LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY
CAVITE CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
ASSIGNMENT IN CONTROL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
AMOLAT, OSRAM JADE L.
AUGUST 18, 2017
ENGR. GLENN Y. GUEVARRA.
ILLUMINATION TERMINOLOGIES
1. Brightness (Luminance) is defined as the luminous intensity per unit projected area of
either a surface source of light or a reflecting surface. It is measured in nit (candelas/m2).
Bigger unit of luminance is stilb (canadelas/cm2).
2. Candela is the unit of luminous intensity and is defined as 1/60 th of the luminous
intensity per cm2 of a black body radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum
(2,043°K).
3. Candle Power is the light radiating capacity of a source in a given direction and is
defined as the number of lumens given out by the source in a unit solid angle in a given
direction.
4. Depreciation factor is merely the inverse of the maintenance factor and is defined as the
ratio of initial meter-candles to the ultimate maintained metre-candles on the working
plane. It is always more than unity.
5. Glare may be defined as the brightness within the field of vision of such a character as
to cause annoyance, discomfort, interference with vision or eye fatigue.
6. Illumination is defined as the luminous flux (number of lumens), failing on the surface,
per unit area. It is measured in lumensim2 or lux or meter candle.
7. Lamp Efficiency is defined as the ratio of luminous flux to the power input and is
expressed in lumens per watt.
8. Light is defined as the energy from a hot body which produces visual sensation upon the
human eye. It is expressed in lumen-hours.
9. Lumen is the unit of luminous flux and is defined as the amount of luminous flux given
out in space represented by one unit of solid angle by a source having an intensity of one
candle power in all directions. The total lumens given out by a source of one candela is
4 lumens.
10. Luminous Flux is defined as the total quantity of light energy emitted per second from
a luminous body and is measured in lumens (or cd-sr).
11. Luminous Intensity in any given direction is the luminous flux emitted by the source
per unit angle, measured in the direction in which the intensity is required. It is measured
in candela (cd) or lumens per steradian.
12. Maintenance Factor is defined as the ratio of illumination under normal working
conditions to the illumination when the things are perfectly clean. It is always less than
unity.
13. Mean Spherical Candle Power (MSCP) is defined as the mean of candle powers in all
directions and in all planes from the source of light.
14. Space-Height Ratio is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance between adjacent lamps
and their mounting height.
15. Specific Consumption is defined as the ratio of the power input to the average candle
power and is expressed in watts per candela.
16. Utilization Factor or Coefficient of Utilization is defined as the ratio of total lumens
reaching the working plane to the total lumens given out by the lamp.
WHAT ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OPTICS?
The fundamental principles of optics are Snell’s Law (also known as the Law
of Refraction) and the Law of Reflection. Refraction is the phenomenon where the wave
bends when it enters a medium where its speed is different. Snell’s law is a formula that
is used to illustrate the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction.
sin 𝜃1 𝑉1 𝜆1 𝑁1
= = =
sin 𝜃2 𝑉2 𝜆2 𝑁2
On the other hand, the Law of Reflection states that the reflected ray, the incidence ray,
and the normal to the surface lie on the same plane. With that being said, that would mean
that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
WHAT IS THE WAVELENGTH OF VISIBLE LIGHT?
The human eye is known to be sensitive to a certain light which we call as
“Visible Light”. Visible Light corresponds to a wavelength of 400 – 700 nanometers
(nm) in the electromagnetic spectrum.
WHAT IS LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW?
In optics, Lambert’s Cosine Law states that the luminous intensity observed
from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the given
angle () between the direction of the incident light and the surface normal.
