CH – 3:- Illumination Systems

Industrial Electrical Systems (3170920)

Prepared By

Mr. Mahesh K. Mangukiya

B. E. (Electrical)
M. Tech. (Electrical - Power System)

Electrical Engineering Department

Shree Swami Atmanand Saraswati Institute of Technology
 Content:

 Understanding various terms regarding light

 Various illumination schemes
 Incandescent lamps and modern luminaries like CFL, LED and
their operation
 Energy saving in illumination systems
 Design of a lighting scheme for a residential and commercial
premises
 Flood lighting
 Understanding various terms regarding light :
1. Light: It is defined as the radiation energy from a hot body which
produces the visual sensation upon the human eye. It is usually denoted by
Q, expressed in lumen-hours and is analogous to watt-hour.

2. Luminous flux: it is defined as the total quantity of light energy emitted

per second form a luminous body. It is represented by symbol F and is
measured in lumens. The concept of luminous flux helps us to specify the
output and efficiency of a given light source.

3. Luminous intensity: luminous intensity in any given direction is the

luminous flux emitted by the source per unit solid angle, measured in the
direction in which the intensity is required. It is denoted by symbol I and
is measured in candela(cd) or lumens/steradian. if F is the luminous flux
radiated out by source within a solid angle of ω steradian in any particular
direction then I =F/ ω lumens/steradian or candela (cd).
 Understanding various terms regarding light :
4. Lumen: The lumen is the unit of luminous flux and is defined as the
amount of luminous flux given out in a space represented by one unit
of solid angle by a source having an intensity of one candle power in
all directions.
Lumens = candle power X solid angle = cp X ω
Total lumens given out by source of one candela are 4π lumens.
5. Candle power: Candle power is the light radiating capacity of a
source in a given direction and is defined as the number of lumens
given out by the source in a unit solid angle in a given direction. It is
denoted by a symbol C.P. C.P. = lumens/ω
6. Illumination: When the light falls upon any surface, the
phenomenon is called the illumination. It is defined as the number of
lumens, falling on the surface, per unit area. It is denoted by symbol E
and is measured in lumens per square meter or meter-candle or lux. If
a flux of F lumens falls on a surface of area A, then the illumination
of that surface is
E =F/A lumens/m2 or lux
 Understanding various terms regarding light :
7. Lux or meter candle: It is the unit of illumination and is defined
as the luminous flux falling per square meter on the surface which is
everywhere perpendicular to the rays of light from a source of one
candle power and one meter away from it.
8. Foot candle: It is also the unit of illumination and is defined as the
luminous flux falling per square foot on the surface which is
everywhere perpendicular to the rays of light from a source of one
candle power and one foot away from it.
1 foot-candle = 1 lumen/ft2 =10.76 meter candle or lux
9. Candle: It is the unit of luminous intensity. It is defined as 1/60th of
the luminous intensity per cm2 of a black body radiator at the
temperature of solidification of platinum (2,0430K).
10. Mean horizontal candle power: (M.H.C.P) It is defined as the
mean of candle powers in all directions in the horizontal plane
containing the source of light.
 Understanding various terms regarding light :
11. Mean spherical candle power: ( M.S.C.P) It is defined as the mean of
the candle powers in all directions and in all planes from the source of light.
12. Mean hemi-spherical candle power: (M.H.S.C.P) It is defined as
the mean of candle powers in all directions above or below the horizontal
plane passing through the source of light.
13. Reduction factor: Reduction factor of a source of light is the ratio of its
mean spherical candle power to its mean horizontal candle power.
reduction factor = M.S.C.P./M.H.C.P.
14. Lamp efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of the luminous flux to the
power input. It is expressed in lumens per watt.
15. Specific consumption: It is defined as the ratio of the power input to the
average candle power. It is expressed in watt per candela.
16. Space height ratio:- it is defined as the ratio of distance between
adjacent lamps and height of their mountains.
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 height 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜= Ho𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 /
𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 height 𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
 Understanding various terms regarding light :
17. Brightness : When the eye receives a great deal of light from an object we
say it is bright, and brightness is an important quantity in illumination. It is
all the same whether the light is produced by the object or reflected from it.
Brightness is defined as the luminous intensity per unit projected area of
either a surface source of light or a reflecting surface and is denoted by L.

If a surface area A has an effective luminous intensity of I candelas in a

direction θ to the normal, than the brightness (luminance) of that surface is
L = I/a cosθ
The unit of brightness is candela/m2, candela/cm2 or candela/ft2
18. Glare:- Glare is difficulty of seeing in the presence of bright light such as
direct or reflected sunlight or artificial light such as car headlamps at night.

19. Utilization factor or co-efficient of utilization:- It is defined as the

ratio of total lumens reaching the working plane to total lumens given out
by the lamp.
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟= 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 reaching 𝑡o 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒/𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢m𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑡he 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝
 Understanding various terms regarding light :
20. Depreciation factor: this is merely reverse of the maintenance factor and
is defined as the ratio of the initial meter-candles to the ultimate maintained
metre-candles on the working plane. Its value is more than unity.

21. Waste light factor: Whenever a surface is illuminated by a number of

sources of light, there is always a certain amount of waste of light on
account of over-lapping and falling of light outside at the edges of the
surface. The effect is taken into account by multiplying the theoretical value
of lumens required by 1.2 for rectangular areas and 1.5 for irregular areas
and objects such as statues, monuments etc.
22. Plane angle: A plane angle is the angle
subtended at a point in a plane by two
converging lines. It is denoted by the Greek
letter ‘θ’ (theta) and is usually measured in
degrees or radians.
 Understanding various terms regarding light :
23. Solid angle: Solid angle is the angle subtended at a point in space by an
area, i.e., the angle enclosed in the volume formed by numerous lines
lying on the surface and meeting at the point. It is usually denoted by
symbol ‘ω’ and is measured in steradian.

The largest solid angle subtended at a

point is that due to a sphere at its centre. If
r is the radius of any sphere, its surface
area is 4π2 and the distance of its surface
area from the centre is r, therefore, solid
angle subtended at its centre by its surface,
Example 1: A 200-V lamp takes a current of 1.2 A, it produces a total flux of
2,860 lumens Calculate:
1. the MSCP of the lamp and
2. the efficiency of the lamp.

Example 2: A room with an area of 6 × 9 m is illustrated by ten 80-W lamps.

The luminous efficiency of the lamp is 80 lumens/W and the coefficient of
utilization is 0.65. Find the average illumination.
Room area = 6 × 9 = 54 m2.
Total wattage = 80 × 10 = 800 W.
Total flux emitted by ten lamps = 80 × 800 = 64,000 lumens.
Flux reaching the working plane = 64,000 × 0.65 = 41,600 lumens.

Example 3: The luminous intensity of a lamp is 600 CP. Find the flux given
out. Also find the flux in the hemisphere containing the source of light and
zero above the horizontal.

Flux emitted by source (lumen) = Intensity (I) × solid angle (ω)

= 600 × 2 π
= 3,769.911 lumens

∴ Flux emitted in the lower hemisphere = 3,769.911 lumens.

Example 4: The flux emitted by 100-W lamp is 1,400 lumens placed in a frosted
globe of 40 cm diameter and gives uniform brightness of 250 milli-lumens/m2
in all directions. Calculate the candel power of the globe and the percentage of
light absorbed by the globe.

Flux emitted by the globe = brightness × globe area

= 1,256.63 lumens

Flux absorbed by the globe = flux emitted by source – flux emitted by globe
= 1,400 – 1,256.63
= 143.36 lumens.

The percentage of light absorbed by the globe = (143.36*100)/1400

= 10.24%
Example 5: A surface inclined at an angle 40° to the rays is kept 4 m away
from 150 candle power lamp. Find the average intensity of illumination on
the surface.

From the Fig.

θ = (90° – 40°) = 50°

∴ Average illumination:
 Incandescent lamps and their operation:
When an object is made hot, the atoms inside the object become thermally
excited. If the object does not melt, the outer orbit electrons of the atoms jump
to higher energy level due to the supplied energy.

The electrons on these higher energy levels are not stable, they again fall back
to lower energy levels. While falling from higher to lower energy levels, the
electrons release their extra energy in a form of photons.

These photons are then emitted from the surface of the object in the form of
electromagnetic radiation. This radiation will have different wavelengths. A
portion of the wavelengths is in the visible range of wavelengths, and a
significant portion of wavelengths are in infrared range.

The electromagnetic wave with wavelengths within the range of infrared is

heat energy and the electromagnetic wave with wavelengths within visible
range is light energy. Incandescent means producing visible light by heating
an object. An incandescent lamp works in the same principle.
In present days, incandescent lamps are
available in different wattage ratings such
as 25, 40, 60, 75, 100 and 200 watts etc.
There are different shapes of bulbs, but
basically, all are rounded in shape. There
are mainly three materials used for
producing the filament of incandescent
lamps, and these are carbon, tantalum, and
tungsten. Carbon was previously used for
filament material, but presently tungsten is
used most for the purpose.
It is found that luminous efficacy of an incandescent lamp is directly
proportional to the square of supply voltage but at the same time, the life span of
the lamp is inversely proportional to 13th to 14th power of supply voltage. The
main advantages of incandescent lamps are that these are cheap enough and very
suitable for lighting at small areas. But these lamps are not energy efficient and
about 90% of input electrical energy is lost as heat.
 CFL and their operation:
The term ‘CFL’ stands for Compact Fluorescent Lamp It is also known as
compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light, and compact fluorescent tube.
The CFL was initially designed to replace the incandescent lamp in terms of
its compactness as well as energy efficiency. The basic construction of a CFL
consists a tube which is curved / spiralled to fit into the space of an
incandescent bulb, and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.
A CFL uses vacuum pipe which is principle wise same to the strip lamps
(commonly known as Tube light) . Tube has two electrodes on both ends which is
treated with Barium. Cathode is having a temperature of about 900º C and
generates a beam of electrons which is further accelerated by potential difference
between electrodes.

These accelerated electrons strike Mercury and Argon atoms which in turn results
in the arise of a low temperature plasma. This process initiates the radiation of
Mercury in Ultra violet form. Tube’s inside face contains ‘Luminophore’ whose
function is to convert Ultra violet light into visible light.

This tube is fed with AC power supply which facilitate the changing functionality
of Anode and Cathode. The CFL also consists a switched mode converter. It
functions on a very high frequency and acts as a replacement of ballast (choke)
and starter assembly.
Advantages of Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)

1. It is energy efficiency
2. It has a higher life span ( nearly five to fifteen times) compared to the old
filament bulbs.
3. It has lesser power rating (almost 80 percent) compared to the old filament
bulbs.
4. It is low life cycle cost. Though, it has a higher purchase price than an
incandescent lamp, it can save over five times its purchase price in electricity
costs over the lamp’s lifetime.

Disadvantages of Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)

1. It takes more time to start

2. The initial Purchase cost is high.
3. It does not comes in dark shades too.
4. Like all other fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain mercury, which complicates
their disposal.
 LED Bulb and their operation:
LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. The “light emitting” part is self-
explanatory, An LED bulb produces light by passing the electric current
through a semiconducting material—the diode—which then emits photons
(light) through the principle of electroluminescence.
When power is applied to the p-n junction, the side lacking in electrons wants
to be filled up with the charged electrons from the other side, and when power
is applied the electrons get eager to move. During this process, light is created.

In contrast, an incandescent light bulb

works by passing electricity through a
small wire, or filament. The electrical
resistance of the filament causes it to get
so hot that it glows, producing light. The
fact that LED lights do not rely on heat to
produce its light means it runs cooler and
is much more energy-efficient than an
incandescent light bulb.
Benefits of LED Bulbs:

1. Energy-efficient: LED bulbs don’t lose nearly as much energy to heat as

incandescent bulbs, so you get the same light with less wattage.
2. Safety: LEDs do not contain mercury like other bulbs such as CFLs or
fluorescent lamps.
3. Long-lasting: Last up to 50,000 hours while incandescent bulbs burn out
after 1,000 to 2,000 hours and CFLs after around 15,000.
4. Dimmable: These bulbs can be adjusted with LED-rated dimmers to
enhance the lighting in your space.
5. Slow Failure: While many bulbs burn
out in a flash, LEDs slowly fade, giving
you extra time to find a new bulb.

LED bulbs are some of the most efficient

lighting solutions available today and these
designs are only growing more versatile and
affordable.
 Energy saving in illumination systems:
1. Replacing an ordinary bulb: In incandescent lamps, 90 percent of the
electricity is wasted as heat rather than light and also 3-5 times more power
is consumed. So replacing these bulbs with energy saving bulbs gives
efficient energy lighting system. There are two main types of energy
efficient lights or blubs.
1. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)
2. Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps
 Energy saving in illumination systems:
2. Using Lighting Controls: Another key for reducing energy
consumption is using the light energy as much as needed with available
lights. This is possible by keeping various sensing devices to switch the
lights such as motion sensors, infrared sensors, automatic timers, etc.
These sensors sense the day light availability, presence of humans and
other living species, instruction for remote operating, etc.
 Energy saving in illumination systems:
3. Replacing with energy efficient accessories

Accessories of lamps such as ballasts, fixtures etc. also play an

essential role in energy saving. Ballasts or chokes to be installed with lamps,
including non integrated ballasts in CFL bulbs should be electronic or low loss
copper ballasts to save some extent of energy compared to conventional
ballasts. This also improves the power factor.
New way to save energy is by using energy efficient fixtures which
uses 75 percent less energy than standard incandescent ones. These fixtures not
only increase the illumination by low energy consumption but also protect the
lamps for longer life.
 Design of a lighting scheme:
The lighting scheme should be such that it may:

(i) Provide adequate illumination,

(ii) Provide light distribution all over the working plane as uniform as possible
(iii) Provide light of suitable colour, and
(iv) Avoid glare and hard shadows as far as possible.

The following factors are required to be considered while designing the lighting
scheme:

Factor 1: Illumination Level:

This is the most vital factor because a sufficient illumination is the basic means
whereby we are able to see our surroundings, unless they are themselves light
sources, since only when illuminated do the objects take on the necessary
brightness. It is the task of illumination to give objects a distributed brightness.
Body colours have property of reflecting light in different degrees. It is this
differential brightness which gives essential perception of details. For each type
of work there is a range of brightness most favourable to output, i.e., which
causes minimum fatigue and gives maximum output in terms of quality and
quantity.
Degree of illumination, to give necessary brightness to the objects depends
upon:
(i) The size of the object to be seen and its distance from the observer-greater
the distance of the object from observer and smaller the size of the object,
greater will be the illumination required for its proper perception and
(ii) Contrast between the object and back ground—greater the contrast between
the colour of the object and its back ground, greater will be the illumination
required to distinguish the object properly. Objects which are seen for longer
duration of time require more illumination than those for casual work. Similarly
moving objects require more illumination than those for stationary object.
Illumination level required, as per ISI, for various types of traffic routes is given
below:
Factor 2: Uniformity of Illumination:

The human eye adjusts itself automatically to the brightness within the
field of vision. If there is a lack of uniformity, pupil or iris of the eye has to adjust
more frequently and thus fatigue is caused to the eye and productivity is reduced.
It has been found that visual performance is best if the range of brightness within
the field of vision is not greater than 3:1, which can be achieved by employing
general lighting in addition to localised lighting.

Apart from the consideration of causing fatigue, local lighting without

using matching general lighting creates psychological feeling of loneliness, gloom
and unfriendliness. The modern trend is thus towards ‘localised lighting plus
general lighting’ and towards the adoption of “general lighting oriented towards
the working surface” especially in mass production factories, offices, drawing
offices, shops etc.
Factor 3: Shadows:

In lighting installations, formation of long and hard shadows causes

fatigue to eyes and, therefore, is considered to be a shortcoming. Complete
absence of shadows altogether again does not necessarily mean an ideal condition
of lighting installations. Contrary, perhaps to popular opinion, a certain amount of
shadow is desirable in artificial lighting as it helps to give shape to the solid
objects and makes them easily recognised. Objects illuminated by shadow less
light appear flat and uninteresting, contours are lost, and it is difficult for the eye
to form a correct judgement of the shape of an object. However, there is one
exception to this, i.e., in drawing offices, where we are to see flat surfaces,
shadow less light is essential otherwise shadows will hinder the work.
Factor 4: Glare

It may be direct or reflected, i.e., it may come directly from the light source
or it may be reflected brightness such as from a desk top, nickelled machine
parts, or calendared paper.
Direct glare from a source of light is the more common, and is more often a
hindrance to vision. A glance at the Sun proves that an extremely bright light
source causes acute eye discomfort. Light sources of far less brilliancy than
the Sun, such as the filament of an incandescent lamp, or the incandescent
mantle of a gas lamp, also cause discomfort by a direct glare. Reflected glare
is a glare which comes to the eyes as glint or reflection of the light source in
some polished surface.
Toleration of bright light sources in the intermediate vicinity is made possible
by locating them at such a height as to place them above the ordinary range
of vision.
Metal reflectors for industrial lighting are ordinarily provided with a skirt
around the rim of the reflector.
Factor 5: Mounting Height

The mounting height will largely be governed by the type of the building
and type of lighting scheme employed. In the case of direct lighting, in rooms of
large floor area, the luminaries should be mounted as close to the ceiling as
possible. Lowering them not only will make the illumination less uniform, but will
also bring them more into the field of vision, thus increasing the glare, without
causing an appreciable increase in the coefficient of utilization. In the unusual case
of small rooms with high ceilings, there is something to be gained by lowering the
luminaries, but even here a better solution might be to use filament lamps with
focusing reflectors and to mount them high.
In the case of indirect and semi-indirect lighting, it would of course be
desirable to suspend the luminaries far enough down from the ceiling in order to
give reasonably uniform illumination on the ceiling. In practice this is usually
taken to mean that the length of the suspension tubes should be one-quarter to one-
third the horizontal spacing between the rows of luminaries.
Unfortunately it is often impossible to suspend them as far down as this,
because it is quite generally recognized that there should be a minimum clearance
of 2.5 metres between the luminaries and the floor. It follows that in rooms having
low ceilings, the illumination on the ceiling is unavoidably non-uniform. This is
not objectionable, because the ceiling is not a working plane.
Factor 6: Colour of Light:

The appearance of the body colour entirely depends upon the colour of the
incident light. In general the composition of the light should be such that the colour
appears natural, i.e., its appearance by artificial light is not appreciably different
from that by daylight. Daylight fluorescent tubes nowadays make it possible to
illuminate economically even large spaces with artificial daylight giving good
colour rendering and at sufficiently high level. For certain applications such as
street lighting, colour of light does not matter much if different components have
not to be distinguished from each other by their colours, highly efficient discharge
lamps, which cause colour distortion, can be used.

Factor 7. Colour of Surrounding Walls:

The illumination in any room depends upon the light reflected from the walls and
ceilings. White walls and ceilings reflect more light as compared to coloured
ones.
Factor 8: Spacing of Luminaries:
Correct spacing is of great importance to provide uniform illumination
over the whole area and thus do away with comparatively dark areas which are
so often found when the fittings are badly spaced.
In the case of direct and semi-direct luminaries the ratio of the
horizontal spacing between rows to the height of the luminaries above the
working plane depends to quite an extent on the candle power-distribution curve
of the luminaire. With fluorescent luminaries it is good practice to aim at a value
of unity for this ratio, and to set an upper limit of 3/4. In the case of tungsten
lamps combined with focusing reflectors, the ratio of spacing to height should be
about 0.6.
In the case of indirect and semi-indirect luminaries, it is good practice to
aim at a horizontal spacing between rows approximately equal to a height of the
ceiling above the working plane, and in no case should the horizontal spacing
exceed 1½ times this height.
In the case of fluorescent luminaries, it is a common practice to join two
or more luminaries end to end so that they can share a common outlet. In fact it
often works out well to use continuous rows of luminaries, especially when the
specified illumination is fairly high.
 What are Flood Lights?
Flood lights are great lighting fixtures that emit a broad beam of light.
As the name suggests, flood lights are used to flood an area with light.
It is the best way to provide an enormous amount of non-natural light
to an area.

LED floodlights are highly energy efficient and have a higher lumen
per watt output than any other conventional lighting system. They are
used for many purposes and also allow a range of lighting techniques.
 Applications of Flood Lights
The broad beam of flood lights is used in a number of ways across many objects
and areas.

Manufacturing Plants and Construction Sites

Industrial units require high-intensity lighting systems for various processes.

Most of these units run 24x7 which raises the need for optimum lighting even
more. LED floodlights are the preferred lighting solution in these areas because
of their high lumen output.

Ports

Ports are another major area of application for flood lights. Such areas are open
24x7 which requires maximum illumination at night. LED flood lights are
powerful lighting fixtures that are a natural choice for such applications.
Façade Lighting:

Façade is among the most critical areas of a building. It is the front area of the
building that faces the street. Different lighting techniques are incorporated
using LED flood lights to highlight such areas. The primary purpose of this
type of illumination using flood lights is to highlight principal façades such as
the logo of a company.

Architectural Buildings and Monuments:

Architectural buildings and monuments boost an area’s worth. Some of these

structures are a mark of a country’s pride and culture. Flood lights are used to
illuminate these structures at night while enhancing their architectural
splendour. Lighting techniques like accenting and wall-washing are often used
to highlight monuments. The precise broad beam emitted by LED flood lights
achieve this aim and are an optimum fit for lighting such buildings.