Lecture Outline

Convective Mass Transfer

– Boundary surfaces
• Dimensional analysis
• Exact analysis
• Approximate analysis
• Mass, heat and momentum analogies

Homework #11
Tutorial #11
• (self practice)
• 3 problems
• 1 problem
1
 Convective Mass Transfer
• 2 types of mass transfer between moving
fluids:
– With a boundary surface
– Between 2 moving contacting phases
• Analogy with heat transfer

2
 Boundary Surfaces
• Convective mass transfer coefficient
N A = kc (c As - c A )

• Hydrodynamic boundary layer

– Laminar flow – molecular transfer
– Turbulent flow – eddy diffusion

3
Example 1

PA = 4.74 ×103 Pa

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 Dimensionless Numbers
• Defining dimensionless ratios
– Schmidt number
momentum u µ
= Sc º =
mass DAB rDAB
– Sherwood number

kc L - d (c A - c As ) / dy y =0
Sh º =
DAB (cA,s - cA,¥ )/ L
ratio of molecular mass-transfer resistance to
convective mass-transfer resistance 5
Example 2

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 Dimensional Analysis
• Transfer to stream flowing under forced
convection
– Using Buckingham-p theory, 3 p groups:
(i) p =D r D k
1
a
AB
b c
c
a b
æL 2
ö æM ö cæ L ö
1 = çç ÷÷ ç 3 ÷ (L ) ç ÷
è t ø èL ø ètø

kc L
Þ p1 =
DAB

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 (ii) p2 = D r D v
d
AB
e f

Dv
Þp2 =
DAB
(iii) p3 = D r D µ
g
AB
h i

µ
Þ p3 =
rDAB
– The correlation relation is in the form:
Sh = f (Re, Sc)

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 Exact Analysis
• Blasius solution for hydrodynamic
boundary layer for laminar flow parallel to
flat surface
• Analogous situation in mass transfer
– if no reaction, constant DAB, steady state,
incompressible
¶c A ¶c A ¶ 2c A
vx + vy = DAB
¶x ¶y ¶y 2
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– Boundary conditions:
at y = 0 c A - c A, s T - Ts
=0 =0
c A, ¥ - c A, s T¥ - Ts
at y = ¥
c A - c A, s T - Ts
=1 =1
c A, ¥ - c A, s T¥ - Ts

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 Analogous to heat transfer and momentum
transfer

kc x
= Shx = 0.332Re0.5
x
DAB

• Blasius solution for low mass-transfer into

laminar boundary layer, and Sc = 1.
• Pohlhausen’s solution when Sc ¹ 1.

kc x
= Shx = 0.332Re0.5
x Sc 1/3

DAB

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Integrating over the whole plate, we can get
the total mass transfer rate

WA = kc A(c A, s - c A,¥ ) = ò kc (c A, s - c A,¥ )dA

A

Analogous to heat transfer, we get

kc L
= Sh L = 0.664 Re 0L.5Sc1/ 3 = 2 Sh x x = L
DAB

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Example 3

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 Approximate Analysis
• For other geometries, we approximate the
solutions using von Karman’s theory

• Approximate solutions can be developed

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• For laminar flow over a flat plate,

Sh x = 0.36 Re Sc
0.5
x
1/ 3

• For turbulent flow over flat plate,

velocity profile is

Sh x = 0.0292 Re 4/5
x

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Mass, Heat and Momentum Analogies

• Similarities between the transport

phenomenon
• Analogy is possible due to the dependence
of fluid properties

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• Reynolds analogy
– Between momentum and energy, if Pr = 1
– Between momentum and mass, if Sc = 1
– From the profiles,
¶ æç c A - c A,s ö÷ ¶ æ vx ö
= çç ÷÷ y =0
¶y çè c A,s - c A,¥ ÷ø
y = 0
¶y è v¥ ø

we get µ ¶v x
kc = y =0
rv¥ ¶y

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– Combined with coefficient of skin friction

Cf =
t0
=
(
2µ ¶v x / ¶y y =0 )
rv / 2
2
¥ rv¥2
to get
kc C f
=
v¥ 2
which is analogous to

h Cf
=
rv¥ c p 2

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• Chilton-Colburn analogy
– Modification to Reynolds’ analogy, for all Pr
and Sc
– j factor for mass transfer
kc 2 / 3 C f
jD º Sc =
v¥ 2
– For fluids within 0.6 < Sc < 2500, we know

Sh x = 0.332 Re Sc 0.5
x
1/ 3

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 – Divide by RexSc1/3,
Sh x 0.332
1/ 3
=
Re xSc Re 0x.5
– Substitute in Blasius solution,
Sh x æ kc x öæ µ öæ rDAB ö 2 / 3 kc Sc 2 / 3 C f
= çç ÷÷çç ÷÷çç ÷÷ Sc = =
è DAB øè xv¥ r øè µ ø
1/ 3
Re xSc v¥ 2

– So the analogy is

Cf
jH = jD =
2
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Example 4

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Example 5

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Example 6

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 Lecture Outline
Convective Mass Transfer
– Boundary surfaces
üDimensional analysis
üExact analysis
üApproximate analysis
üMass, heat and momentum analogies

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