International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056

Volume: 03 Issue: 07 | July-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

DYNAMIC ANANYSIS OF 11 STOREY RC STRUCTURE BY PROVIDING

LEAD RUBBER BEARING AS BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM
VENKATESH1, Mr.ARUNKUMAR.H.R2
1M.TECH student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, EWIT College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
2Assistent Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, EWIT College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Abstract - The main objective of this project is to protect
the buildings by designing it as earthquake resistant
structure. Earthquake is one of major natural disaster in
which many structures damage and collapse due to
improper design against seismic motion. Earthquake also
affects the economy of the nation, so essential proper
measures of prevention must be developed. There are many
concepts of designing a building as earthquake resistant
structure; the concept used in this project is base isolation.
There are many types of base isolation systems but lead
rubber bearing (LRB) is used as base isolation system in this
project, LRB is most widely used as isolation system for
buildings.

Key Words: Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB), Base Isolation,

Response Spectrum Analysis

1. INTRODUCTION

Earthquake is natural disaster which is caused when

the stress is produced on lithosphere due to collision
between the plates when this stress is high the lithosphere
breaks or shifts. The collision between plates may be of FIG 1.1: Map showing collision between different Plates
two types one is inter-plate and other is intra-plate. Most
of the earthquakes occurred near Himalayan region are
inter-plate earthquakes and earthquakes occurred near
Peninsular region are intra-plate earthquakes. The most of
earthquakes occurred since last century is in populated
and urbanized areas which caused huge damage. There
are some earthquakes which are un-noticed since they
occurred deep underneath earth’s crust. India lies in the
northwestern end of the Indo-Australian Plate, which
includes India, Australia, a major portion of the Indian
Ocean and other smaller countries. This plate is colliding
against the huge Eurasian Plate and going under the
Eurasian Plate, this process of one tectonic plate getting
underneath other is called subduction (shown in the Fig
1.1).

During an earthquake energy is released from fault, in

the form of heat and seismic waves. These seismic waves
radiate from focus (source) and shake the ground, these
seismic waves travel 100’s of km away from the source.
The point exactly above the focus on the earth’s surface is
called the epicenter. The figure below shows faults, plates, FIG 1.2: Anatomy of earthquake
focus, epicenter, seismic waves. (Shown in Fig 1.2)

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1.1 Introduction to Base Isolation Systems gives extra stiffness to the isolators and it also provides
damping to the system.
Seismic isolation also known as base isolation is an
earthquake resistant design concept in which a building is Inferable from current very much created innovations;
decoupled from the earthquake ground motion or seismic it is conceivable to fabricate LRB with enormous shear
waves. When a building is decoupled from ground motion deformation and high stiffness. Advancements in materials
it significantly reduces response in the structure which and configuration related innovations, for example,
would have affected building if it is fixed base. Base investigation programme’s (software’s) and development
isolation decouples the building from ground motion by techniques have empowered the idea of isolation turn into
decreasing the fundamental frequency when compared to a reality. Companies like Dynamic Isolation Systems (DIS)
fix based building. This concept of base isolation also and Bridgestone design and manufacture isolators
makes to remain building elastic during an earthquake. according to the requirements of a client. LRB has the
Base isolation concept is also used in bridges, nuclear properties of both damper and isolator, lead plug’s plastic
power plants and liquid storage tanks etc. deformation makes LRB to absorb energy from vibration
hence has property of damper and it has a flexibility
The earthquake resistant structures are divided as rigid property to deflect seismic waves hence act also as
and flexible structures. In rigid structures the inter-story isolator. Fig 1.5shows the cross section of LRB.
displacements are reduced by providing diagonal
bracings, shear walls, and using composite materials. In
flexible structures the excitation input is reduced with the
help of using dampers and Isolators. But in rigid structures
they result in large inter-storey drifts, due to which the
building components and nonstructural components may
get damaged even if the building is stiff during earthquake.

Fig 1.4: Flowchart showing types of isolators

The LRB has four functions listed below:-
 Due to its property of vertical stiffness is
functions as load supporter
 Provide elasticity in horizontal direction due to
the property of horizontal stiffness
Fig 1.3: Difference between performance of fixed base and  It has energy restoring capability
base isolated structure  As it has lead core it provides damping to the
structure by deforming plastically
1.2 Types of Base Isolation Systems  It reduce ground acceleration of a structure by
increasing the time period of vibration
Base isolation is classified in passive control category  It can be easily installed since no separate damper
of structural control systems. The various types of is required
isolators are classified as shown in fig 1.4. It has low maintenance when compared to other types of
isolators.
Among these types of Isolation System Lead plug
rubber bearing is used in this work.

Lead-Plug Rubber Bearing (LRB)

LRB was first invented in 1975 in New-Zealand. The
components of the LRB are lead plug, endplates, steel
shims and rubber layers. The steel shims provide vertical
stiffness to the LRB and layers of rubber provide lateral
flexibility or horizontal stiffness. Lead core of the LRB
Fig 1.3.1.2.1: Cross section of LRB

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Some structures in India with base isolation system are Provisions Published by FEMA-451 (Federal
listed below, Emergency Management Agency) in 2003
 There are many types of dynamic analysis in this
 GTB Hospital, Delhi installed in 2008 project Response spectrum analysis
 Dwarka hospital installed in 2006  The building is modeled first then the loads are
 World bank, Delhi installed in 1998 applied as per code provisions of IS 875 (PART II)
 Bhuji hospital, Gujarat Reaffirmed in 2008 for live and dead load
 For Response Spectrum Analysis UBC 1997
2. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT Spectrum is used
 After the analysis of a fixed base structure is
The main objective of project was to compare fixed performed the maximum axial load is noted from
base and base isolated structure by dynamic analysis. support reaction results
Response spectrum analysis method is used for analysis.  Then once axial load is noted the Lead core
The results were compared for Story drifts, Base shear, rubber bearing is designed
Story shear, Point displacements and Mode shapes.  Then Properties of Lead core rubber bearing are
calculated
The objective of the project is as explained below:-
 Then these properties are used as link properties
 The 11 storey RC bare frame is isolated using for base isolation structure
Lead core rubber bearing to reduce the story  Then the Base Isolation Structure is analyzed
drifts when compared with conventional building  Then results are tabulated and discussed
 To make the structure earthquake resistant
 To increase the mode period of the base isolated
structure when compared to conventional
4. LITERATURE SURVEY
building
S. Etedali, M.R. Sohrab (2011), in this paper torsional
 To increase the displacement of base isolated
behavior of asymmetric building with and without
structure in all stories when compared to
isolation system is studied for three and eight story steel
conventional structure when analyzed by
structure to analyze the structure time history analysis is
response spectrum analysis
performed by using Tabas, El Centro and Bam earthquake
 To increase the displacement of bottom stories of
data. The results were observed and torsion was reduced
base isolated structure when compared with
after using isolation system. Increasing flexible edge
conventional structure when analyzed using
stiffness of isolation and superstructure reduces torsional
Nonlinear time history analysis
effect on the superstructure. When eccentricity is
 To decrease the story drift of a base isolated
increased the effect of isolation system on torsion was
structure when compared with fixed base
very less.
structure
 To decrease the base shear of a base isolated Md. Arman Chowdhury, Wahid Hassan (2013), in
structure when compared with fixed base this paper 20 story irregular building is modeled and
structure analyzed using SAP2000 v15. Dynamic analysis of an
 To study the effectiveness of providing Lead core irregular structure with and without isolator is performed.
rubber bearing Both response spectrum analysis and time history analysis
 To know the method of response spectrum are performed. The structure was designed for Bangladesh
analysis using E-TABS earthquake zone. For time history analysis CHI-CHI, El
 To gain a knowledge in the base isolation systems Centro and Northridge seismic data were used. The results
 To know the design of earthquake resistant of displacement for different stories in X and Y direction
structure for all methods of analysis were compared and it is
 To design the Lead plug rubber bearing by using observed displacement was significant in first five stories
the data from E-TABS of base isolated structure and difference was decreasing
 To design LRB between displacement with increasing story height and
relative inter-story displacement of base isolated structure
3. METHODOLOGY was less then fixed base structure. This indicates that axial
load on column was reduced after using isolator which
 The software used for analysis of a structure is E-
also reduces reinforcement of the column. Finally base
TABS v 9.7.1
isolation is required to reduce design loads and safety of
 The dynamic analysis is carried for structural
structure against earthquake
analysis
 The codes used are IS 1893 (PART I) 2002, UBC
1997, IBC 2006 and NEHRP Recommended

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H.P. Santhosh, K.S. Manjunath, K. Sathish Kumar  Types of analysis performed are Response
(2013), in this paper a lead plug rubber bearing is spectrum analysis and Time history analysis
designed for a building. The mechanical properties of LRB 5.3 Building Details:
were tabulated. Then these properties of LRB are used to
study the response of a structure under seismic motion. Structure: RCC (SMRF)
Response spectrum analysis is performed. The results
show that these properties of LRB were effective. For Structure Type: Plan Irregular structure
analysis 6 story building was modeled and results were
compared between conventional structure and isolated Plan Dimension: 36m×54m
structure. Height of Building: G+11 (34.65m)

5. MODELING AND ANALYSIS Height of Each Storey: 3.15

Building Type: Commercial

5.1 Response Spectrum Analysis
In X Direction: 8 bays of 4.5m length
A response spectrum is a curve which is plotted
between maximum response of single degree of freedom In Y Direction: 9 bays of 6m length
system which is subjected to a specified seismic motion
and its frequency (or time period). This spectra helps in
obtaining peak structural responses (only when linear), it
is also possible to find lateral forces developed in a
building due to an earthquake, hence used for design of
earthquake resistant structure. Response spectrum
method is applicable for only linear systems and for
nonlinear systems whose nonlinearity is same in whole
system. For soil class E and F of UBC 1997 code use of
response spectrum method is restricted.

Procedure for using response spectrum method of analysis

in Etabs

 Define response spectrum functions

 Choose function type
 For UBC spectra assign seismic coefficients Ca and
Cv
 Assign damping ratio
Fig 5.1: Plan of Building
 This completes defining response spectra function
 Now define response spectrum cases
 In response spectrum cases assign damping ratio
 Select type of model combination
 Next select type of directional combination
 To input response spectra is next step in which
we have to calculate scale factor from following
formula
Scale factor
Where, I= Importance factor of a building
g= Acceleration due to gravity
R= Response reduction factor
 Next run the analysis and get result

5.2 Description and Modeling of Building

 Software used for analysis is ETABS v 9.7.1
 Units used are ‘KN-m’
 Code provisions as per UBC 1997 and IS 1893
(Part 1) Fig 5.2: Elevation along Grid Line A

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5.6.2 Lateral Load for Response Spectrum

Analysis (according to UBC 1997)

Seismic Zone Factor (Z) – Zone 3

Soil Profile Type - SD

Seismic Coefficient Ca - 0.36

Seismic Coefficient Cv (CVD) - 0.54

Importance Factor (I) – 1.25

Response Reduction Factor (R) – 8.5(For SMRF)

Seismic Source Type – B

Near Source Factor Na – 1

Near Source Factor Nv – 1

Damping coefficient (BD or BM) – 1

Fig 5.3: Isometric View of model
Damping (βeff) – 5%
5.4 Material Properties
5.7 DESCRIPTION OF MODELS
Grade of Concrete: M25 (For Beams and Slab)
Model 1: Response Spectrum Analysis with Fixed Base
M20 (For column)
Model 2: Response Spectrum Analysis with Lead Rubber
Grade of Steel: Fe415 Bearing

5.5 Section Properties 5.8 DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATOR FOR MODEL 2

Interior Beam Size: 230mm×400mm The type of base isolator used for analysis is lead rubber
bearing isolator, to get the properties of isolator its design
Exterior Beam Size: 230mm×500mm is carried out as shown below.

Slab Thickness: 150mm i. Note down the maximum support reaction

 After the analysis of Model 1 the maximum
Wall thickness: 230mm support reaction is noted
 Display>show-tables>analysis
5.6 Load Consideration result>reactions>support reactions
 Tabulate the support reaction result in excel sheet
5.6.1 Gravity Load and get the maximum support reaction
 Max support reaction (W)= 3566.06 Kn
Dead Load: Column, Beam, Slab (Default Values)
ii. Calculate Design Displacement (DD)
Live Load for Floors: 3.0 kN/m2
Assume Design Time Period TD=2.5 sec
Live Load for Roof: 1.5 kN/m2

Floor Finish: 1.0 kN/m2 all the values are in 3.5.3.2

Wall Load: thickness × density × height

= 0.23×18×2.75 iii. Effective stiffness (Keff)

= 11.385 kN/m ( )

Parapet Load: = 0.23×18×1 = 4.14 kN/m

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xi. Total thickness of rubber layer (tr)

( )

Where, γ = 100% (maximum shear strain of

iv. Energy dissipated per cycle (WD) rubber)

= 81.20 kN-m
xii. Area of bearing
v. Force at design displacement or characteristic ( )
strength (Q)

xiii. Diameter of bearing

vi. Stiffness in rubber (K2)
√ √

xiv. Shape factor

vii. Yield Displacement (DY) Take horizontal period to be 2 sec

Consider, fv=10 Hz

Also we have,

viii. Recalculation of Q to QR

( )

( )

ix. Calculation of area and diameter of lead plug

Yield strength of lead is around 10 Mpa
the area of lead plug needed is
xv. Dimensions of Lead rubber bearing (LRB)
 Let thickness of shim plates be 2.8mm
Number of shim plates = (10-1) = 9
 End plate thickness is between 19.05 to
38.1
Adopt thickness of end plate as 25mm
√  Total height of LRB (h)

= 0.08813 m
= 88.13 mm
 Diameter of rubber layer
x. Revising Rubber stiffness Keff to Keff(R) (after
revising Q to QR) =10×35 = 350 mm
=0.35 m
( )  Area of rubber layer

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Horizontal
2107.20 kN/m
Stiffness KH
xvi. Compression modulus EC
Vertical Stiffness 749.47×103
( ) KV kN/m
Where, K- Bulk modulus = 2000 Mpa
G- Shear modulus = 0.7 Mpa Yield strength QR 61.09 kN

Post yield stiffness

0.1
( ) ratio
= 248.96×103 kN/m2 Damping 5%

xvii. Horizontal stiffness KH

xviii. Vertical Stiffness KV

The procedure of design of lead rubber bearing is

referred from Textbook of DESIGN OF SEISMIC ISOLATED
STRUCTURE from theory of practice by JAMES M.KELLY
and FARZAD NAEIM
Endplates
of 25mm
Rubber Fig 6.1: Figure showing LRB above base in elevation view
layers of along XZ plane
35mm Shim plates
of 2.8mm 7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1 Story Shear

Fig 5.8.1 Cross sectional properties of LRB for response
spectrum analysis

6. PLACING LEAD RUBBER BEARING

 Base isolators are placed at 0.5m above base level
 Isolators are provided above every footing
 Properties of LRB Calculated are mentioned in the
below table,

Response
Property type Spectrum
Analysis
Effective stiffness
2114.06 kN/m
Keff(R) Fig 7.1.1: Graph showing Story shear results in X-X
direction of Model 1 and Model 2

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Discussion: From fig 7.1.1 which are response model-2 compared to model-1 which is the effect of lead
spectrum analysis results it can be seen in model-2 (base rubber bearing at base. It is important to reduce story
isolated building) story shear in x-x direction were drifts of top stories which damage structure during
reduced significantly at each story when compared to earthquake. In model-2 (base isolated) story drift in x-x
model-1 (fixed base building). This means after the use of direction at story 6 reduced by 23.98% when compared to
Lead rubber bearing as base isolator the story shear in x-x model-1 (fixed base) and in model-2 story drift in x-x
direction are reduced. The model-2 story shears in x-x direction of story 11 reduced by 28.95% when compared
direction at top story reduced by 40% when compared to model-1.
with model 1.
7.4 Mode Period
7.2 Base Shear
The mode period of all four models are tabulated in
table 7.4.1 below we can observe that model 2 which is
Base Shear in X-X KN (Vx) base isolated by providing lead rubber bearing at base
have increase in mode period in all three modes when
Base shear in 'kN'

compared to model 1 which is fixed base. Mode 1

3000 increased by 24%, Mode 2 increased by 29% and Mode 3
increased by 30% in model 2 (base isolated) when
2000
compared to model 1 (fixed base).
1000 VX
Type of model
Mode Mode
0 Number direction Model 1 Model 2
Model 1 Model 2
Model Number Mode 1 in
Y direction 2.2002 2.886
sec
Mode 2 in
X direction 1.6911 2.3703
Fig 7.2.1 Base Shear in x-x direction sec
Mode 3 in
Torsion 1.5942 2.2508
Discussion: In Fig 7.2.1 above the base shear in x-x sec
direction is plotted to both models, from this graph we see Table 7.4.1: Mode period results of all models
that the base shear is reduced in model-2 which is base
isolated when compared to model-1 which is fixed base . 8. CONCLUSIONS
In response spectrum analysis the base shear reduced in
model-2 by 18.63% when compared to model-1. Model 1 which is fixed base and Model 2 which is base
isolated by providing lead rubber bearing these two
4.3 Story Drift models were analyzed by response spectrum analysis
from these building models following conclusions can be
made.

 Story shear reduced after the lead rubber bearing

(LRB) is provided as base isolation system which
reduces the seismic effect on building
 Base shear is also reduced after providing LRB
which makes structure stable during earthquake
 Story drift are reduced in higher stories which
makes structure safe against earthquake
 Point displacements are increased in every stories
after providing LRB which is important to make a
structure flexible during earthquake
 Mode periods are increased which increases
Fig 7.3.1: Graph showing Story drift in X-X direction reaction time of a structure during earthquake
comparison between model-1 and model-2  Finally it is concluded that after LRB is provided
as base isolation system it increases the
Discussion: In figure 7.3.1 it is observed that story structures stability against earthquake and
drifts in x-x direction are increased in story 1 and 2 of reduces reinforcement hence make structure
model-2 when compared to model-1 and in story 3 to economical.
story 11 the story drifts in x-x direction are reduced in
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