07th LECTURE 28-07-2010
MAGNETIC MATERAILS
1:-FERROMAGNEETIC MATERAILS
2:-DIAMAGNETIC MATERAILS
3:-PARAMAGNETIC MATERIALS
1> FERROMAGNETIC MAERIALS:-These materials has high & positive
susceptibility to a magnetic field.
These contains a strong attraction to a magnetic field and retain this property
after external field has been removed.
The materials whose permeability thousand times greater then the free space
are called ferromagnetic materials
Iron, nickel & cobalt etc.
2> DIAMAGNETIC MATERILS:-very week & negative susceptibility to a
magnetic field .
It repelld slightly by a magnetic field and does not retain this property after
the external field has been removed
Materials have less permeability than the free space is called diamagnetic
materials
Copper ,gold & silver etc
3> PARAMAGNETIC MATERIALS:-small and positive susceptibility to the
magnetic field.
It attracts slightly by a magnetic field and does not retain this property
after the external field has been removed
Permeability slightly breaker than the free space
Magnesium ,molybdenum,& lithium
CHAPTER NO#___01___ 8th lecture 29-07-2010
TRNASFORMER
Transformer is a static machine/device.
It transfer electrical power from one ckt to another ckt
During transfer of power there is no change occur in the frequency
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The T.F work on mutual induction action b/w the two ckt coils ( Michael
Faraday )
Tow circuit are combined by a common magnetic flux.
Its simple form, it consist of two inductive coils which are electrically
isolated ( speratily ) but magnetically inter link to each other.
If two coils placed near to each other and if one is connected to a A.C
Supply, the EMF will be induced in the coil. The EMF induced will be
according to the turn of the secondary coil
PRIMARY WINDING
That winding which is connected to the A.C Suppaly or that winding which is energized
with the source.
SECONDARY WINDING
The winding which is connected with the load OR that winding from which we take
output.
If we increase or decrease the magnitude of voltage that will no effect on
frequency
Due to system frequency the frequency on other ckt remains same and also small
turning ( 0.025 ) effects.
CONSTRUCTION OF T.F
Magnetic core and winding are the two basic pars of the t.f
CORE
The T.F core is made of nonagon and coldroled ,high permeability silicon
steel of this lamination
Each lamination is insulated with variation or oxide coating to reduce eddy
cuurent losses
The thickness of each lamination various 0.35mm to 0.5mm
The shape of each strip is E I and L 7(INVERSE L) as shown in figure
EIL7
0.35mm for a frequency 50Hz
0.5mm for a frequency 25Hz
E I types used for shell type T.F
L 7 types used for core type
Core may be either in square or rectangular in shape
It has two parts vertical and horizontal
The vertical portion is called limp
The horizontal portion is called yoke
Two coils are wondeon on the limb or on the the central limb
One coil is called primery winding and secondary is called secondary
winding
The winding which is connected to the source is called primery
winding
The winding from which we take output or connected the load is called
secondary winding
CLASSIFICATION OF T.F
1/ ACCORDING TO THE CORE
a > core type transformer
b > shell type transformer
2/ ACCORDING TO THE VOLTAGE
a > step up transformer
b > step down transformer
3/ ACCORDING TO THE PHASE
a > single phase transformer
b > three phase transformer
4/ ACCORDING TO THE COOLING
10TH LECTURE 03-08-2010
1 > ACCORDING TO THE CORE
a
In the core type T.F windings surround a considerable part of the
core
Core inside the winding
Winding around the core
High voltage level/high capacity
B > SHELL TYPE T.F
In shell type T.F the core surrounds a considerable portion of the winding
Small capacity
2 _ACCORDING TO THE VOLTAGE
A > STEP UP T.F
The T.F which increases the output voltage means low voltage into high voltage
The number of turns in the secondary side is more than the primary side
N2 > N1
N1 > N2
B > STEP DOWN T.F
The T.F which change the high voltage level into low voltage level
The number of turns in the secondary side is less than the primary side
Step down T.F are used for secondary transmission & distribution
Step up T.F are used in Generation station
3_ACCORDING TO THE PHASE
A > Single Phase T.F
B > Three Phase T.F
4_ACCORDING TO THE COOLING
A > Oil filled self cooled
B > Oil filled water Cooled
C > Air force cooled forecey oil cooled with air or water
D > Air blast type
E > Naturally air cooling system
11th LECTURE 04-08-2010
EMF EQUATION OF THE T.F
OR
VOLTAGE EQUATION OF THE T.F
Let
N1 = no: of turns on the primary side
N2 = no: of turns on the secondary side
f = supply frequency
=maximum core flux in Weber’s = ( Bm*A )
we know that when a.c supply is connected to the winding flow gets its maximum value
1/4 cycle
i.e 1/4f sec time period
average value of flux
consider that flux is changing sunsiodully the emf will be sinusoidal then sin wave
FORM FACTOR= R.M.S/AVERAGE VALUE=1.11
=0.707 MAX: VALUE/0.637 MAX: VALUE =1.11
F.F=1.11
: . Per turn induced EMF
=1.11*4f
=4.44f volt
EMF induced in primery winding having number of turns ( N1 ) Np
Ep=E1=4.44f Np volts
Similarly Emf induced in the secondary winding having no: of turns N2,Ns
Es=E2=V2=4.44f Ns
=Bm*A
E1=4.44f N1 volts
=4.44f BmaxN1*A volts
E2=4.44f N2 volts
E2=4.44Bmax*AN2 volts
12th LECTURE 05-08-2010
Transform
1) VOLTAGE
It is the ratio o
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13TH AND 14TH LECTURES ARE ON PROBLEMS( NUMRICALS )
15TH LECTURE 11-08-2010
ADVANTAGES OF T.F
The transformer is a static device or machinery and there is no wear and tear ,it
has no friction losses
No attention or little attention is required for operation so its maintains is low
As , there is no rotating part in it an extra high voltage or high power can be
transferred easily by providing a good insulation to its winding
T.F ideally changes one A.C level to another A.C level without the effecting
actual power supplied
If a transformer step up the voltage to the level of circuit it must decrease the
current to keep the power into the device equal to the power output
Electrical power can be generated at one central location ,its voltage stepped up to
the transformation over long distance at very low losses & its voltage stepped
down again for final value
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Ideal transformer is one which has no losses i.e its winding have no Ohmic
losses , there is no magnetic leakage and hence which has no (I^2R) and core
losses
An ideal transformer is less losses device with an input winding and output
winding
The relationship b/w input voltage and output voltage & input current and
output current
16th LECTURE 12-08-2010
TRANSFORMER CONNECTED AT NO LOAD
An ideal T.F there is no core losses and copper losses
In practical transformer these two losses can not be neglected
At no load condition , the primery current is not fully reactive and it
supplies
i. Iron losses in the core ,that is hysteresis and eddy current losses
ii. Very small amount of copper losses in the primary winding
iii. There is no copper losses in the secondary winding
iv. The no load current lags behind V1 by angle which is less than
90’.
v. The no load input power is given by W0=V1I1COS ,
COS =no load P.F at no load condition
I. Active component Iw, In phase with the primary voltage v is called power
component-supply the iron losses ( hystrsis & eddy current losses )
Iw=I0COS
II. Magnetizing component Iju.
It is WATT less component and its function is maintain the alternating flux in the
core with the sets up EMF induced E2 and nearly equal to V.
Im=I0SIN
• The no load current is 1 to 5% of full load current.
TRANSFORMER CONNECTED AT LOAD
When transformer is connected with load , secondary current will set up its own
flux due to its own EMF
opposes the main
N2I2 known as demagnetizing
E1 will decrease by the magnitude of decrease.
V1 > E1 and primary winding draw pure current I2
I2 step up its own EMF
which opposes the and direction as .
N1I’2=N2I2
I’2=(N2/N1)I2
I’2/I2=N2/N1
IW & IM are constant where T.F is connected at load or no load.
The P.F and T.F at no load is very small ,i.e negligible
Basically there are three fluxes, main flux
The losses occur in T.F are called Core Losses.
17TH LECTURE 16-08-2010
LEAKAGE FLUX AND MUTUAL FLUX
When the primary winding is excited ,magnetic flux is build up through
the core
All the flux does not round the core link with the secondary winding
MUTUAL FLUX
The flux linking both primary and secondary is called mutual or
magnetizing flux denoted by
The flux which remain in the core of the T.F and link with both
primary and secondary winding is called magnetic flux.
LEAKAGE FLUX
The portional flux that goes through one of T.F coil not the other
one is called leakage flux ,
OR
Which passes through the primary winding but return through the
air ,by passing the secondary winding.
