Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
PEG308
Fall 2020
Dr. RedaAbdelAzim
1
General
Information
• Credit Hours: 3 Cr. Hrs
• The final grade in PEG 308 will be based on the following
components:
Homework 10 points
Mid Term Examination 20 points
Quizzes 20 points
Project 10 points
Final Exam 40 points
2
General
Information
Office Hours and contact
• Email :
[email protected]
• Office hours: TBA
3
TheRole of PetroleumReservoir
Engineering
• Reservoir engineers use their knowledge of
geology and fluid mechanics to determinethe
location and amount of hydrocarbon in
underground reservoirs.
• Often, engineers work with advanced
equipment, suchascomputer modeling and
imaging programs, to locate reserves of oil
and natural gas.
• Another major duty of reservoir engineers
involves in analysis the amount of reserve and
the duration of reserve viability for investment
purposes.
• This information frequently involves combining
several factors, such as extraction costs and profit
comparisons, into theseforecasts.
• Oil and gas companies often use this type of
analysis in making decisions about whether or
not to go aheadwithdevelopment.
Components of the PetroleumProduction
System
• Volume and Phase of ReservoirHydrocarbons
• Reservoir: consists of one or more interconnected
geological flow units.
• Precise description of the shape and the production
character of the well or the reservoir has been made
more possible due to the development of the new
techniques such as the 3-D seismic and logging and
well testingmeasurements.
• Appropriate reservoir description, including the extent
of heterogeneities and discontinuities is necessary
after the emergence of horizontal wells with lengths of
several thousandfeet.
Reservoir DriveMechanisms
Oil Reservoirs
• Oil can be recovered from the pore spaces of a reservoir rock,
only to the extent that the volume originally occupied by the oil
is invaded or occupied in someway.
• There are several waysin which oil can be displacedand
produced from a reservoir, and these may be termed
mechanisms or “drives”.
• Where one replacement mechanism is dominant, thereservoir
may be said to be operating under a particular “drive”.
PrincipalCategoriesof Reservoir
• Thethree principal categories of reservoirare:
1. Solution gasdrive (or depletion drive)
reservoirs
2. Gascapexpansion drivereservoirs
3. Water drive reservoirs
• Frequently two or all three mechanisms
(together with rock/connate waterexpansion)
occur simultaneously.
Solution GasDriveReservoirs
• If a reservoir at its bubble
point is put onproduction,
the pressure will fallbelow
the bubble point pressure and
gas will come out of solution.
• Initially this gasmaybe
a disperse, discontinuous
phase, but, in any case, gas
will be essentially immobile
until some minimum
saturation – the equilibrium,
or critical gas saturation, is
attained.
ProductionData - DissolvedGasDrive Reservoir
GasCapExpansion Drive Reservoirs
• The general behaviour of gas drive
reservoirs is similar to that of solution gas
drive reservoirs, except that the presence
of free gasretards the decline in pressure.
• Bydefinition the oil must be saturated at
the gasoil contact, sothat decline in pressure
will causethe release of gasfrom solution,
but the rate of release of gasfrom solution,
and the build up of gassaturation andof
gas permeability, will beretarded.
• At higher prevailing pressures, oil viscosities
are lower (due to entrained gas)andprovided
that the free gas phase can be controlled, and not produced directly from
producing wells, better well productivities and lower producing gasoil ratios
can bemaintained.
ProductionData-GasCapDrive Reservoir
Water DriveReservoirs
• If a reservoir is underlain by, or is continuous with a large body of
water saturated rock (an aquifer) then reduction in pressure in
the oil zone, will cause a reduction in pressure in the aquifer.
• An efficient water driven reservoir requires a large aquifer body
with a high degree of transmissivity allowing large volumes of
water to move across the oil-water contact in response to smal
pressure drops.
• This replacement mechanism has two particular characteristics –
first there must be pressure drops in order to have expansion, and
secondly, the aquifer response may lag substantially, particularly if
transmissivity deteriorates in theaquifer
Water DriveReservoir
Contd.,
• A water drive reservoir is then particularly rate
sensitive, and so the reservoir may behave almost as
a depletion reservoir for a long period if off-take
rates are very high, or as an almost complete
pressure maintained water drive reservoir if off-take
rates are low, for thegivenaquifer.
• Because of the similarity in oil and water viscosities
the displacement of oil by water is reasonably
efficient, and generally represents the most efficient
of the natural producing mechanisms for oil
reservoirs.
Productiondata-water drivereservoir
Reservoirpressuretrendsfor various drives
Overview of Reserve
Estimation
• The oil and gas reserves estimation methods can be grouped into
the following categories: analogy, volumetric, decline analysis,
material balance calculations for oil and gas reservoirs, and
reservoir simulation.
• The selection of appropriate method to estimate reserves and
resources, and the accuracy of the estimation, depend largely on
the following factors: The type, quantity, and quality of geoscience,
engineering, and economic data available for technical and
commercial analyses, the complexity of the formation geology, the
recovery mechanism, the stage of development, and the maturity
or degree ofdepletion.
Overview of Reserve Estimation
• In the early stages of development, reserves estimations
are restricted to the analogy and volumetric calculations.
The analogy method is applied to reserves estimation
by comparing factors for the analogous and current
fields or wells.
• This implies that in analogy method, the reserves are
estimated on the basis of a relationship of resemblance
or equivalence between twofields.
• This method directly compares a newly discovered
reservoir to a known reservoir that has similar geologic
and petrophysical properties such as lithology of the
formation, depth, porosity to mention a few. Hence, the
accuracy with this method is the least among other
methods of reserve estimation.
Calculation of Original Oil in Place
By Volumetric Method
• The Volumetric method for estimating gas in place is
based upon Logs and core analysis data to determine
the Bulk Volume (Bv), the porosity (ø) and the fluid
saturation (Swi), and upon Fluid analysis to
determine the gas formation volume factor(Bgi).
• To determine the Reservoir Bulk Volume the
volumetric method makes use of subsurface and
Isopachmaps.
• A subsurface contour map is a map showing lines
connecting points of equal elevation on the top
of marker bed, and is therefore a map showing
geologic structure.
• A net isopach map is a map showing lines
connecting points of equal net formation
thickness, and the individual lines connecting
points of equal thickness are called isopachlines.
• The volume is obtained by the plainmeter which
measure areas (A) between the isopach Lines of
the entire reservoir.
planimeter
Step 1 - Spot The Wells
Step 2 - Put The Mapping Value On Each Well
Step 3 - Start Contouring The Largest Values
Step 4 - Draw The 30-Foot Contour
Step 5 - "Eyeball" The Rest Of The Contours
Themap will be like the StructureMap
Pyramid andTrapezoidalequations
Pyramid and Trapezoidal equations
• The two equations commonly used to
determine the volume of the productive zone
from planimeter reading.
1- Pyramidequation
ΔvB1=h/3 * [A0+A1 + (𝐴0 ∗𝐴1)]
ΔvB2= h/3 * [A1 +A2+ (𝐴1 ∗𝐴2)]
Bv = ∆𝐵𝑣
A2
ΔvB2 h
A1
ΔvB1 h
A0
2- Trapezoidal
equation ΔvB1=h/2
* [A0 +A1] ΔvB2=h/2
* [A1 +A2] ΔvB3=h/2
* [A2 +A3]
Bv=∆𝐵𝑣 =h/2 * [ A0 + 2A1 +2A2 + 2A3+-----]
• Note: area measuresby acre (1 acre =43560 Ft2 )
• Wehave to convert the 1 acre-foot to barrels.
43560 ∗𝐵𝑣∗∅∗(1− 𝑆𝑤𝑖)
𝑂𝐺𝐼𝑃 =
𝐵𝑔𝑖
Example#1
Areservoir hasthe following information:
Bgi= 0.00128 cf/scf H= 29 ft
∅=23% Contour Interval = 5 ft
Swi= 27% 1 inch = 1000 ft
Contou A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
r line
Area ,inch² 19.64 16.34 13.19 10.05 6.69 3.22 0
Inch² =106ft² Inch² =106/43560 =22.96 acre
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∆Bv 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝐼𝑛𝑐ℎ² 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 Acre.ft 𝑓𝑡
0 19.64 450 - - - -
1 16.34 375 0.83 TR 2063 5
2 13.19 303 0.80 TR 1695 5
3 10.05 231 0.76 TR 1335 5
4 6.69 154 0.67 TR 963 5
5 3.22 74 0.48 PRY 558 5
6 0 0 0 PRY 99 4
𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟑𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒆.𝒇𝒕
43560∗6713∗0.23∗(1− 0.27)
𝑂𝐺𝐼𝑃 =
0.00128
= 38.36 MMM SCF
Example#2
• The areal extent of the Gas reservoir was 1500
acres. The average thickness was 40 ft, so that
the initial bulk volume was 60,000 ac.ft.
Average porosity was 22% and average
connate water was 23%. Bg at the initial
reservoir pressure of 3250 psia was calculated
to be 0.00533cf/scf.
• Calculate the initial gasin place.
43,560 ∗𝐵𝑣∗∅∗(1−𝑆𝑤𝑖)
𝑂𝐺𝐼𝑃=
𝐵𝑔𝑖
43,560∗60,000∗0.22∗(1−0.23)
𝑂𝐺𝐼𝑃 =
0.00533
= 83.1 MMM scf
Example#2
An oil block was acquired by your company and the areas obtained by
planimetering 8 Isopach contours of an oil reservoir are given as follows :
Given that the average porosity is 0.27,
connate water saturation as 0.24, formation
volume factor is 1.324. From the lithology log,
it was determined by the Petro physicist that
the net reservoir sand thickness 220 ft and
the gross sand thickness is 298 ft. As a
geologist, you are required to calculate the
stock tank oil initially in place from volumetric
techniques.
Solution
Example#3
A hydrocarbon reservoir is mapped out in areas recorded at corresponding
depths as given in the following table.
Additional information
(a) Using interpolation method, determine the cumulative bulk at GOC and
down to OWC
(b) Calculate the gas initially in place
(c) Calculate the oil initially in place assuming the formation is all sand
(d)Calculate the oil initially in place assuming the formation has
2/3rdsproductive limestone with Φ=12% and Swc =25%.
(e) Calculate the gas cap size, m
Solution
Deterministic Versus Probabilistic
Volumetric Reserves
Estimation
• There are basically two methods of returning the results
of reserves estimation for any of the techniques such as
volumetric, material balance, decline curve etc. employed
for reserves estimation. These methods are the
deterministic and probabilistic methods.
• Thus, if a single best estimate of reserves is made based
on known geological, engineering and economic data, the
method is called deterministic whose procedure is to
select a single value for each parameter to input into an
appropriate equation (volumetric, material balance,
decline curve etc.), to obtain a single answer.
• In volumetric method, all input parameters are exactly
known and variability is sometimes ignored.
• On the other hand, when the known geological,
engineering, and economic data are used to
generate a range of estimates and their
associated probabilities; the method of
estimation is called probabilistic.
• This method is more rigorous and less
commonly used; it utilizes a distribution curve for
each input parameter and through the use of
Monte Carlo Simulation.
• In this method, all input parameters are not
exactly known and variability cannot be ignored.
Example#4
A 15600 acres oil reservoir owned by a Company was
characterized as undersaturated reservoir with the
following information:
Calculate the following:
1. Initial oil in place
2. Oil in place after volumetric depletion to abandonment pressure
3. Oil in place after water invasion at initial pressure
4. Oil produced by volumetric depletion to abandonment pressure
and recovery factor
5. Oil produced by full water drive and recovery factor
