Aim of experiment:-Trial of single stage air-compressor

Single stage air-compressor test rig

The compressed air finds many ways/applications in

many fields
1. Inflating automobile type tyre.
2. Driving pneumatic circuits and tool.
3. Operating brakes on bus, trucks etc.

Compressor are of two main type

1. Reciprocating air compressor
2. Rotary air compressor

Reciprocating compressor are further divided into two

type
1. Single stage air compressor
2. Multistage air compressor

The performance of compressor is measured by calculating

volumetric efficiency, Isothermal efficiency and mechanical
efficiency of compressor

SINGLE STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR

The single stage air compressor consists of a piston which
reciprocate in a cylinder drive through a connecting rod and
crank mounted in a crank case. There are inlet and delivery
valve mounted in the vessel of cylinder. These valves are
usually of the pressure differential type, measuring that they
will operate as the result of the different of pressure across the
valve. Generally compression process found in single stage
compressor is polytropic process in which PVn=C, for air the
valve of n is 1.4

Apparatus:-
The apparatus consists of single stage air compressor which is
driven by an induction motor. It sucks air from inlet air tank
through an orifice and air filter compressed air is stored in the
receiver. Delivery pressure gauge and temperature sensors are
fitted

Specification
Compressor
Single stage air compressor air cooled (with fins) of Cylinder
Bore d = 64mm
Stroke length = 75mm
Maximum air pressure = 7kg/cm2
Capacity of air receiver tank = 100 liters
With pressure relieve valve and receiver Drain cock

Motor
2 H.P., single phase, 2850 rpm induction motor

Measurement
a. Air inlet tank with filter and orifice with water manometer for
inlet air volume measurement Orifice Diameter 15mm
b. Multichannel digital temperature at various point
c. Pressure Gauge for delivery pressure

Experimental procedure
1. Ensured the pressure of sufficient oil in the crank case of
compressor
2. Filled -up water in the manometer up to about half of the
manometer
3. Closed delivery valve of the compressor and start the
compressor
4. Let the receiver pressure rise up to 2.5kg/cm2.Now open the
delivery valve so that constant delivery pressure of 2kg/cm2 is
achieved.
5. Waited for some time and see that delivery pressure remains
constant. Note down the observation Table.
6. Now closed the delivery valve and let pressure rise to about
3.5kg/cm2 open the delivery valve and adjust delivery valve to a
pressure of 3kg/cm2
7. Noted down all the observation
8. Repeated the some procedure for delivery pressure.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Description 1 2
Speed (rpm) 2850 2850
Delivery pressure kg/cm2 2 3
After compressor Temp. T2 77 83
Before compressor Temp. T1 31 30
Atmospheric Temp.T3 30 30
Manometer differ .(h2-h1) cm 13- 12.6-
9.7=3.3cm 9.5=3.1cm
Time t 14 sec 14 sec
For energy meter revolution

Given data and formula used

𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑑 × 𝑎 √2gh m3/sec

Where, Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.64

d = Diameter of the orifice = 0.015m
a = Area of orifice
𝜋
(0.015)2 = 0.000177 m2
4

g = Gravitational acceleration
= 9.81 m/sec2
ℎ𝑤 𝜌𝑤
ha = ( − 1)
100 𝜌𝑎

where, hw = Manometer difference in term of water

𝜌𝑤 = 1000 = Density of water
𝜌𝑎 = Density of air = 1.17
Energy meter constant = 3200

Calculations:-
Air flow:- manometer difference mw
= meters of water
𝑃
Density of air 𝜌𝑎 =
𝑅𝑇

Where, 𝜌 = absolute pressure in Pa on N/m2

R = Specific gas constant for dry air
=287.05 J/kg- Kelvin
 t = temperature in Kelvin
𝑃 101325
𝜌𝑎 = =
𝑅𝑇 287.05 ×(273+280)

=1.17 kg/m3
ℎ𝑤 𝜌𝑤
ℎ𝑎 = ( − 1)
100 𝜌𝑎

Rate of value 𝑉1 = Cd× 𝑎√2𝑔ℎ𝑎 m3/sec

Swept volume of compressor

𝜋 𝑁
= 𝑑2 × 𝐿 × m3/sec
4 60

Where, d = Bore of cylinder

L= Length of stroke
N= Speed of compressor (in r.p.m)
Volumetric Efficiency of the compressor
𝐹𝐴𝐷
= × 100
Swept Volume

Free air delivery

Ƞ= ×100
Swept volume of compressor

Absolute delivery pressure(First stage)=Pz

𝑃2
Therefore, First Stage Compression Ratio (R)=
𝑃1

Isothermal Work done (Wiso)=P1V1 Loge R Watt or Joule/sec

Where, P1 = Suction Pressure in N/m2

=1.041×105 N/m2
V1 = Rate of volume in m3 /sec
Work input to motor (Win)
Let time required for 10 revolutions of energy meter be
‘t’ sec. and taking motor efficiency as 75%, then motor input-
3600×10×1000×0.75
Win = Watts
𝑡×𝐸𝑀𝐶

Where, EMC=Energy meter constant

=3200 rev/Kwh
Isothermal workdone
Isothermal efficiency (ƞiso) =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

=(Wiso/Win)×100 %

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS-

Air Flow-: Manometer difference mW =mtrs of water

P 101325
Density of air (ρa) = = =1.16 kg/m3
RT 287×(273+30)

P= atmospheric pressure in N/m2

R= Specific gas constant for dry air
 = 287 J/Kg/K
T= Temperature in Kelvin
𝑃 101325
ha = = =1.16 kg/m3
𝑅𝑡 287×(273+30)

ℎ𝑤 𝜌𝑤
ha = ( − 1)
100 𝜌𝑎

hw = manometer difference
= 12.6 - 9.5 = 3.1 cm
𝜌𝑤 = Density of water 1000 kg/𝑚3
𝜌𝑎 =Density of air= 1.16 Kg/𝑚3
ℎ𝑤 𝜌𝑤
So, ℎ𝑎 = ( − 1)
100 𝜌𝑎

3.1 1000
= [ − 1]
100 1.16
3.1 1000−1.16
= [ ] = 26.7
100 1.16

Inlet volume 𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑑 × 𝑎 √2𝑔ℎ

Where as ,
𝐶𝑑 = co-efficient of discharge of air = 0.64
a = Cross-section area of orifice = 0.00017 m3
 𝜋 15
a = d2 = 0.7854 × ( )2
4 1000

= 0.00017 m2
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
ℎ𝑎 = Air head

So, 𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑑 × 𝑎 × √2𝑔ℎ

= 0.64 × 0.00017 × √2 × 9.81 × 26.7

=0.0025
Now, 𝑃1 𝑉1 = MRT
Where,
P = atmosphere pressure N/m2
𝑉1 = Inlet volume
m = F.A.D. (free air Delivery)
t = Temperature t3
R = gas constant
11325 × 0.0025 = m × 287 × 273 + 30
= m × 287 × 303
101325×0.0025
So, m=
287×325

Free air delivery m = 0.0029 m3

 𝜋 𝑁
Swept volume = × 𝑑2 × l ×
4 60
2850
= 0.7854 × (0.064)2 × 0.075 ×
60

= 0.011 m3
FAD×100
Volumetric Efficiency=
SWEPT VOLUME
0.0029×100
= = 26.36%
0.011

Absolute delivery pressure = P2

= 3×0.981+1
=3.99 bar
Absolute atmospheric pressure = P1 = 1 bar
P2 3.9
So, Compression Ratio = = =3.9
P1 1

Isothermal Work done =P1V1 Loge R

Where, P1=Suction Pressure
V1= Rate of volume in m3 / sec
3.9
Isothermal work done= 101325×0.0025×Loge
1

= 101325×0.0025× Loge3.9
= 344.75
Work input to motor (Win)
 Let, time required for 10 revolutions of energy meter be ‘t’
sec and taking motor efficiency as 75%,then motor input--
3600×10
Win= ×1000×0.75 watts
𝑡×𝐸𝑀𝐶

Isothermal efficiency
Isothermal workdone
Ƞiso=
Work input

= (Wiso / Win)×100%

Let, time required for 10 revolutions of energy meter be ‘t’ sec

and taking motor efficiency as 75%,then motor input

3600×10
Win= ×1000× 0.75 watts
𝑡×𝐸𝑀𝐶

3600×10
Win = ×1000×0.75 = 602 watts
14×3200

Where, EMC= Energy meter constant=3200 rev/kWh

Isothermal efficiency,

𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
Ƞiso=
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

=( Wiso/ win)×100%

344.75
= ×100 =57.26%
602