Material Balance

Oil Reservoirs
 Material Balance

ƒ Uses
– Dynamic Method for OOIP
• Compare to Volumetrics
• Connected Reservoir volumes

– Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

– Water Influx, Gas Saturation, Gas Cap

Expansion Volumes
– Prediction of Pressure versus Production
Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.2
 Material Balance - Assumptions

ƒ Assumptions:
– “Tank Type Model”

– Average Reservoir Pressure vs Time

– Accurate Fluid (PVT) Properties

– Accurate Production and Injection Data

– Independent Method for Water Influx

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.3
 Material Balance

ƒ Analyzing History with Material Balance

– Measure Initial Pressure (Pi)

– Produce Oil, Gas and Water (Np, Gp, Wp)

– Measure the New Pressure (P1)

– Expansion of Fluids and Rock (Pi to P1)

– Calculate Original Oil in Place

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.4
 Material Balance
ƒ Physical Changes Due to Production
– Pressure Drops
– Remaining Oil Expands
– Gas Cap Gas Expands
– Connate Water Expands
– Pore Volume Collapses
– Gas Evolves from Oil
– Water Influxes from Aquifer
– Water or Gas Injected
Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.5
 Material Balance

Production/
Injection
Gas Cap Gas Cap

Gas Expansion

Remaining
Oil
Original Volume
Oil
Volume

Solution Gas

Rock+Wtr Expansion

Water Influx

Aquifer Aquifer

pi p
Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.6
 Material Balance

ƒ Write Material Balance Equation

Preserving Volume in Original Oil Zone

Initial Oil Volume = NBoi

Remaining Oil Volume = (N-Np)*Bo

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.7
 Material Balance

ƒ Account for Free Gas in Oil Zone:

Gas Cap Expansion = [(G-Gpc)*Bgc –

GBgci] +Ginj*Bginj

Released Solution Gas =

[N*Rsi-(N-Np)*Rs-Gps]*Bgs

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.8
 Material Balance

ƒ Account for Expansion of Connate Water and

Rock in Oil Zone:

Rock and Water Expansion =

[(Cf+Sw*Cw)*(NBoi)*(Pi-P) / (1.0-Swi)]

can define Cf,w = (Cf+Sw*Cw)/(1.0-Swi), then

[ Cf,w*(NBoi)*(Pi-P)]

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.9
 Material Balance

ƒ Account for Water Influx, Injection and

Production:

Net Water Influx = We – Wp*Bw

+ Winj*Bwinj

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.10
 Material Balance

ƒ Combine for Overall Material Balance Equation

NBoi = (N-Np)*Bo +

[(G-Gpc)*Bgc – G*Bgci + Ginj*Bginj] +

[N*Rsi – (N – Np)*Rs – Gps]*Bgs +

[Cf,w*(N*Boi)*(Pi-P)] +

[We – Wp*Bw + Winj*Bwinj]

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.11
 Material Balance – Special Form

Material Balance for an

Undersaturated Oil Reservoir

co S o + cw S w + c f Bo − Boi
ce = and co =
So Boi ΔP

N p ∗ Bo + W p ∗ Bw − We − Winj ∗ Bwinj
N=
Ce ∗ Boi ∗ ( pi − p )
Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.12
 Material Balance
Material Balance Equation has 3 Unknowns:

N, G and We

ƒ Solved at Several Points in Time for N and G

ƒ Include Aquifer Description for We
ƒ Solve for Pressure with Estimates of Future
Production and Injection

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.13
 Material Balance
ƒ Analyze History for Original Oil-In-Place:

N = {- Np*Bo + [(G-Gpc)*Bgc – G*Bgci + Ginj*Bginj] +

(Np*Rs - Gps)*Bgs+ [We – Wp*Bw + Winj*Bwinj] } /

{(Boi-Bo) + (Rs*Bgs - Rsi*Bgs)- [Cf,w*Boi*(Pi-P)] }

ƒ Assume We is Zero and Calculate Values of N

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.14
 Material Balance

o
Original Oil-in-Place

X
o X
X
X
X
X

X – closed system
O – water influx

Time

Original Oil-in-Place Calculated Assuming No Water Influx

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.15
 Material Balance

ƒ Analyze History for Water Influx:

We = NBoi - (N-Np)*Bo -

[(G-Gpc)*Bgc – G*Bgci + Ginj*Bginj] -

[N*Rsi – (N – Np)*Rs – Gps]*Bgs -

[Cf,w*(N*Boi)*(Pi-P)] +

Wp*Bw - Winj*Bwinj]

ƒ Use to Characterize Aquifer Characteristics

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.16
 Material Balance – Expansion Terms

ƒ Gas Cap Expansion Term

GCE = (G-Gpc)*Bgc – G*Bgci

If Negative, Gas Cap Invasion by Oil

Gas Cap Residual Oil Saturation

Reduced Oil Recovery

Recognition of Gas Cap Gas Production?

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.17
 Material Balance – Gas Saturation

ƒ Estimate of Gas Saturation

Sg = Free Gas in Oil Zone / Oil Zone Pore Volume

Sg = [(N*Rsi – (N – Np)*Rs – Gps]*Bgs /

[N*Boi / (1.0 – Swi)]

Gas Migration to Gas Cap

Gas Saturation Related to Producing GOR’s

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.18
 Material Balance – Havlena-Odeh
ƒ Simplified Material Balance Equation:

G*Bgi = m*N*Boi (m is ratio gas cap/oil zone

reservoir volume)

Gpc = 0 (no production of gas cap gas)

Gps = Np*Rp (oil zone gas production from

the producing GOR)

Bgc = Bgs = Bg (uniform gas composition)

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.19
 Material Balance – Havlena-Odeh

Substitute and Rearrange:

(1+ m)NBoi = (N − N p )Bo + mNBoi (Bg Bgi ) + NBg (Rsi − Rs )

− N p Bg (R p − Rs ) + We − W p Bw + (1 + m) NBoi C w, f ΔP

(Eq. 8-18)

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.20
 Material Balance – Havlena-Odeh

ƒ Linearize Material Balance Equation

Comparison of Voidage Terms

to the
Reservoir Expansion Terms

This is the approach used in MBAL software

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.21
 Material Balance: Equation Terms

Total Underground Withdrawals = “F”

Oil Expansion
& Free Solution Gas } “Eo”

& Expansion of Gas Cap “Eg”

}
& Connate Water Expansion
“Ef,w”
& Pore Volume Compaction
& Water Influx “We”

F = N ( Eo + mEg + (1+m)Ef,w ) + We
Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.22
 Material Balance Equation
(
F = N Eo + mEg + (1 + m) Ef,w + We )
F = Np(Bo + (Rp - Rs ) Bg) + WpBw Reservoir voidage

E o = (B o - B oi ) + (R si − R s ) B g Oil zone expansion factor

B oi ⎛ Bg ⎞
Eg = (B g − B gi ) = B oi ⎜⎜ − 1 ⎟⎟ Gas cap expansion factor
B gi ⎝ B gi ⎠
⎛ c w S wc + c f ⎞
E f, w = B oi ⎜⎜ ⎟ Δp
⎟ Compaction factor
⎝ 1 − S wc ⎠
We = Analytic Solution Gross water influx

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.23
 Drive Indicators

NE o fraction of voidage replaced

by oil zone expansion
F
mNE g fraction of voidage replaced
by gas cap expansion
F
N( 1 + m ) E f,w fraction of voidage replaced
by compaction
F
+ We fraction of voidage replaced
by water influx
F

100%
Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.24
 Production Characteristics of Solution
Gas Drive Reservoir

reservoir Abandoned due to:

pressure - low pressure
- low oil rate
- high GOR
GOR uncontrolled
Pb Recovery
Efficiency:
producing 5 - 20% of
GOR STOIIP

Supplement with:
- GOR control
oil rate
- water injection
- gas injection

water rate
time

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.25
Solution Gas Drive Reservoir Above
Bubble Point Pressure

NBoi

F = N (Eo + Ef , w )

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.26
Oil Formation Volume Factor

Bo-Boi

Δp

Bo

Pb P Pi

pressure

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.27
 Solution Gas Drive Reservoir Below
Bubble Point Pressure

Below Pb compressibility
Ef,w is usually negligible.

With no original
gas cap, m=0.

NBoi

Without aquifer influx We, F = N ( Eo + E f ,w )

the material balance
equation reduces to Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.28
Solution Gas Drive - Graphical Method

F = N(Eo + Ef , w )

Upward curve
Below bubble point, indicates water
F influx
Ef,w << Eo
slope = N

Note: Ignoring Ef,w above

bubble point can result in
over-estimation of N.
Eo+Ef,w

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.29
 Production Characteristics of Gas
Cap Drive Reservoir

reservoir
pressure Abandoned
due to:
- low rate
producing - high GOR
GOR
GOR controlled

oil rate Recovery

Efficiency:
20 - 60%
water rate of STOIIP

time Supplement with:

- gas (re-) injection
Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.30
 Gas Cap Drive Reservoir

ƒ Below Pb compressibility
Ef,w is negligible.
NBoi
mNBoi
GOC

OWC

F = N(Eo + mEg )
ƒ Without aquifer influx We,
the material balance
equation reduces to Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.31
 Gas Cap Drive - Graphical Method

F = N(Eo + mEg)
m too small

F
slope = N

Note: With free gas present, m too big

compaction contribution is
assumed to be minor.
Eo+mEg

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.32
Gas Cap Drive - Graphical Method

F = N (Eo + mEg )

F = NEo + NmEg F
Eo

slope = mN
F NmEg
= +N N
Eo Eo
Eg
Note: When both m and N
Eo
are poorly defined
Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.33
 Production Characteristics of
Water Drive Reservoir

Pb Abandoned due
Pres to:
- low rate
Rp - high watercut

qoil Recovery efficiency:

35-75% of STOIIP

Supplement with:
qwater
- water (re-) injection

time

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.34
Water Drive Reservoir

mNBoi
GOC
NBoi
OWC

F = N(Eo + mEg) + We

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.35
 Water Drive - Graphical Method
F = N(Eo + mEg ) + We

F = We + N(Eo + mEg )
We too small
F
Eo + mEg We too big
F We
= +N
Eo + mEg Eo + mEg
N
Need tofind "correct"
aquifer model We
Eo + mEg
We = C∑ ΔpQ t D Note: Points may move to top right
and then reverse

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.36
Danger of Ignoring Rock Compressibility

Assume above Pb:

wrong
(ignoring Ef,w)

F incorrect N

Eo + Ef, w correct

correct N

If N is sought, ignoring
Ef,w can lead to We C ∑ Δ pQt D
=
overestimation of N Eo + Ef , w Eo + Ef , w

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.37
Danger of Ignoring Rock Compressibility

F incorrect N correct
Eo + Ef, w

If N is sought, ignoring above Pb below Pb

Ef,w can lead to correct N
overestimation of N
C ∑ Δ pQt D

Eo + Ef , w

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.38
 Oil Material Balance - Cautions

ƒ Pit Falls:
– Gas and Water Volumes
– Low Perm Reservoirs
– Thick Reservoirs with PVT Variations
– Gas Condensates and Volatile Oils
– Allocated Production
– Small Pressure Change
– We is a Function of Time

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.39
Material Balance

Gas Reservoirs
 Material Balance

ƒ Write Material Balance Equation

Preserving Volume in Original Gas Zone

Initial Gas Volume = GBgi

Remaining Gas Volume = (G-Gp)*Bg

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.41
 Material Balance

ƒ Account for Expansion of Connate Water and

Rock in Gas Zone:

Rock and Water Expansion =

[(Cf+Sw*Cw)*(GBgi)*(Pi-P) / (1.0-Swi)]

can define Cf,w = (Cf+Sw*Cw)/(1.0-Swi), then

[ Cf,w*(GBgi)*(Pi-P)]

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.42
 Material Balance

ƒ Account for Water Influx, Injection and

Production:

Net Water Influx = We – Wp*Bw

+ Winj*Bwinj

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.43
 Material Balance

ƒ Combine for Overall Material Balance

Equation

GBgi = (G-Gp)*Bg +

[Cf,w*(G*Bgi)*(Pi-P)] +

[We – Wp*Bw + Winj*Bwinj]

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.44
 Gas Reservoir Material Balance

ƒ Depletion
– Volumetric or Closed Reservoir

ƒ Compaction Drive
– High Pressure, High Rock Compressibility

ƒ Water Drive
– aquifer encroaches

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.45
 Depletion Gas Reservoir
Material Balance:
pi
(
GBgi = G − Gp Bg) zi
p
z rnRTr z
Vrc Pr z TP
Bg = = = r× r s pa
Vsc z snRTs Pr Ts
Ps za

UR G
p p i ⎛⎜ Gp ⎞
⎟
= 1− Gp
z zi ⎝ ⎜ G ⎟
⎠

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.46
 Gas Reservoir Material Balance

P/z vs Gp is not always a straight line.

Why?
ƒ Extra Energy Terms
Formation Compressibility
Water Influx
ƒ Reservoir Heterogeneity
Areal Compartments
Variable Layer Properties Without Vertical Crossflow
ƒ Low Permeability – Insufficient Shut-in Times
ƒ Changing Drainage Volumes – Well Interference
Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.47
Shapes of P/Z plots

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.48
 Hydrocarbon Pore Volume Reduction

HPVR = PV(c f + S wc c w )Δp

Initial Hydrocarbon Bearing Pore Volume = PV(S g ) = GBgi

GBgi
PV =
Sg
ce

c f + S wc c w
HPVR = GBgi Δp
Sg
Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.49
Material Balance Including Compaction

Pi P

GpBg

GBg
(G - Gp)Bg
GBgi

GBgi ce Δp

Reduced Pore Volume

GBgi = (G - Gp)Bg + GBgi ce Δp

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.50
 Modified P/Z plot for Compaction

( )
GB gi = G − Gp B g + GB gic e Δp

(
GB gi (1 − c e Δp ) = G − Gp B g )
1 − c e Δp = c tf Total compressib ility factor

p pi ⎛ Gp ⎞
c tf = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟
⎟
z zi ⎝ G ⎠

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.51
 Modified P/Z plot for Compaction

pi pi
zi zi
p
. c tf
z
p
z

G G
Gp Gp

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.52
 When Does Compaction Drive Affect the p/z Slope?

Biggest effect - High Preservoir AND High cf

p1, p 2, % Error
-1
psia z1 (p/z)1 psia z2 (p/z)2 cf, psi (p/z)2 corr in Δ p/z
10000 1.44 6944.4 9000 1.35 6666.7 2.0E-05 6495.0 -38.2%
10000 1.44 6944.4 9000 1.35 6666.7 4.0E-06 6628.3 -12.1%
4000 0.92 4347.8 3000 0.88 3428.6 2.0E-05 3340.3 -8.8%
4000 0.92 4347.8 3000 0.88 3428.6 4.0E-06 3408.9 -2.1%
Assumed 0.7 S.G. gas @ 200 F, cw = 3.0x10-6 psi -1, Sw = 0.2

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.53
Water Drive Gas Reservoir

Pi P
GpBg

GBg
(G - Gp)Bg
GBgi

We

With Water Influx

GBgi = (G - Gp)Bg + We

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.54
 P/Z Plot for Water Drive Reservoir

( )
GBgi = G − Gp B g + We
pi
zi
Gp p
p 1−
p i G z
= .
z zi We
1−
GBgi
G
Gp

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.55
P/Z Plot Reflects Aquifer Strength

Gp
= Ed ∗ E v ∗ Ea
G

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.56
 Water Influx Gas Reservoir Recovery

Recovery Efficiency =
Displacement Recovery + Expansion Residual Gas

⎛ Bga − Bgi ⎞
R. E. = ED ∗ EV ∗ E A + (1 − ED ∗ EV ∗ EA ) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ B ⎟
⎝ ga ⎠
where Bg in units of res vol / std vol

⎛ P / zi − P / za ⎞
= ED ∗ EV ∗ E A + (1 − ED ∗ EV ∗ EA ) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ P / zi ⎠
Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.57
 Water Influx Gas Reservoir Recovery

ƒ Displacement Efficiency (ED):

ED = ( Sgi − Sgr) / Sgi

ƒ Typical Values for Residual Gas Saturation (Sgr):

Unconsolidate Sands 15%
Slightly Consolidated Sand 20%
Consolidated Sand 35% (25% - 50%)
Limestone 50%

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.58
 Wet Gas and Retrograde Gas Condensates

Wet Gas Modifications

• Gas Properties Calculated Using the Reservoir Gas Gravity
• Account for Equivalent Gas Volume of the Produced
Condensate (i.e. Wet Gas Volume)

Retrogade Gas Condensate Material Balance

• Wet Gas Volumes as for a Wet Gas
• Z2-phase Factor is used in the P/Z Term for Material Balance
Plot

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.59
Reservoir Gas (Wellstream) Specific Gravity

Rγ g + 4602 γ o
γw =
γo
R + 133316
Mo
Where:
R = producing gas-oil ratio scf/bbl
γ = specific gravity of gas (g) or oil (o)
Mo = molecular weight of produced oil (condensate)

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.60
 Useful Formulas for Condensates
141 .5
ƒ Tank Oil Density (specific gravity): γ o =
° API + 131 .5

44.29×γo 6084
ƒ Tank Oil MW: Mo = =
1.03−γo ( API− 5.9)

ƒ Equivalent Gas Volume at Standard Conditions:

γ o Np
Vsc = 1.33×10 5 Vsc in cubic feet @ s.c.,
Np in barrels @ s.c.
Mo

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.61
Gas Equivalent of Produced Condensate

Cond. Gravity
(API) γo Mo GE(SCF/STB)

45 0.802 156 684

55 0.759 124 814
65 0.720 103 930

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.62
CONSTANT VOLUME DEPLETION (CVD) EXPERIMENT

Experiment:
ƒ Simulates production under volumetric
Hg G depletion whereby not all liquid condensate
is produced to surface.
• Determines the Z2-phase which is needed in
gas condensate material balance
calculations:
p
Z 2 − phase =
pi G′p
Vg (1 − )
Zi G

• For Wet Gas Fields : G′p = Gp and the

Gp′(sc) single phase Z factor can be used:
p
Z sin gle − phase = Z =
pi Gp
(1 − )
Zi G
Vg Note: Z2-phase < Zsingle-phase
Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.63
 Two-Phase Z-Factor

Example
Pressure Cum. Gas Z-Factor of Vol. Of
(psia) Prod. (%) Prod. Gas Retrograde Liquid (%)
5000 0 0.952 0
3500 21.2 0.855 9.5

⎛ 3500 ⎞ ⎡ 1 ⎤
Z 3500 =⎜ ⎟ 0.952 ⎢ ⎥ Z 3500 = 0.8457
⎝ 5000 ⎠ ⎣ 1 − 0.212 ⎦

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.64
Example of equilibrium and two-phase gas deviation factors for a
gas-condensate reservoir

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.65
Analyzing Gas Reservoirs, Havlena-Odeh Approach

ƒ Reservoir Voidage F = GpBg

ƒ Reservoir Gas Expansion Eg = (Bg – Bgi)
ƒ Rock and Water Expansion Efw = Bgi*ce*(pi-p)

ƒ Material Balance Formula, No Water Influx

F = G(Eg + Efw)
ƒ Cole Plot

F/(Eg + Efw) versus Gp

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.66
 Cole Plot

ƒ Volumetric Depletion Æ Horizontal Line

– Y intercept = G
ƒ Positive Slope Æ Strong to Moderate Water
Drive
ƒ Negative slope Æ Weak Water Drive
– Or other energy source that is decreasing relative
to gas expansion
ƒ If Water Drive Present, Havlena and Odeh
Plot Similar to Oil Reservoir

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.67
 Example Cole Plot

Cole plot curve shapes as a function of aquifer strength.

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.68
 Modifying for Water Influx
( )
GB gi = G − Gp B g + We
G p B g = W e + (B g − B gi ) G
GpBg We too small

G pBg We Bg − Bgi
= +G
B g − B gi B g − B gi We too big

G
Need to find " correct"
aquifer model
for unit slope line We
Bg − Bgi
i.e. W e = C ∑ Δp Qt D

Reservoir Engineering
Material Balance 5.69