degrees as follows 180° = mradian = = sadian, 180 Pax.lt x iad radian.......(ii) radian = 180 7 1 yradiaon = y 182 dogrees.... radian 2 Arc length = | ?= Byrulel = r0 x t= 48cm x4 Zz | = 4cmx © | = 12.57cm So, length of arc APB is 12.57 cm Q.8. In a circle of radius 12 cm, how long an arc subtends a central angle of 84°? 12cm 1 ?= Solution: Radius Arc length Central angle = @ = 84° = radian 180 = 1.466 radian Now by rule | = r@ = 12cm x 1.466 = 17.6cm Q.9. Find the area of sector OPR. (a) Pp R em oO Radius Central angle = @ = 60° = radian = = radian 3 Area of sector = ? As Area of sector = — = 6nem? = 18.85 cm? (b) Central angle = 8 =45 2 radian 8 x = = radian 4 Area of sector = ? Area of sector= = 76 Ie i= z 5 (200m)? 400cm? a xe 8 = 50 mem? = 157.1 em? Q.10. Find area of sector inside a central angle of 20° ina circle of radius 7 m. Solution: Area of sector =? Radius Im Central angle = @ = 20° = 20 % radian 180 z - = radian 9 Area of sector = 1 a : Sx(Im) x= 490 18 8.55 m? me " Q.11. Sehar is making skirt, Each panel of this skirt is of the shape shown shaded in the diagram. How much material (cloth) is required for each panel? Solution: =80 radian 180 4 = 7 tadian 9 Radius of bigger sector Radius of smaller sector = r= 10 cm Shaded area = ? Area of bigger sector = 2, . A (66cm)? x A# 9 Zz = 484 g356em? ary = 968 nem? Area of smaller sector = 30 2 = (oem) x A# Zz 8512 tom 2971.25 cm? Q.L2. Find the area of a sector with central angle of radian in a circle of radius 10 em, Solution: Area of sector =? ; = Central angle = 8 = = radian 5 Radius = r= 10em Area of sector = = + 100em? x 10 = 10cm? = 31.43 cm? Q.13. The area of sector with central angle @ ina circle of radius 2m is 10 square meter. Find @ in radians. Solution: Area of sector = 10 m? Radius 2m Central angle = @ As Area of sector 10m? = tom? = 4(4m*)o 10m’ o= 10m 2m* 8 = Sradian Peet ae LCs) General Angle (Coterminal angles) ‘An angle is indicated by a curved arrow that shows the direction of rotation from initial to the terminal side. Two or more than two angles may have the same initial and terminal sides. Consider an angle ZAOB with OA as initial side and OB as terminal side with vertex, O. Let mZAOB = 0 radian where 0 < 0 < 2. 0 2nro dau é : x If the terminal side OB comes to its original position after, one, two or more than two complete revolutions in the anti-clockwise direction, then mZAOB in above four cases will be (i) @ rad After zero revolution (ii) Qn @)rad. After one revolution (iii) (4n+ @) rad. After two revolutions, Coterminal angle: Two or more than two angles with the same initial and terminal sides are called coterminal angles. It means that terminal side comes to its original position after every revolution of 2x radian in anti clockwise or clockwise direction In general if @ is in degrees, then 360°k+8 where k € Z, is an angle conterminal with 6, if angle 6 is in radian measure, then 2kn+ 6 where ke Z is an angle coterminal with 0 . Thus, the general angle @ = 2(k) m+ @, where keZ (EAMES Which of following angles are coterminal with 120°? — 240 , 480°, Lt and 14m 3 Solution: * = 240° is coterminal with 120° as their terminal side is same © 480° = 360° + 120°, the angle 480° terminates at 120° after one complete revolution. 4 so pnednt 20° +120° then lar angle —* is coterminal with 120° 3 = =-720" -120" So is not coterminal with 120°. -l4n AN Standard Position: A general angle is said to be in standard position if its vertex is at the origin and its initial side is directed along the positive direction of the x-axis of a rectangular coordinate system The position of the terminal side of a angle in standard position remains the same if easure of the angle is increased or decreased by a multiple of 2x Some standard angles are shown in the following figures: >: (REMMIE Locate each angle in standard position. (i) 240° (ii) 490° (iii) - 270° Solution: The angles are shown in figure. 270° 2 180+ 60 Y (uy) The x-axis and y-axis divides the plane in four regions, called quadrants, when they intersect cach other at right angle. The point of, intersection is called origin and is denoted by O. Third 9 Fourth Quadrant | Quadrant * Angles between 0° and 90° are in the first quadrant. © Angles between 90° and 180° are in the second quadrant * Angles between 180° and 270° are in the third quadrant © Angles between 270° and 360° are in the fourth quadrant An angle in standard position is said to lie in a quadrant if its terminal side lies in that quadrant. Angles o,, B. y and 0 lie in 1, My ML and IV quadrant respectively Quadrantal Angles If the terminal side of an angle in standard position falls on x-axis or y-axis, then it is called a quadrantal angle i.e, 90°, 180°, 270° and 360° are quadrantal angles. The quadrantal angles are shown as below There are six fundamental trigonometric ratios called sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant. To define these functions we use circular approach which involves the unit circle. Let @ be a real number, which represents the radian measure of an angle in standard position. Let P(x, y) be any point on the unit circle lying on terminal side of @ as shown in the figure. We define sine of 6, written as sin@ and cosine of @ written as cos, as: sing = ER = Y sing = y . OP I poe cosO = x op 1 i.e., cos® and sin@ are the x-coordinate and y-coordinate of the point P on the unit circle. The equations x = cos® and y = sin® are called circular or trigonometric functions. ‘The remaining trigonometric functions tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant will be denoted by tan8, cot®, sec® and cosec® for any real angle @. EP OE As y= sinO and x=cos@ — tan0= * tan IK tand= ~ (x40) x sin8 © co¥= ~(y#0) cot = y 1 I © sec8 = ~(x#0) and cosecd = — (y #0) x y © secé = and _cosec@=—+ cos in® Reciprocal Identities sings — or cosecd = cosecd sin® L cose= — a ee a) cos — or cotd= cou8 tan 8 Find the value of the trigonometric ratios at @ if point (3, 4) is on the terminal sides of 6 . Solution: We have x=3and y=4 We shall also need value of r, which is found by using the fact that r= Jere sr= (3)? @P = v25+ where r= OP y PGA) Thus sind= Y= 4; coseca = 5 ro 4 cosd= X= 3; seco = 5 ro 3 wmg= 2% = 4, cage 3 x3 4 CATT ae aon crete pee Consider a right tiat The sides opposite to the vertices A, B and C are denoted by a, b and ¢ respectively. = When mZA = 45°, where 45° =3 i radian. Since the sum of angles in a triangle is 180°, So mZB = 45° 4° A b=1 € As values of trigonometric functions depends on and not on the size of a=b=1 is isosceles right triangle. gorean theorem ae+ ay = 2 2 c= From this triangle we have s x sings? =sin= 4 so. _! cosec 45° = sin 45° 5 zh I cos45° = cos ES 4c v2 < 1 sec45° =——=2 cos 45° < a 1 tand5?= tan = = os] 4 b 1 Consider an equilateral triangle with sides 2 for convenience. Since the angles in an equilateral triangle are equal and their sum is 180°, each ai has measure 60°. Bisccting an angle in the triangle, we obtain two right triangles with 30° and 60° angles The height |AD| of these triangles may be found by Pythagorean theorem, i.c., (mAD)?=(mAB)?—(mBD)? me = Q7-(yR = 3 h 3 Using triangle ADB with mZA=30°,we have BD _1 sin30° = sin= = TED =— mAB 2 cosec 30° cos30° = sec30° = tan30° = cor30° = = 3 tan 30° Now using triangle ABD with mZB = 60° singoe = MAD cosec60? = sin 60° coscor = MBD_ | mAB secoo? = —! cos 60° tangoe = MAD _ NG 1 coor = —! l Gi SEU a oa eet OnUR ices quadrant In case of trigonometric ratios like sind, cos and tan if @ is not a quadrantal then 0 will lic in a particular quadrant. Sin re Jx is always. +ve, the signs of ratios be found if the quadrant of @ is known, (i) Lf © lies in first quadrant then a_point PX. y) on its terminal side has x and y co-ordinate positive. Therefore, all trigonometric positive in quadrant I (ii) If @ lies in second quadrant then a point P(x. y) on its terminal side has negative x- coordinate and positively y-coordinate ie., functions are y . sin@= = is+ve or>0, . cos6 = is—ve or<0 . tand= = x (ii) When 8 lies in third quadrant, then a point X, y) on its terminal side has negative x-coordinate and negative y-coordinate. ve or <0 y * sind= = is r -ve or <0, * — cos@= is-ve or <0 and * tan6 = is +ve or > 0 x (iv) When 6 lies in fourth quadrant, then the point P(x, y) on the terminal side of @ has positive x-coordinate and negative y-coordinate , © sin’= > is—ve or <0, , x * cos =~ is +ve or > Oand : © tand= © is ve or <0 x The sign of all trigonometric functions are summarized as below. If sin®= and cos® = a then find the values of tan, cot@, sec® and cosec8 Solution: Applying the identities that express the remaining tigonometric functions in terms of sine and cosine, we have sind = cosec® = a = sin® cosecO = — 3 cos® = vi 4 Now tan8 = 4 tan® = i And cot@= = 2 tnd 3 BETree v5 Uf tand= “2, then find the values of other trigonometric ratios at 8 Solution: In any right triangle ABC b B 7 a=v5 A b=2 C Now by Pythagorean theorem at+bt=c? (V5) (2/4 & e=54+4=9 c= +3 or c=3 1 cot®8 = —— tan 0 1 cob= = colO= = V5 V5 2 a sin= = c cosecO = = sin® 1 cosee® = & 3 3 cosecd = 2 Also costs P= 2 , © 3 1 sec = cos8 seco= 2 seoO= 5 3 3 seco= 3 2 (Calculate the values of trigonometric ratio: CES CAPE An angle @ is called a quadrantal angle if its terminal side lies on the x-axis on the y-axis Case I when @ = 0° The point (1, 0) lies on the terminal side of angle @°. We may consider the point on the unit circle on the terminal side of the angle. P(1,0) x= I and 2g Page ° Pio) sind? = cosect® Ba 0 cos 0° seco? = —!_ = cos 0° noes = 220, xl ~- tt caer cot 0? = =—=00 (Undefined) tan0° 0 ESS AY BI The point P(O, 1) lies on the terminal side of angle 90°, r Here x=0 and y =1 1 sngr= X= 124 rod ie. sin90° = | and cosec 90° = Using reciprocal identities, we have cot90° CORRES When @ = 180° and the point P (-1, 0) lies on x-axis or on terminal side of angle 180° Here x = -landy= 0 re fxtry = 1 Ys 0 sinl80° = —= o (undefined) ) cosec 181” cos]80° = secl80° = — = tan 180° cot 180° When 8 = 270° and the point P(0, -1) lis on y’-axis or on the terminal side of angle 270°. The point P(0, 1) shows that x=0 and y=-1 so r= J(0)?4(-1? =1 rn Ere Tro ¥, sname = Y= 24 r 1 cosec 270°= + = -1 ; - cos” = X= 2 = 9 r I sec? = t= Le ow x D wane = Xe tL x 0 c1270 = = 2% = 9 ’ 7 ’ P(-1,0) a x ¥ ‘Case V_When 0° = 360° Now the point P (1, 0) lies once again on x-axis We know that 042kn=0 where keZ. Now 0 =360°= 0°+(360°)1 = 0° where So sin360°= sin0® 0 a 1 1 1 - — =— =o (undefined) sin 360° cosec3o0" ind? 0 cos360° = cos0® = 1 seoxoo? = eS 1, cos0® tan360° = tan0® = 0 cot360° = z ae co (undefined) tand? 0 Sets! Find each of the following without using table or calculator: (i) Cos340° (ii) sin315° (iii) see(-300)° Solution: We know that 2kn+ @= 6, where k € Z. (1m + 180° osTt = —1 (iii) see (- 300°) = sec (-360° + 60°) = sec (2 (-1)n + 60] = sec 60° =—1_= I cos60® I 2 EXERCISE QL. Locate each of the following ang] standard position using a protractor or fair free hand guess. Also find a positive and a ive ar 20 Gi) _780° Positive coterminal angle 780% (iii) = 100° - oe Positive coterminal angle © 260° ve coterminal angle — 360°-100° = = 4602 —~ (iv) Positivé Toterminal angle Negative coterminal angle ony 220%. (i) Ans: (ii) Ans: (iii) Ans (iv) Ans: Q3. Ans: Q4. wi Ans: (ii) Ans: (iii) Ans: (iv) Ans (y) Ans: (vi) Aus closest quadrantal angles between which the following angles lie. 156° 90° and 180° 318° 270° and 360° 572° 540° and 630° -330° 0° and 90° Write the closest quadrantal angles between which the angles lie. Write your answer in radian measure. x -= and -7 2 In which quadrant @ lies, when sinO > 0, tan <0 Tl quadrant cos0 <0, sind <0 TIT quadrant secO > 0, sind <0 TV quadrant cos0 <0, tand <0 HI quadrant cosee 0 > 0, cos 0>0 T quadrant sin 0<0,seeQ<0 IL quadrant Q.5. Fill in the blant cos 150° cot(- 45°) (vy) see(- 60°) = ——— (vi) cosee(- 137 Answer (i) +ve (iv) -ve (ii) ve (v) +ve (vi) -ve Q.6. The given point P lies on the terminal side of @. Find quadrant of @ and all six trigonometric ratios. 3) G) (2, Solution: P(x, y) = P@-2,3) As X ~coordinate is negative and y- coordinate is positive so P lies in I quadrant P23) YA gg0 The point P ean be shown in Il quadrant. By Pythagorean theorem r= x+y? re Now, sind= ~ r r cosec 8= — y x cos 0= *~ r sec 0 = x tan@= 2 =— x cot 0= * =~ y (ii) (-3,-4) P(x, y) = P(- 3, 4) As x and y both coordinates are negative , so ‘P* lies in III quadrant. Solution: The point P can be shown in III quadrant. Y4 90° ww 270° 3-4) By Pythagorean, theorem ea eey? r=y a? py? r= y(-3)' +(-4)" Now sin@ = > cosee @ = cosa= r sec @= x tano=% = a x 3 cogs X= 3 y 4 ii) (V2.1) Solution: Py) = P(V2,1) As x and y both coordinates are positive, so P lies in I quadrant. ‘The point ‘P’ can be shown in quadrant I. By Pythagorean theorem P= xey x24 y? r= (v2)e+ a, Now sin@ = cosecO = cos = r sec = — x tanp = 2 x x cord = — Q.7. If cos6 = 2 and terminal arm of the angle @ is in quadrant I, find the values of remaining trigonometric functions. Solution: As Cos 6= — and @ is in quadrant II, so 3 we complete the figure according to conditions. From the figure x=-2 and r=3 y, 270°! By Py hago ean theorem ae v5 poeta r 3 sec@ = + x tne = x coo = * y e of 4 Q.8. If tand = 3 and sin@ < 0, find the values of other trigonometric functions at 6. Solution: As tan@ figure 4 possible in quadrant III only. We complete the Y4 99° and sin® is —ve, which is ye~ T 270° P(-3,-4) From the figurex=-3 and y Now By pathagorean theorem Po= x+y? r= (ety? v(-3)? +(-4)" sin@ = cosec® = cos® = sec 8 = tan® = cot® = ele ee Hla le ele ae 4 3 3 4 Q.9. If sind = — 1 and terminal side of v2 the angle is not in quadrant III, find the values of tan@, secO and cosec0. Solution: -1 v2 not in III quadrant, so it lies in quadrant IV. Yt 90° As sin® and terminal side of angle is 180 oO} Y 2 27° P From the figure y=-1 and r= V2 By Pathagorean theorem P= we Q.10. If cosecd = 7: and sec > 0, find the rema Solution: ining trigonometric functions. As cosec8 = a and also secO is +ve, which is only possible in quadrant I. 180° 0 x x 270°! From the figure y=12 and r=13 By Pythagorean theorem = x+y? i x= x = v3) -(12)° x = Vi69-144 x= V25 x25 Now ap X . 13 eres a y 12 cos = = > r 13 13 secO = a 5 tanp= 2 = 2 5 5 cot = 12 Q.11. Find the values of trigonometric functions at the indicated angle 0 in the right triangle. @ 3 From the figure Hypotenuse =4 and Base = 3 By Pythagorean theorem we can find perpendicular (Per.)?+ (Base? = (Hyp.)? (Per?+G3P 9 = (4? (Per.)? 16-9 (Per. 7 Perpendicular. = 7 Now sing = Pe. 7 Hyp. 4 cosec O = Oe: = + cose = Base = 3 Hyp. 4 seco = Hyp. 4 Base 3 Fi (ii) 17, 15 8 From the figure Hypotenuse = 17 Perpendicular Base = 15 Now oe ee Hyp. 17 cosee g= HYP. _17 Per, 8 Hyp. 17 seco= Hyp. _ 17 Base 15 Per. _ 8 tan = =— Base 15 cot = eae oa 15 Per. 8 (iii) From the figure Hypotenuse =7, Base = We can find perpendicular by Pyth theorem. (Base)? + (Per.)? = (Hyp.)? (Per)? + 3 = OP (Per.2 = 49-9 (Per.)2 = 40 Per. = V40 Per. = 4x10 Per. = 2V10 Now, sing= Pet -2V10 Hyp. 7 Hyp. cosec® = —* Per Q.12. Find the values of the trigonometric functions. Do not use trigonometric table or calculator. Solution: We know that 2k + @ = 0, where ke Z @ tan 30° 30° = 30 — radian = © radian 180 6 Tt 1 tan 30°= tan = = —— 6 vB (ii) tan 330° tan 330° = tan (360° — 30°) nu stan 2n-—> 6 rt stan -= 6 Tr =-tan = 6 —s 3 (iii) see 330° sec 330° = sec (360° — 30°) nt = sec 2n-— 6 T = sec -> 6 r = sec = 6 (iv) cot 4 cote = 1 2 wv cos — y 3 2 rol cos = -cos* = -~ 3 2 (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) 2n cosee 3 sec eu oset x cosee = = cosee = 3 3 cos (~ 450°) Cost4S0") = cos ( 360° — 90°) = cos -2n-= 2 = cos 2(-1)n-2 2 m = cos -= 2 =cs = =0 2 tan (- 9m) tan (-9n)= tan (- 8m- 7) tan [2 (—4)n tan (- 7) —tant -O)= r cos = 6 a 2 cot 2 6 cot = = cot n+= 6 6 =ctt= V3 6 cos 225° cos 225° = cos (180° + 45°) X = cos T+ 4 ' I = -cst = -— DTS Consider an angle ZMOP = @ radian in standard position. Let point P (x, y) be on the terminal side of the angle. By Pythagorean theorem, we have from right triangle OMP. y (mOM)E (mia) (wy wey =P. Dividing both sides by 1, we get ey r a (cos)? + (sin®} 0579 + sin?® = Dividing (i) by x, we have wy 2 x? x? x? 2 weet x x As tan@= % andsee@= x x 1 + (tan6? = (sec)? 1 + tan?0 = (sec) 1+ tam?@ = sec?0....... (ii) or sec?9-tan?0 =1 Again dividing both sides of (i) by y?, we get a y ri x r cot@= = andcosecO= — y (colo? +1 = (cosecd)? 1+ coP@ = cosec? (iii) or cosec*®~ co? = I ‘The identities (1), (2) and (3) are also known as Pythagorean Identities. BRNTIRE Verity that cotdsevd = coseed Solut LHS = cotOsecd . cost sin@ cos@ _ cl sind cosecO L.H.S = R.H.S RETTIEPA Verify that tan“9 + tan"@ = tan?@ sec?6 tan“® + tan20 = tan?@ (tan?@ +1) tan? + 1 = sec?® Show that = cosec a+1 cosec — Solution: LHS =_ £020 cosec?8 —cot?O=1 coseca— cot?@ = cosec?@—1 (cosecta—1) cosecar—1 (coseca—I)(coseca+!) ) (cosecar— = cosec @ +1 L.H.S = R.H.S. Express the trigonometric functions in terms of tan8. Solutio * By using reciprocal identity, we can express cot@ in terms of tan@ ie cote = tan? * By solving the identity 1+tan?@ = sec?@ We have expressed sec® in terms of tan@ secO = + Vtan?0+1 1 secO 1 tVtan?6+1 cos® = cos8 = Because sin? = tan@ cos®, we have sind = tan@ sin® Vitan26+1 tan@ cosec In problem 1— 6, simply each expression to single trigonometric function: sin? x Q.1. 7 cos’ x : sin’ x Solution: 3 = tanx? cos’ x Q.2. tanx sinx secx Solution: tan x sinxsecx sinx . = -SINX. cos x cos x 2 sins x 2 cos’ x = tan 2x tanx Q.3. secx 3 tan x Solution: = tanx+secx sec x a ‘sinx | 1 cosx | cosx sinx = x Osx = sin Q.4. 1-cos’x Solution: |—cos?x " sin? x+ cos? x— pos2x sin2x -1 Solution: sec*y = l+tanty-1 = tan2y Q.6. sin?x.cot2x sin?x.cot2x = sifttx = cos2x In problem 7 — 24, verify the identities Q.7. (1-sin®) (1+sin@) = cos? Solution: LHS = (1—sin®) (1+ sin® ) = (P= (sine? 1 sin? = cos?6 L.H.S = R.H.S Qs. sin@+cos@ eae tand cos@ Solution: Let sin +cosO cos 8 cos @+sin@ cos8 LHS = cos@ , sin + cos@ cosé = 1+tan® L.H.S = R.H.S Q.9. (tan6 + cotd) tand = sect® Solution: Let LH.S = (tan@ + cot@) tan = tan?@ + coté. tand 1 = tan?0+ ag oO = 1+ tan’ = sec?0 (1 +tan?0=sec?6) LHS = R.ELS Q.10. (Cot® +cosecd)(tan@- sin®) =sec@ -cos6 Solutio L.H.S = (cot@ + cosec@) (tan® — sin ) 1 (ano - sine ) tan0 sind 7 sin8+1aN8 Aang _ sind) tan6.sinO (1an 8 + sin) (tan = sin) tan 6.sinO (tan 0)" =(sin@)” tan @.sinO tan?@—sin?0 tan 0.sin0 2 tan? sin® jar.sin@ tan. sir _ tanO_ sin - sin@ tan = (tan® =sin8)—(sind+tan@ _ sin® cos _ sind Li gy £088 cos@ sind” sin sec® ~ cos® LHS i 2 Qa, SOte0s8 ___cos?@ tan?9-1 sin —cos8 Solution: Let Lus = 3in8-+cor8 tan’ 0-1 = (sin +.cos®) + (tan? 1) 2 = (sind-+coso)+ S276 _ cos28 sin? -cos? = (sind +cos@) = St =S08 cos = (sin@ + cos®) x cos (sin20 co: (sind-+7ox0 )xcos’ ( sind-+7058 )( sin @—cos 0) cos? = cosec 0 Solution: Let Las = 2°84 sing sind cos? B+ sin? 8 sin@ 1 sind = cosec 8 L.H.S = R.H.S Q.13. secO-cosd = tand sind Solution: Let LH.S = secO-cos6 = _ cos® cos@ 1-cos?8 cos8 sin?@ ‘cos = an sind = tan. sin LHS =R.H.S Qu4. wee cos® = sec @ cos Solution: Let Las = 294 cose cos sin? 0-+cos° 8 cox 1 cos = sec RHS Q.15. tan + cot® = sec. cosecé Solution: Let LH.S = tanO + cot@ sin@ cosO = + cos@ sin® sin’ 0+cos* 0 cos @.sin@ = — 1 { sin2¢+cos26=1) cos @.siné 1 1 cos sin sec8.cosec® LHS=RHS Q.16. (tan@+cot8) (cos6+sind) = secB+cosec® Solution: Let LH.S = (tan@ + cot) (cos + sin ) sin? £056 coso4 sind) cos@ sin@ O+cos° 8 v ———_| (cos @+ sin8 cos @.sin@ CIEE) ———— _ (cos 0+ sin cos 6.sin8 ( ae) cos 0+ sin8 cos 8.sin@ LO | sin 050 .sin@ cos 0.sinf I 1 —+ sinO cos cosec® + secO secO + cosecO LHS =RHS in® (tan® + cot@) = secd Let sin@ (tan + cot ) sin® | cosO + cos@ sin® np _ sins 0 Oc08°B cos 0. sin = sind LHS = Lycos sind | sind l+cos@ (sino)? )(1+ e088) (1) +2(1)(cos 8 )+ cos? 0+ sin? 8 sinO(1+cos) 1_2cosO+1 sin6(1+cos@) 2+2cosd _ sin8(1+cos8) 2[s+<08) sin ( L+cox@ ) _ 2 - sin = 2cosecd LHS=RHS qu, 1,1 = 2cosec’® 1-cos@” 1+cos® Solution: 1 LHS = —L—+ sin’ 0 = 2cosec?@ S=R.ELS I+sin —1- 20, ————— Q 1-sin 1+sin =4tan sec Solution: Let L4sind _1-sind HS = Tosind 1esind (1+ sind)’ -(1- sino)” (1-sin@)(1+ sin@) = (14 sin’ 8+ 2.sin8)—(1+ sin? @-2sin) - ()-(snay _ 1+ sin’ O+2sin0 O+2sine I-sin® 8 4sin0 ~ cos'O 4sin @ . cos 8.cosO sind . 2050 cos8 = dtan8. sec6 LH.S=RH.S Q.21. sin*9 = sin@ — sin8.cos’8 Solution: Let . LHS = sin = sin®. sine = sin®(1~cos?6 ) = sin®— sin0.cos’8 LHS =RHS Q.22. cos‘@ ~ sin’@ = cose — sin?@ Solution: Let LHS = cos‘9~sin*e = (cos*®)? ~ (sin?) = (cos?6 + sin?6) (cos% ~ sin?6 ) = (1) (cos6 - sin?6 ) = cos?6 ~ sin’ LHS = RLS [Lecos8 sin® Vi-cos® — t~cos® Solution: Let a Q23. S Viscos® ~ Vi-cos8” 1+cos6 ~ = fee (cose) — V1 cos*@ vo ia +c0s8) 1+cos@ \sin?@ sin® L+cos®_ 1~cos® sin@ — 1—cos® (i =(cos@)* sin @(1—cos 6) cos" 8 sin @(1—cos) sin’ @ sin @(1—cos 6) sin® i-cos® L.H.S = R.H.S fsecO+1 _ secO+1 ecO-1 tan@ Solution: Let secO+1 VsecO=1 sfsecO +1 secO+1 x Vsec@—1 sec@+l | (sec0+1) LALS = RAS cos8 __fitcos® 1+ cos ngle of Elevation and_Angle_o! Wess) Suppose O, P and p Q are three points, P being at a higher level of O and Q being at lower level than O. Let a horizontal line drawn through O meet in M, the vertical line drawn through P and Q ‘The angle MOP is called the angle of elevation of point P as seen from O. For Tooking at Q below the horizontal line we have to lower our eyes and Z MOQ is called the angle of depression. Angle of Elevation: The angle between the horizontal line through eye and a line from eye to the object, above the horizontal line is called angle of tion. Horizontal line Angle of depression: The angle between the horizontal line through eye and a line from eye to the object below the horizontal line is called angle of depression — Horizontal line BEMMEE A agpole 17.9 meter high casts a 7 meter shadow. Find the angle of elevation of the sun. Solution: 17.9, Bm Cc From the figure, we observe that ot is the angle of elevation. Using the fact that mAC tan @= ——= mBC 17.9m tana = Tm tana. 2.55714 Solving for ot gives us a tan’! (2.55714) a — (68.6666) 68°40" a 68°40" So angle of elevation is 68°40" . An observation balloon is 4280 meter above the ground and 9613 meter away from a farmhouse. Fi angle of depression of the farmhou observed from the observation balloon. Solution: Farm House For problems of this type the angle of elevation of A from B is considered equal to the angle of depression of B from A, as shown in the diagram. mAC tana = “= mBC 4280m tan = 2" 9613m tan = 0.44523 a = tan“! (0.144523) a= 24° So, angle of depression is 24° EXE Qu. Find the angle of elevation of the sun if'a 6 feet man casts a 3.5 feet shadow. Solution: B 35h C From the figure we observe that Height of man = mAC = 6 feet Length of shadow =mBC = 3.5 feet Angle of elevation = 6? = Using the fact that @ = 59.7436 @= 59.74" So, the angle of elevation is 59° 44°37” Q.2. A tree casts a 40 meters shadow when the angle of elevation of the sun is 25°. Find the height of the tree. Solution: From the figure Height of tree = mAC ? SE 7.5) Length of shadow = mB Angle of elevation= 8 Using the fact that 40m = 25° tang = mAC m mAC tan2se= TAS a 40 mAC = 40x tan 25° mAC= 18.65 m So, height of tree is 18.65 m Q.3. A 20 feet long ladder is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is 5 feet from the base of the wall. Find the acute angle (angle of elevation) the ladder makes with the ground. Solution: From the figure Length of ladder = m AB = 20 feet Distance of ladder from the wall=m BC =5 feet Angle of elevation = @? = Using the fact that mBC cos = mAB cos@ = he 20ft. cos = 0.25 = cos! (0.25) O= 75.5225 6= 755° or 0 = 75° 30° angle of ele Q4. ingle is 25 feet and ngle is 13 feet. Find the angle that the diagonal of the rectangle makes with the base. Solution: dD c 13 feet a) C x 25 feet B From the figure Base of rectangle = mAB = 25 feet Height of rectangle = mBC= 13 feet Diagonal ACis taken Angle between diagonal and base =0 —? Using the fact that 8 = 27.4744 @ = 2747° So, angle between diagonal and base is 27°28'28" Q.5. A rocket is launched and cli constant angle of 80°. Find the altitude of the rocket after it travels 5000 meter. Solution: From the figure Distance travelled by rocket = m AB = 5000m Altitude of rocket = m AC @= 80° Angle of elevation = AC Using sing= SE mAB_ singors @AC . mC) mAC = 5000 x sin80° mAC = 4924.04m So, the altitude of rocket is 4924.04m Q.6. An aeroplane pilot flying at an altitude of 4000m wishes to make an approach to an airport at an angle of 50° with the horizontal. How far from the airport will the plane be when the pilot begins to descend? Solution: Fromthe figure = 2? C Altitude of aeroplane = mAC= 4000m Distance of plane from airport=m BC ? = Angle of depression = 50° As the alternate angles of parallel lines are equal, so angle @ = 50° Using the fact that, tang = MAC mBC tan 50° = 2000m mBC mBe = 2000m tan 50° mBC = 3356.4 m So, the distance of aeroplane from airport is 3356.4 m. A guy wire (supporting wire) runs from the middle of a utility pole to the ground. The wire makes an angle of 78.2° with the ground and touch the ground 3 meters from the base of the pole. Find the height of the pole. Solution: f D 2?) Oj B 3m Cc From the figure Height of pole = mCD ? = Distance of wire from the base of the pole = mBC =3m Angle of elevation = 0 =78.2° As the wire is attached with the pole at its middle point A, so, first we find mAC. Using the fact that mAC tan@ = mBC tan 78,2= BAC 3m x tan78.2° = 14.36m So Height of pole is = mDC =2(mAC ) = 214.36 m 28.72 m A road is inclined at an angle 5.7°. Suppose that we drive 2 miles up this road starting from sea level. How high above sea level are we? o7a2 Solution: Qs. B Seatevel C From the figure _ Distance covered on road = mAB =2 miles Angle of inclination = @ = 5.7° Height from sea level = mAC ? = Using the fact that, sin@ = mA mAB sin 5.7? = MAC 2 mAC = 2x sin 5.7° mAC = 0.199 mile Hence, we are at the height of 0.199 mile from the sea level Q.9. A television antenna of 8 feet height is located on the top of a house. From a point on the ground the angle of elevation to the top of the house is 17° and the angle of elevation to the top of antenna is 21.8°. Find the height of the house. Solution: Antenna From the figure Distance of point from house = m BC Height of house = mAC =h = ? Height of antenna = mAD = 8 feet Angle of elevation of top of house = 17° Angle of elevation of top of antenna= 21.8° In right angled AABC tan 172= MAC mBC tn i7= & x 1 a xh tan 7" 3.271Xh @ Now in right angle ADBC sy. mcd tan 21.8 = “= mBC tan 2g = MAD+mAC ~ mBC can 21g = Sh x h . 0.40 = cern [From (i)] 0.40 x 3.271h =8+h 1.3084 h-h =8 (1.3084 - 1) h 0.3084 h =8 So, the height of the house is 25.94 feet Q.10. From an observation point, the angles of depression of two boats in line with this point are found to 30° and 45 Find the distance between the two boats if the point of observation is 4000 feet high. Solution: < 4 Observation point 4000 feet B 2 D From the figure mAD =4000 feet Distance between boats = mBC ? Angles of depression of points B and C are 30° and 45° respectively from point A. As the alternate angles of parallel lines are equal, so mZB = 30° and mZC = 45° Now in right angled AACD Height of observation point: tan 45° = mAD mCD , = 4000 ~ mCD mCD = 4000 feet Now in right angled ABCD tan 30° = men mBD 1 _ 4000 V3 mBC+mCD 1 4000 v3 mBC-+4000 mBC + 4000 = 4000V3 mBC = 40003 - 4000 mBC = 6928.20 - 4000 mBC = 2928.20 feet So, the distance between boats Q.11. Two ships, which are in line with the base of a vertical cliff are 120 meters apart. The angles of depression from the top of the cliff to the ships are 30° and 45°, as shown in the diagram. (a) Calculate the distance BC (b) Calculate the height CD of the cliff. Solution: is 2928.2 feet. From the figure Height of cliff = CD =h=? Distance Distance between boats = AB = 120m Angles of depression from point D to points A and B are 30° and 45° respectively As the alternate angles of parallel lines. are equal, so mZA = 30° and mZt Wright angled ABCD wo (| x=h) 120= (V3-1)h 120 = (1.7321-)h 120 = 0.7321 h 120 07 h = 163.91 m As x=h, so x= 163.91m or __ 164m Thus Distance mBC = 164m Height of cliff =mCD = 164m =h Q.12. Suppose that we are standing on a bridge 30 meter above a river watching a log (piece of wood) floating towards us. If the angle with the horizontal to the front of the log is 16.7° and angle with the horizontal to the back of the log is 14°, how long is the log? Solution: From the figure Height of observer's position = mOC= 30m Length of log of wood = mAB=x =? Angles of depression from point O of the points A and B are 14° and 16.7° respectively In right angled AOBC tan 16.7° = 0.30 moc mBC 30 mBC 30 W mBC= —— 0.30 mBC = 100m Now in right angled AOAC tan 14°= 0.249 = - mOC mAC 30 mAB +mBC 30 6.249 = _——_. (x +100) 0.249(x +100) = 30 30 x + 100= —— x + x= ae 0.249 100 = 120.482 120.482 — 100 20.482 m So the length of log is 20.482 m. Q. 1 Multiple choice question wu ISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE —7| Four possible answer: following questions. answer, The union of two non-collinear rays, which have common end point is called (a) anangle (b) (©) aminue — (a) e given for the (_) the correet a degree a radian ‘The system of measurement in which the angle is measured in radians is called (a) CGS system (b) sexagesimal system (©) MKS system (@)_ circular system sec cot8 = 1 (a) sin@ b ‘ esa ie) a gy sind sin ® cos cosec?® — cot0 = (ay -1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) tan If ‘r’ is the radius of a circle, then its circumference is: x (@) 5r (b) ar (c) 2nr (@) 4ar sec?® = (a) 1-sin?® — (b) 1 +tan?@ (c) L#cos?@ — (d) 1 +tan?® 1 1 ——+ l+sin0 I-sin® (a) 2sec?® (b) 2cos*® (c) sec? (d) cos® How many right angles are there in 360 degrees? (a) two (b) four (c) six (a) cight 10. 12. 16. 17. 20° = eee (a) 360° (b) 630° (c) 1200’ (d) 3600" 4 (a) 115° (b) 135° (c) 150° (@) 30° In degree measurement, 1° is equal to: @) V (b) 60° (c) 90° (a) 360° In degree measurement, 1 is equal to: (a) Vv (b) 60° (c) 90" (a) 360" = cosec45? 2 If tan= V3, then 8 is equal to (a) 90° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 30° The radian measure of an angle that form a complete circle is: X @ 5 () x (©) @ 4x J radians = 2 (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (@ 90° = radians = 3 (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60" (a) 90° r= (a) 180nradian (b) radian T 180 (c)) radian 1) radia ia (d) x radian 26. 28. Area of a circular sector = jw (b) re l (18 @) =e 2m radians = w 0 (b) 90° (we) 180° (a) 360° radians = ww 0° (b) 90" (©) 180° (@ 360° 1 = Cos8 (a) Sin® (b) Seco (c) Cosec@ (d)-_ Cord = radians = 6 (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (a) 90° Sind4s’ = (a) 1 (b) v2 (c) ! (d) 0 P= (a) 0.0175 radians (b) 0.175 radian (c) 1.75 radians (d)_ 175 radians A part of circumference of a circle is called: (a) radius (b) chord (c) sector (d) are tan 45° = (a) 1 (b) V2 © 4 (0 | radian = (a) (180z)’ (by (180)" . 180° (c) = (dy — 180 x 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, 35. 36. 37. Jt. Sind (a) Cos0 (©) Cosec® radians = 4 (a) 30° (©) 60° Lu. tand (a) tan® (c) Cosec® 3n radians= (a) 90° (©) 270° Cos45°= (a) 1 (©) 5 Formula for arc length is: (a) =18 (c). @= 4 Cosec45° = (a 1 (©) sl Sin60° = (a) Cot4s® = (a) 1 (c) al- (b) Secd (d) Cote (b) 45° (d) 90° (b) SecO (d) Cot6 (b) 180° (d) 360° (b) v2 (d) 0 (b) (d) (b) V2 (d) 0. 70. 26. 28. Area of a circular sector = Ww 18 (bo) re (we) y 0 (dd) =e a 2 2n radians = fa 0° (b) 90° tc) 180" (d) 360" ™ radians = fa) 0° (b) 90° (c) 180° (d) 360° 1s Cosd (a) Sind (b) Sec (c) Cosec® (d) Cot® J radians = 6 (a) 30" (b) 45° (c) 60" (d) 90° Sinds® = (a) 1 (b) V2 (c) ; (d) 0 re (a) 0.0175 radians (b) 0.175 radian (c) 1.75 radians (d) 175 radians ‘A part of circumference of a circle is called: (a) radius (b) chord (c) sector (d) are tan 45” = (a) 1 (b) V2 © 4 (d) 0 | radian (a) (180n)" (by (180)" ‘ x” ty 189 . ian a ° 780 Xt 29. 30. 31. 32. 3. 34, 35. 36. 37. Sind (a) Cos0 (b) Sec (c) Cosecd (Wd) Cord = yadians = 4 (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90° ao = tan@ (a) tan® (b) Sec6 (c) Cosec® (d) Cot 3n — radians= 2 (a) 90° (b) 180° (c) 270° (@) 360° Cos45° = (a) 1 (o) V2 1 © = d) 0 B @ Formula for arc length is: (a) =r0 (b) r= 6 (c). O= 41 (d) Cosec45° = (a) 1 (b) V2 1 ~e d) 0 © @) Sin60° = @ + w & 2 2 2 (c) 2 d) > © Cot4s* = @) 1 (b) V2 1 © -— 0 5 « # 40. 41. 43. 44. Coso0” = w - (b) 8 2 w) 2 d= @) B Cos30” = wt w 8 2 ) 2 d) = (d@) B tan 30” = » 2 3 ® > (b) oe 1 © VB d) (d) B Cot30” = 1 3 fa) 2 (b) 2 3 ao + (c) (d) B In which quadrant only Cos® and Sec@ are positive? (a) 1 (b) (c) Ul @ Vv Cosec30” = 1 3 (a) 2 (b) > © 2 @ 3 ) = v3 Secd5° = fa) 1 (b) V2 1 v2 Sin30° = | (a) BI (b) 7 2 (c) 2 (dy) 3 46. 47. 48. 49. 52. &.. 54, In| which quadrant @ lie when Cos0< 0,Sin6 <0 ? (a) 1 () () Ml (@) IV In which quadrant’ @ lie when Sec8 > 0,Sin@ <0 > : (a) I () (c) Tf (d) IV Sec60” = 1 B ’ b) 3 (a) 2 (b) 2 2 c) 2 d (c) (d) B Cosec 60° = ol 3 @ 5 ) > 2 (c) 2 @ = Tv In which quadrant only Sin® and Cosec® are positive? (a) 1 (b) IL (©) UL (@ WV Sec30” = 1 (a) 2 (b) (c) 2 (a) In which quadrant only tan@ and Coté are positive? (a) I (b) (c) (d) IV In which quadrant 6 lie when Sin@ > 0,tand<0 ri @) 1 () (c) UL (d) IV tan 60° = od iB (a) 3 (b) 7 1 (c) VB «@ ”" B Coren” = (© I @ IV 1 63. Fundamental trigonometric ratios are wos (b) (a) 3 (b) 4 ~ © 5 @ 6 w) V3 @ 64. Which one is a quadrantal angle? (a) 30° (b) 45° 36. In which quadrant lie when (c) 60° (@) 90° Cos < 0,tan <0 ? 65. Sin .cosec= @ 1 (b) 0 @ 1 ) 0 we) UL @ IV (c) Sin (d) Cos cm Gem 66. In which quadrant @ lie when @ 1 (b) tan Cosec® > 0,Cos > 0 2 ) 0 (d) Cot fa) I (b) I 38. In which quadrant. @ lie when (c) Ul (@) IV Sin® <0,Sec0 <0 2 67. tan Ocor8 = (b) (a) sin@ (b) Sed @ wv © 1 @ 0 59, 68, 1+Cov@= (b) Cot’ (a) Sin*6 (b) Cos*@ (d) 0 (c) Cosec?@ (d) Sec 60. 1+tan?@= 69. In which quadrate all trigonometric ratios a ; are positive? (@) Sin’ (b) Cos"6 (a) 1 ) 0 (c) Cosec?@ (d) Sec’® () Ul (d) IV 61. s between 180° and 270° are in 70. Sin (-310°)=....... which quadrant? (a) Sin310°——(b)_ —Sin310° fa) 1 (b) IL (c) Cos310° (d)_tan310° (c) It (d) IV TI. Sec (-60°)... 62. Angles between 0° and 90° are in which (a) -Sec60° (b) Sec60° quadrant? (©) Cos60” (a) Cor60” (a) 1 (b) 0 fifayT2[¢[3[fe[T4][e[s[e[e>o[7 Tals] Co Te fio ]/ bo] mf biz) bifml]b|mi[ec |isfe |iela fa7 fe [ise [19 [a [20 [a [ae [a> fafa [as] ec (as pa fd || a | wi] | w]e [30] > arpa [te pare [34 [a [3s [| 36 |b [a7 [a [ae | a [9b [ao fa cape | aia fa fe | afb [4s [a [ae [ic a7 [a falc 4 | d | 50) b | st | d | 52 | c | 53 | b | 54 55 | a | 56] b 37 | a | 58 (59 | ¢ | oo | a | or 62 | a | 63 | da | oa] a fos) a | | a|o7i[c | ow [ec | | a [mlb | a] b 7 QL Write short answers of the following question: (i) Define an angle. Ans: Angle: An angle is defined as the union of two non-collinear rays with some common end point. The rays are called arms of the angle and the common end point is known gs vertex of the angle — iii) What is sexagesimal system of measurement of angles? Ans: Measurement of an angle in sexagesimal system (degree, minute and second) Degree: We divide the circumference of a circle into 360 equal arcs. The angle subtended at the centre of the circle by one are is called one degree and is denoted by 1°. The symbols 1°, 1’ and 1” are used to denote a degree, a minute and a second respectively. Thus 60 seconds (60”) make one minute (1’ ) 60 minutes (60°) make one degree (1°) 90 degrees (90°) make one right angle. 360 degrees (360°) make 4 right angles ‘An angle of 360° denotes a complete (iii) How many minutes are in two right angles? Ans: As we know that one right angle = 90° Two right angles = 180° Minutes in 1° 0" Minutes in 180° = 180%60 Minutes in two right angles = 10800" (iv) Define radian measure of an angle. 7200) angle subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc, whose length is equal to > radius of the circle is called one Radian Consider a circle of radius whose centre is O. From any point A on the circle cut off an arc AP whose length is equal to the radius of the circle. Join O with A and O with P. The ZAOP is one radian. This means that when Length of arc AP= length of radius OA then mZAOP = I radian , qa (¥) Convert © radian to degree measure. Ans: “yedian = © 180 degrees 4 5 = & Axs degrees At = 45° (vi) Convert 15° to radians Ans: 15°= 15 radian ‘ 180 x radian = x2 = = radian 12 (vii) What is the radian measure of the central angle of an are 50m long on the circle of radius 25m. Solution: Central angle = 6 Are length = | = 50m Radiws = Using formula L=r@ O=- r _ 50 - 25 @=2 radian (viii) Find r when | Solution: ‘oem and @ radian r — radian 4 Using formula (Per.)? = 1681 - 81 (Per.)? = 1600 Per. = i600 Per, = £40 So tano = Pe a -40 - o —ve sign shows tan is ~ve in quadrant IV (x) Prove that (1-sin2@) (1+tan?8) = 1 Solution: Let LHS. = (1-sin?@)(1 + tan®9 ) 9 RHS (ix) Find tan@ when cos@ =.— and Q.2. Fillin the blanks: Co ne @ — mradians = degree. terminal side of the angle @ is in fourth (ii) The terminal side of angle 235° lies in quadrant. quadrant. Solution: tan ? = (iii) Terminal side of the angle — 30° lies in 9 As cos@ = 2- ie Base= 9 and hypotenuse = 41 quadrant. at (iv) Area of a circular sector is and terminal side of @ is in quadrant IV. (vy) fr = 2cm and @ = 3 radian, then area of the circular sector is (vi) The general form of the angle 480° is (vii) If sind= + then 6 yx (viii) If @ = 300°, then see (300)? = (ix) 1+ cot = (x) sec ~ tand _ 5 By Pythagorean theorem. (Base)? + (Perpendicular? = (Hypotenuse)? (92 + (Per? = (41)? [ANSWER KEY, 1 i) | 180° | i IV) |] 50 || Gene | - 30° or : | 0, ae ae a si on] BE |] patin | 89 | 2 |G | osc |e | $82 = 6 cos

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