a PSA mC ease Forms of Energy 21C What is total energy? Identify the different forms of energy that constitute the total energy 22 related to each oth How are heat internat energy, and thermal energy 2-3C_ What is mechanical energy? How does it differ from thermal energy? What are the,forms.of mechanical energy. of a fluid stream? 24C Natural gas, which is mostly methane CH,, is a fuel and a major energy source. Can we say the same about hydrogen gas, H,? 25 Calculate the total kinetic energy, in kJ, of an object Whose mass is 100 kg and whose velocity is 20 mis 246 The specific potential energy of an objéct with respect to some datum level is given by gz where g is the local gravi- tational acceleration and z is the elevation of the object above. the datum. Determine the specific potentiat energy, in ki/kg, of an object elevated 30 m above a datum at a location where g = 9:78 is! 27 Calculate the total potential energy, in Kl, of an object, whose mass is 20 kg!when itis located 20 m below a datum level in a location where g.= 9.5. m/s. 2-8 A person gets into an elevator at the lobby level of a hotel together with his 30-kg suitease, and gets out at the 10th Moor 35-m above. Determine the amount of enerzy consumed by the motor Of the elevator that is now stored in the suitease. 29 Electric power is to be generated by installing a hydraulic wrbine-generator at a site 160 m below the free surface of a large water reservoir that can supply water at a rate of 3500 kg/s steadily. Determine the power generation potential 210 At.a certain location, wind is, blowing, steadily at 10 nv/s, Determine the mechanical energy of air per unit mass and the power generation potential. of a wind turbine with 60-m-diameter blades at that location. Take the air density to be 1.25 kein. * Problems designated by a "G" are concept questions, and students are encouraged to answer them al. Problems with the icon are solved using EES, and complete solutions together with parametric studies are included on the enclosed OVD, Problems with the @ icon are comprehensive in nature, and are intended to be solved with a computer, preferably using the EES software that accompanies this text. tar pr ihe st pc © Determi 4% out) patents ielodin, fhe roon 241A water jet that leaves a nozzle at 60 mis at a flow rate of 120 kp/s is to be used to generate power by striking the buckets located on the perimeter of a wheel. Determine the power generation potential of this waterjet 2-12 ‘Wo sites are being considered for wind power geier- ation. In the first site, the wind blows steadily at 7 mols for 3000 hours per year, whereas in the second site the wind blows at 10 mvs for 2000 hours per year. Assuming the wind velocity is negligible at other times for simplicity, determine which is a better site for wind power generation. Hint: Note that the mass flow rate of air is proportional to wind velocity. 213 A river flowing steadily at a rate of 175 mls is con sidered for hydroelectric power generation, It is determined that a dam can be built to collect water and release it from an elevation difference of 80.m (0 generate power. Determine how much power can be generated from this river water after the dam is filled. 214 Consider’ river flowing’ coward a lake ‘at an average ‘velocity oF 3 mis’ at a rate Of 500 ms at 2° Location 90 m. above the lake surface. Determine the: total’ mechanical cenirgy of the river Water per unit mass and the power weners! tiot potential of the entiee river at that loeation: "River 5 3 ms FIGURE P2-14 Energy Transfer by Heat and Work 2-15C In what forms can energy cross the boundaries of 8 close system’? 2E16C When is the energy crossing the boundries of # closed system heat and when is it work? 2AATC What is an adiabatic process? What is an adibatié system? 2A8C What are point and path functions? Give some examples 219€. Consider an automobile traveling. at a-constal Speed along a road. Determine the direction of the heat an ‘work interactions, taking the following asthe system: (a) ie ar radiator, (6) the car engine, (c) the car wheels, (2) the road, and (e) the ar surrounding the er Banas} 2-20€ The length of « spring can be changed by (a) apply Ah angle ing a force to it or (b) changing its temperature (ie, ther % expansion). What type of energy interaction between the $9tem (spring) and surroundings is required to change the length if the spring in these two ways? 221C Consider an electric refrigerator located in a room. Determine the direction of the work and heat interactions (in Or out) when the following are taken as the system: (a) the contents of the refrigerator, (b) all parts of the refrigerator jncluding che contents, and (c) everything contained within the room during a winter day fansfers (in or out) when the (a) keyboard, Ionitor, (¢) processing unit, and (A) all of these are a8 the system, G2 A small electrical motor produces 5 W of mechani- Power, What is this power in (a) N, m, and s units; and Ke, m, and s units? Answers: (a) 5 Nomis, (0) 5 keels? 2 mode! aircraft internal-combustion engine produces WAY. of Power. How much power is this in (a) Ibf-fus and Wp! hanical Forms of Work NC A car is accelerated from rest to 85 km/h in 10s. Hi the energy transferred to the car be different if it were Hsrated to the same speed in 5 8? Determine the energy required to accelerate an 800-kg Boot 5 10 100 kv on a level road Grima wit a mas of 80 ke is posing cart hat hes De 25 KE With its contents up a ramp that is inclined at aE 10° from the horizontal, Determine the ‘work © move along this ramp a distance of 30 1 consider Answer: 309 ki = CHAPTER 2 ing (a) the man and (b) the cart and its contents as the sys- tem. Express your answers in both N.m and id FIGURE P2-27 (© The McGraw-Hill Compenies, ne /LareA, Nik photographer 2-28 The force F required to compress a spring a distance xis given by F ~ Fy = kx where k is the spring constant and ‘Fa 8 the preload. Determine the work required to compress & spring whose spring constant is k = 3.5 kNécm a distance of fone cm starting from its free length where Fy [Express your answer in both KN. and Kl t Ceti FIGURE P2-28 2-29. A 1.3-cm diameter, 30-em-long steel rod with a Young's modulus of 2.07 X 10 N/m? is stretched 0.3 em. How much woek does this require, in KX? The strain work is siven by w= “cq — e}) where Vp is the original volume of the solid, E is Young's modulus and e is the strain at the begin hing and ending of the process. 2-30 A spring whose spring constant is 3.5 kNiem has an initial force of 0.45 KN acting on it, Determine the work, in 4, required to compress it another I em, 2-31 How much work, in kJ, can a spring whose spring constant is 3 kN/em produce after it has been compressed 3.cm from its unloaded length? ‘32__A ski lift has a one-way length of | km and a vertical tise of 200 m. The chairs are spaced 20 m apart, and each chair can seat three people. The lit is operating at a steady speed of 10 knvh, Neglecting friction and air drag and assuming thatthe average mass of each loaded chair is 250 kg, termine the power required 10 operate this ski lift. Alsom9 ETEoaa ane estimate the power required to accelerate this ski lift in 5 s to its operating speed when itis first tumed on. 2-33. Determine the power required for a 1150+kg car to Climb « 100-m-long uphill road with a slope of 30° (from hor- zontal) in 12 s (a) at a constant velocity, (b) from rest to a final velocity of 30 mis, and (c) from 35 m/s to a final veloc: ity of 5 mvs. Disregard friction, air drag, and rolling resis tance, Answers: (a) 47.0 KW, (6) 90.1 kW, (¢) ~10.5 KW 130k FIGURE P2-33, 2.34 A damaged 1200-kg car is belig towed by a truck. Neglecting the friction, air drag, and rolling resistance, determine the extra power required (a) for constant velocity on a level road, (6) for constant velocity of 50 km/h on a 30° (som horizontal) uphill oad, and (¢) to accelerate on a level road from stop to 90 Krvh in 12. Answers: a) 0, (b) 81.7 KW, (si3kw ‘The First Law of Thermodynamics 2-38C For a cycle, is the net work necessarily zero? For \hat kind of systems will this be the case? 2-36C What are the different mechanisms for transfering {energy to or from a contol volume? 2-37€ On a hot summer day, a student tums his fan’ on ‘when he leaves his room inthe morning. When be returns in the evening, will the room be warmer or cooler than the neighboring zooms? Why? Assume all the doors and win- dows are kept closed 2-38 One way to improve the fuel efficiency of a car is t0 use tires that have a lower rolling resistance—tires that roll, ‘with less resistance, and highway tests at 105 km/h showed that tires with the lowest rolling resistance can improve the fuel efficiency by neurly 8 percent. Consider a car that con- sumes 6.9 L/100 km on high rolling resistance tires. and is driven 24,000 km per year. For a fuel cost of $0.58/L, deter- ‘mine how much money will be saved per year by switching to low rolling resistance ties, 2.39 An adiabatic closed system is accelerated from 0 mis to 30 m/s. Determine the specific energy change of this 5} tem, in ki/kg, 2.40 An adiabatic closed system is raised 100 m at a loca- tion where the gravitational acceleration is 9.8 mis?, Deter- mine the energy change of this system, in KI/ke 2-41. A classroom that: normally contains 40. people isyig be air-conditioned with window air-conditioning units op S-KW cooling capacity. A person at rest may be assumed (y dissipate heat ata rate of about 360 KI/h. There are 10 light bulbs in the room, each with a rating of 100 W. The rate of & heat transfer to the classroom through the walls and the windows is estimated to be 15,000 KJ/a, IF the 190m air is be maintained at a constant temperature of 21°C, determing the number of window air-conditioning units required Answer: 2 units 2-42 The lighting needs of a storage room are being met by. 6 fluorescent light fixtures, each fixture containing fou lamps rated at 60 W cach, All the Jamps are on during opera ing hours of the facility, which are 6 aM to 6 PM 365 days yeat. The storage room is actually used for an average of 3} ' day. If the price of electricity is $0.08/Wh, determine the amount of energy and money that will be saved as a result of installing motion sensors. Also, determine the simple pay back period if the purchase price of the sensor is $32 and i {akes | hour (o install it at a cost of $40. 2-43 _A university campus has 200 classrooms and 400 fae ulty offices, The classrooms are equipped with 12 fluorescetts tnbes, each consuming 110 W, including the electicty use by the ballasts, The faculty offices, on average, have hall many tubes. ‘The campus is open 240 days a year: The clas rooms and faculty offices are not accupied an average of 4 a day, but the lights are kept on. If the unit cost of electri is $0.082/kWh, determine how much the campus will save year, if the, lights inthe classrooms and faculty offices a tumed off during unoccupied periods 2-44 Consider'a room that is initially at the outdoor ie perature of 20°C, ‘The toom'contains a 100-W lightbulb aq LLO-W TV set, @ 200-W refrigerator, and 'a’1000-W iro Assuming no heat transfer through the. walls determine thts rate of inerease of the energy content of the room when al these electric devices are on, 245 A fan is to accelerate quiescent air to a velocity of ims at a rate of 9 m/s. Determine the minimum power til ‘must be supplied to the fan. Take the density of air 10 1 1.18 kgim?. Answer: 340 W ji 246 Consider a fan located in a Lm X 1 m square dust Velocities at various points at the outlet are measured, # the average Now velocity is determined to be 7 mis. TAK the air density to be 1.2 kg/mm, estimate the minizmum elects ower consumption of the fan motor. 247 (ip The diving force for fuid flow is the press G69 sisference, and a pump operates by raising pressure ofa fluid (by converting the mechanical shaft work @ flow energy). A gasoline pump is measured to consume KW of electric power when operating. If the pressure diffe tial between the outlet and inlet of the pump is measured 1°