Electrical Installation Design &

Estimation
Module 2
• Vision is the most important sense accounting
for 80% information acquisition for humans.

• Information may be acquired through

sun/moon light (direct/ reflected) or by using
artificial light (closest to natural light).
•The eye communicates through optic nerves located
on the retina.
• They are a system of double nerves called Rods and
Cones.
• Rods are responsible for Dim light / Night vision
and
• Cones are mainly concentrated around or at Fovea
and are responsible for colour sensitivity.
• As a result vision is of two types;
• (i) Photopic and
• (ii) Scotopic
 Purkinjee Effect
•Eye functions under varying illumination levels by a
change in pupil size together with change in Retinal
Nerve System (i.e. cones/ rods)
•Upon increase of intensity of illumination by a
decrease in Pupil size producing clearer images
with greater and fine details.
•Pupil diameter varies in the range of 1.2 – 2 mm.
Eyes are error free and accommodate very well.
 Terms used in Illumination
1. Light
2. Luminous flux
3. Lumen
4. Plane angle
5. Solid angle
6. Steradian
7. Candle power
8. Glare
9. Lamp efficiency
•Light
That part of radiant energy from a hot/cold body
which produces visual sensation on human eye
is called light.
•Luminous Flux
The total quantity of radiant energy per second
responsible for visual sensation from a luminous
body is called Luminous Flux.
It is represented as F of  and measured in lumens.
•Lumen
It is the unit of luminous flux.
One lumen is defined as the luminous flux emitted
per unit solid angle from a point source of one
candle power.
•Solid Angle
The angle subtended by the partial surface area of a sphere at
its centre is called as solid angle. It is measured in steradians
and equal to the ratio of area of the surface to the square of
radius of sphere,
ω = area of surface/square of radius = A/r 2 steradians
• Steradian
•The unit of solid angle. One steradian is defined as the solid
angle that is subtended at the centre of a sphere by its surface
having area equal to radius square,
•Candle Power
•The light radiating capacity of a source is called its
candle power
•The number of lumens given out by a source per
unit solid angle in a given direction is called its
candle power.
•It is denoted by C.P

Total flux emitted = C.P * solid angle

•Luminous Intensity
•Luminous intensity in any particular direction is
the luminous flux emitted by the source per unit
solid angle in that direction.
• It is denoted by I and its unit is candela.
• Luminous intensity of source in a particular
direction, I = φ / ω
•Reduction Factor
• Reduction factor of a source of light is the ratio of its mean
spherical candle power to its mean horizontal candle power.
Reduction factor = MSCP/ MHCP
• MEAN SPHERICAL CANDLE-POWER
• Mean Spherical Candle Power, a unit of measure that
represents the average output of a light source
measured in all directions (360°)
MSCP=Total Flux/4π
• MEAN HORIZONTAL CANDLE-POWER
• The average value of the candle-power of a light source in all
directions in a horizontal plane through the source
•Illumination (Illuminance)
•When light falls on a surface, it becomes visible,
the phenomenon is called as illumination.
•It is defined as luminous flux falling on a surface
per unit area. It is denoted by E and measured in
lux (lumen per square meter)
E = Ф /A
•Lux
•One meter candle or lux is defined as the illumination
produced by a uniform source of one CP on the inner
surface of a sphere of radius 1m.
•Luminance
•It is a parameter related to the source.
•It is the intensity of light emitted from a surface per
unit area in a given direction and measured in cd/m2
•It can be interpreted as analogous to Brightness (B).
L = I /A
• Glare
• In the human eye, the opening of pupil is controlled by the
intensity of light received by the eye. If the eye is exposed to
a very bright source of light, the pupil of the eye contracts
automatically in order to reduce the amount of light admitted
and prevent damage to the retina. This effect is called glare.
• Glare is defined as the brightness within the field of
vision so as to cause discomfort and interference in
vision.
•Lamp Efficiency
•It is defined as the visible radiations emitted by it in
lumens per watt.

•Usually, the light sources do not radiate energy only in

the visible spectrum. The radiant energy is also
accompanied with infrared and ultra violet radiations.

•Sun light produces majority of radiations in the visible

spectrum. The tungsten lamp produces small radiations
so its efficiency is very poor.
 Law of Illumination
•The illumination on a surface depends upon the
luminous intensity, distance between the source and
surface and the direction of rays of light.
•It is governed by following laws :
1. Inverse square law
2. Lambert’s cosine law
Inverse Square
Law
•As light radiates from a point source, the intensity of
Light (I) is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance (d) from the source

•As illumination of a surface is inversely proportional

to the square of the distance between the surface
and the light source, if the distance between the
surface and the source is sufficiently large then
source can be regarded as a point source.
Lambert’s Cosine Law
•Sometime surface is not normal to the direction of
Light. But, inclined by some angle.

•According to this law, Illumination at any point on a

surface is proportional to the cosine of the angle
between the normal at that point and the direction of
luminous flux.
• Illumination at point ‘P’ is given by

• Substituting for r,

• Now we get

• Where, I/h2 is the illumination at any point located directly below the source of light.
 Weber-Fechner law
•The Weber-Fechner laws are two related hypotheses in
the field of psychophysics, known as Weber's law and
Fechner's law.
• Both laws relate to human perception, i.e, physical
stimulus and the perceived change.
•Weber's law states that, "the minimum increase
of stimulus which will produce a perceptible
increase of sensation is proportional to the pre-
existent stimulus
dS = K*S
Where, dS is the smallest change in stimuli that
can be perceived, S is the reference stimulus and K
is a constant.
To understand stimulus
and sensitivity:

In physiology, a stimulus is
a detectable change in the
physical or chemical
structure of an organism's
internal or external
environment. The ability of
an organism or organ to
detect external stimuli, so
that an appropriate
reaction can be made, is
called sensitivity.
Fechner's law
•Fechner noticed in his own studies that
different individuals have different sensitivity to
certain stimuli.
•For example, the ability to perceive differences in
light intensity could be related to how good that
individual's vision is.
•He also noted that the human sensitivity to stimuli
changes depends on which sense is affected.
•He used this to formulate another version of
Weber's law that he named the
"measurement formula".
•Fechner's law states that the subjective sensation
is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus
intensity.
•The relationship between stimulus and perception
is logarithmic.

•This logarithmic relationship means that if a

stimulus varies as a geometric progression (i.e.,
multiplied by a fixed factor), the corresponding
perception is altered in an arithmetic progression
(i.e., in additive constant amounts).
Tutorial Session

Module 1
Q
1
Q
2
A lamp giving out 1200 lm in all directions is
suspended 8 m above the working plane.
Calculate the illumination at a point on the
working plane 6 m away from the foot of the
lamp.
Q
4
Q
5
Q
7
Two lamps A and B of 200 candela and 400
candela respectively are situated 100 m apart.
The height of A above the ground level is 10 m
and that of B is 20 m. If a photometer is
placed at the centre of the line joining the two
lamp posts, calculate its reading.
• The CP of a lamp placed normal to a working
plane is 30CP. If illumination is 15 lux, find
distance
• The CP of a lamp placed normal to a working
plane is 30CP. If illumination is 15 lux, find
distance

• d=1.414 M
• A 250V lamp takes a current of 0.8A from a
single phase supply. Flux produced is 3260
lumens. Calculate i) MSCP of lamp ii) efficiency
of lamp
• A 250V lamp takes a current of 0.8A from a
single phase supply. Flux produced is 3260
lumens. Calculate i) MSCP of lamp ii) efficiency
of lamp
• MSCP = flux/4π = 3260/4π = 259.42
• Efficiency = flux output/electrical input
• = 3260/(250*0.8) = 16.3 lumen/W.
• A lamp is taking 0.6A at 230V and MHCP =
125. Find MSCP, and efficiency is reduction
factor is 0.77
• A lamp is taking 0.6A at 230V and MHCP = 125.
Find MSCP, and efficiency is reduction factor is
0.77
• Electrical input = 138W
• MSCP = MHCP * reduction factor = 125*0.77
=96.25
• Lumen = MSCP *solid angle = 96.25*4π = 1209.5
lumen
• Efficiency = flux output/electrical input
• =1209.5/138 = 8.765 lumen/W
 Factors affecting illumination on a
working plane
• Size of the room
• Height of light arrangement above work plane
• Reflective ability of wall and ceiling surfaces
• External conditions of light source
• Type of light
• Colour of the room
• No.of light
• Efficacy of light
 Important terms
Luminous Flux or Flux
It’s the amount of light radiated by a light source per
second
Denoted as :- Ф
Its unit is :- Lumen
Important terms
 Important terms
Luminous Efficacy or Efficiency
It’s the ratio of luminous flux to power consumed by
lamp source
Luminous efficacy :- Ф/watt
Its unit is :- Lumen/watt
Important terms
 Important terms
Maintenance factor
Maintenance factor refers to the loss of light that occurs
over time and is also known as loss factor.
Denoted as :- MF
Ranges between : 0.6-0.8
Important terms
Important terms
Important Relation in light calculation
A room 8m x 10m is illuminated by eight 80 W lamps. The luminous
efficiency of the lamp is 25 lumens per watt and the coefficient of
utilization is 0.45. Find the illumination.
A room 8m x 10m is illuminated by eight 80 W lamps. The luminous
efficiency of the lamp is 25 lumens per watt and the coefficient of
utilization is 0.45. Find the illumination.
 Types of Lighting Schemes
Based on the way light reaches the surface to
make surface visible, lighting schemes are
classified as
(i) Direct lighting
(ii) Indirect lighting
(iii) Semi-direct lighting
(iv) Semi-indirect lighting
(v) General diffusing slighting
Different types of lighting arrangement
 Direct Lighting
• 90-100% of the light from the source falls directly on the
object or the surface to be illuminated.
• With the help of shades and globes and reflectors of
various types, most of the light is directed in the lower
hemisphere and also the brilliant source of light is kept
out of the direct line of vision.
• Light may be directed on the working plane by suitable
reflectors or bracket lamps or by additional pendant
fittings.
•Sufficiently uniform lighting is providing at the
working or reading plane.
•For this purpose, lamps of suitable size have to be
so located and furnished with such fittings as to
give correct degree and distribution of illumination
at the required place.
•Direct lighting, though most efficient, is liable to
cause glare and hard shadows.
 Indirect Lighting
• In this form of lighting, light does not reach the
surface directly from the source but indirectly by
diffuse reflection..
• 0-10% of light directed to lower hemisphere and
90-100% of the light goes to upper hemisphere.
• The lamps are either placed behind a cornice or in
suspended opaque bowls.
• In both cases, a silvered reflector which is
corrugated for eliminating striations is placed
beneath the lamp.
•Since in indirect lighting whole of the light on the
working plane is received by diffuse reflection, it is
important to keep the fittings clean.
•It does not produce any glare or shadow.
•Even gradation of light on the surface can be
achieved by careful adjustement of the position
and the number of lamps
•However, many people find purely indirect
lighting flat and monotonous and even
depressive.
Semi-direct System
•This system utilizes luminaries which send most
of the light downwards directly on the working
plane but a considerable amount reaches the
ceilings and walls also
•About 60-90% of light is directed downwards and
10-40% is directed upwards.
•Such a system is best suited to rooms with high
ceilings where a high level of uniformly-distributed
illumination is desirable.
•Glare in such units is avoided by using diffusing
globes which not only improve the brightness
towards the eye level but improve the efficiency
of the system with reference to the working
plane.
Semi-indirect Lighting
•In this system which is, the light is partly received
by diffuse reflection and partly direct from the
source.
•About 10-40% light directed towards working
plane and 60-90% goes to upper hemisphere.
•Instead of using opaque bowls with reflectors,
translucent bowls without reflector are used.
•Most of the light is, as before, directed upwards to
the ceiling for diffuse reflection and the rest reaches
the working plane directly except for some
absorption by the bowl.
 General Diffusing System
•About 40-60% of the light flux is directed on the
working plane or lower hemisphere. The remaining
light flux goes in other directions.
•In this system, luminaries are employed which have
almost equal light distribution downwards and
upwards as shown in Figure.
Illumination Required for Different Purposes
 Design of Lighting Schemes and Lay-outs

A well-designed lighting scheme is one which

• provides adequate illumination
• avoids glare and hard shadow
• provides sufficiently uniform distribution of
light all over the working plane.
 Design consideration of a good lighting scheme

 The required illumination level

 Selection of required lamp and fitting
 The size of the room
 The condition under which the illumination is used
 Selection of luminaires
• A luminaire (lighting fitting)is the apparatus
which distributes, filters the light given by a
lamp.
• Need of Luminarie:
• Protection of lamp
• Connect to the supply
 Utilization Factor or Coefficient of
Utilization ()
•It is the ratio of the lumens actually received by a
particular surface to the total lumens emitted by a
luminous source.

• The value of this factor varies widely and depends on the following factors :
1. the type of lighting system, whether direct or indirect etc.
2. the type and mounting height of the fittings
3. the colour and surface of walls and ceilings and
4. to some extent on the shape and dimensions of the room.
•For example, for direct lighting, the value of  varies
between 0.4 and 0.6 and mainly depends on the shape of
the room and the type and mounting height of fittings but
very little on the colour of walls and ceiling.
•For indirect lighting, its value lies between 0.1 and 0.35
and the effect of walls and ceiling, from which light is
reflected on the working plane, is much greater.
•Exact determination of the value of utilization factor is
complicated especially in small rooms where light
undergoes multiple reflections.
• The lumen output of the sources is not fully utilized at the
work place as Light flux gets reduced due to losses in fitting,
absorbance of the wall
 Space/Height Ratio
•It is given by the ratio :
horizontal distance between two lamps / mounting
height of lamps
•This ratio depends on the nature of the polar curve
of a lamp when used along with its reflector.
•A reflector has tremendous influence on the shape of
the polar curve of the lamp, hence the value of
space/height ratio, in fact, depends entirely on the type
of reflector used.
•For obtaining uniform illumination on the working
plane, it is essential to choose a correct value for this
ratio.
 Maintenance Factor (p)
•This factor allows for the fact that effective candle
power of all lamps or luminous sources deteriorates
owing to blackening and/or accumulation of dust
or dirt on the globes and reflectors etc.
•Similarly, walls and ceilings etc., also do not
reflect as much light as when they are clean.
•The value of this factor may be taken as 1/1.3 if
the lamp fittings are likely to be cleaned regularly
or 1/1.5 if there is much dust etc.
 Depreciation Factor
• It is defined as the reciprocal of maintenance factor
• The device depreciation reduces if periodic
maintenance is carried out
 Lighting Design- Lumen Method
•Total Lumen requirement is given by

•where E = desired illumination in lm/m2 ;

• A = area of working plane to be illuminated in m2
• p = maintenance factor ;  = utilization factor.
•The spacing and arrangement is governed by
space/height ratio and by the layout of ceiling beams
or columns.
•Greater the height, wider the spacing that may be
used, although the larger will be the unit required.
•Having settled the number of units required, the
lumens per unit may be found (total
lumens/number of units) and thus size of lamp can
be calculated.
Q1. A room 8 m  12 m is lighted by 15 lamps to a
fairly uniform illumination of 100 lm/m2. Calculate
the utilization coefficient of the room given that the
output of each lamp is 1600 lumens.
Solution. Lumens emitted by the lamps = 15  1600
= 24,000 lm
Lumens requirement in the working plane of the
room = (8  12)  100 = 9600 lm
Utilization coefficient = 9600/24,000 = 0.4 or 40%.
Q2. The illumination in a drawing office 30 m  10 m is
to have a value of 250 lux and is to be provided by a
number of 300-W filament lamps. If the coefficient of
utilization is 0.4 and the depreciation factor 0.9,
determine the number of lamps required. The luminous
efficiency of each lamp is 14 lm/W.
•Total lumens required at working plane = 250*300= 75000 lm
•Total lumens emitted by the lamps,  = 75000/(0.4  0.9) =
208333.33 lm
•Flux emitted by one lamp = 30014 = 4200 lm;
•No. of lamps reqd.= 208333.33/4200 = 49.6 = 50
Q9. A drawing hall in an engineering college is to be
provided with a lighting installation. The hall is 30
m × 20 m × 8 m (high).The mounting height is 5 m
and the required level of illumination is 144 lm/m2.
Estimate the number of single lamp luminaires if
metal filament lamp of 500W are used for lighting.
Also draw their spacing layout. Assume : Utilization
coefficient = 0.6; maintenance factor = 0.75;
space/height ratio=1; luminous efficiency for 500W
lamp = 16 lumens/watt
500W lamps can be arranged in 4 rows of 6
lamps each with a spacing of 5 m both in the
width and the length of the hall as shown

No:of Lamps required =

192,000/8,000 = 24
Q10. Estimate the number and wattage of lamps
which would be required to illuminate a workshop
space 60 × 15 metres by means of lamps mounted 5
metres above the working plane. The average
illumination required is about 100 lux. Coefficient of
utilization=0.4 ; Luminous efficiency=16 lm/W.
Assume a spacing/height ratio of unity and a
candle power depreciation of 20%.
•Luminous flux is given by For a space/height ratio
of unity, only three lamps can be mounted along the
width of the room. Similarly, 12 lamps can be
arranged along the length of the room.Total number
of lamps required is 12  3 = 36.
•Wattage of each lamp is = 17,000/36 = 472 W. We
will take the nearest standard lamp of 500 W. These
thirty-six lamps will be arranged as shown in Fig.