CHE F243
Material Science and
BITS Pilani Engineering
Sutapa Roy Ra
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS SCIENCE
&
ENGINEERING
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Stone Age Bronze Age
2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO 2000 BC TO 1000 BC
Use of weapons made of stone Alloys of Copper and Tin
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
IRON AGE
1000 BC TO 500 BC
Use of iron alloys
Age of Advanced materials:
ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites….
Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties,
processing, and performance of materials. Intelligent design of
new materials.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Materials are...
engineered structures...not blackboxes!
Structure...has many dimensions...
THE SCALE OF THINGS
Things Natural Things Manmade
MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) Devices
Head of a pin 10 -100 m wide
1-2 mm
Dust mite
300 m Red blood cells
Pollen grain
Cat
~ 0.3 m
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100 m 1 meter (m)
10-1 m 0.1 m
100 mm
0.01 m
10-2 m 1 cm
10 mm
Fly ash Indium arsenide
~ 10-20 m
10-3 m 1 millimeter (mm) quantum dot
Quantum dot array --
germanium dots on silicon
Magnetic domains garnet
10-4 m 0.1 mm
film
11 m wide stripes 100 m
Microworld
The
10-5 m 0.01 mm
10 m
Biomotor using ATP
10-6 m 1 micrometer ( m)
spectrum
Visible
DNA
~2 nm wide 0.1 m
10-7 m
100 nm
Nanoworld
The
10-8 m 0.01 m
10 nm
Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface
positioned one at a time with an STM tip
Corral diameter 14 nm
Atoms of silicon
10-9 m 1 nanometer (nm)
spacing ~tenths of nm
10-10 m 0.1 nm
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Materials Science and
Engineering
Materials Science
– The discipline of investigating the relationships that exist
between the structures and properties of materials.
Materials Engineering
– The discipline of designing or engineering the structure of a
material to produce a predetermined set of properties based on
established structure-property correlation.
Four Major Components of Material Science and
Engineering:
– Structure of Materials
– Properties of Materials
– Processing of Materials
– Performance of Materials
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What is Materials Science and
Engineering?
Composition means the chemical make-up of a
material.
Structure means a description of the
arrangements of atoms or ions in a material.
Synthesis is the process by which materials are
made from naturally occurring or other
chemicals.
Processing means different ways for shaping
materials into useful components or changing
their properties.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Processing
Materials
Optimization Loop
Performance
Structure Properties
Observational
Material science is the investigation of the relationship among
processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.
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Properties
Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and
external forces.
Mechanical properties – response to mechanical forces, strength, etc.
Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic
fields, conductivity, etc.
Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat
capacity.
Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of
light.
Chemical stability in contact with the environment - corrosion
resistance.
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Classification of Materials
Metals and Alloys
Ceramics, Glasses, and Glass-ceramics
Polymers (plastics), Thermoplastics and
Thermosets
Semiconductors
Composite Materials
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Representative examples, applications, and
properties for each category of materials
Example of Applications Properties
Metals and Alloys
Gray cast iron Automobile engine blocks Castable, machinable,
vibration damping
Ceramics and
Glasses
SiO2-Na2O-CaO Window glass Optically transparent,
thermally insulating
Polymers
Polyethylene Food packaging Easily formed into
thin, flexible, airtight film
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Continued
Example of Applications Properties
Semiconductors
Silicon Transistors and integrated Unique electrical
circuits behavior
Composites Carbide cutting tools for High hardness, yet
Tungsten machining good shock resistance
-carbide cobalt
(WC-Co)
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Metals
Metallic Materials
have :
1). High strength and
formability
2). Ductility (plastic
deformation)
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Golden Gate Bridge,
connecting San
Francisco and Martin
County, opened on
May 27, 1937, as the
longest suspension
bridge of 2,737 meters.
Most of the
bridges and
high rising
buildings are
constructed with
steels.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
The Sundial Bridge in Redding, California is a 66 meter pedestrian
walkway.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Incheon Bridge (6 lanes) : Songdo – Incheon Int’l Airport
Total length : 21.38㎞, Length over the sea : 12.12 km.
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Ceramics
Metal oxides, MxOy,
are no longer metals
but called Ceramics.
Ceramics have the
properties ;
➊. Chemically stable
➋. Very high melting
point
➌. high strength but
very brittle
Used in high temperature,
corrosive environments,
various furnaces, chemical
processing systems.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
High-temperature sodium vapor lamp made possible by
use of a translucent Al2O3 cylinder for containing the
sodium vapor.
Lucalox lamps (GE trade name) :
High Pressure Sodium High Intensity Discharge Lamp for streetlights.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Polymers
Polymers are long-
chain molecules
composed of many
(100s to 1,000s)
“mers” bonded
together.
Polymers brought
major impact of
modern engineering
technology on
everyday life.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Semiconductors
There are three semiconducting
elements (Si, Ge, & Sn in IV A),
which serve a kind of boundary
between metallic (II B, III A) and
nonmetallic elements(V A, VI A).
Si and Ge are excellent examples
of elemental semiconductors.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Composites
Composites are another set of
materials made up of some
combination of individual materials
from the previous categories
materials with their own bonding
characteristics.
The excellent example is fiberglass, the
composite of glass fibers embedded in a
polymer matrix
Characteristic of good composites is
producing a product that is superior
to either of the components
separately that is it has both high
strength and excellent flexibility.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Composites continued
Kevlar reinforcement is a popular application in
modern high-performance tires.
Kevlar fiber reinforcements provide significant advances over traditional
fibers for polymer-matrix composites.
Kevlar is a DuPont trade name for poly p-phenyleneterephthalamide (PPD-T), a
para-aramid fiber.
Kevlar-reinforced polymers to be composites are used in pressure vessels and tires.
The strength-to-weight ratio of Kevlar is five times higher than that of
structural steels.
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Classification according to
atomic structure
Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and
spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together.
Strong, ductile, conduct electricity and heat well, are
shiny if polished.
Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are
shared between atoms). Their electrical properties
depend strongly on minute proportions of contaminants.
Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs.
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Classification according to
atomic structure
Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative
ions, and are bound by Coulomb forces. They are
usually combinations of metals or semiconductors with
oxygen, nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides, and
carbides). Hard, brittle, insulators. Examples: glass,
porcelain.
Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weak
van der Waals forces, and usually based on C and H.
They decompose at moderate temperatures (100 – 400
C), and are lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber.
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Functional Classification of
Materials
Aerospace
Biomedical
Electronic Materials
Energy Technology and Environmental
Technology
Magnetic Materials
Photonic or Optical Materials
Smart Materials
Structural Materials
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
© 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
Classification of Materials-
Based on Structure
Crystalline material is a material comprised of one or
many crystals. In each crystal, atoms or ions show a
long-range periodic arrangement.
Single crystal is a crystalline material that is made of
only one crystal (there are no grain boundaries).
Grains are the crystals in a polycrystalline material.
Polycrystalline material is a material comprised of
many crystals (as opposed to a single-crystal material
that has only one crystal).
Grain boundaries are regions between grains of a
polycrystalline material.
Amorphous material : materials with no long range order
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The Materials Selection
Process
Application ---- Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
Properties --- Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.
Material --- Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
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Different materials exhibit different crystal structures
and resultant Properties
Different materials exhibit different microstructures
and resultant Properties
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ADVANCES IN MATERIALS
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• Miniaturization: “Nanostructured" materials, with
microstructure that has length scales between 1 and 100
nanometers with unusual properties. Electronic
components, materials for quantum computing.
• Smart materials: Materials which have the ability to
sense external stimuli and respond by changing their
properties, airplane wings that deice themselves,
buildings that stabilize themselves in earthquakes…
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
•Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or
photodegradable plastics, advances in nuclear waste
processing, etc.
• Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard
tissue can be as strong as the most advanced
laboratory-produced ceramics, mollusks produce
biocompatible adhesives that we do not know how to
reproduce…
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