Chapter 11: AC Steady State Power

Exercises:
Ex. 11.3-1
4( − j2)
First calculate i(t) Z = j3 + = 0.8 + j1.4
Phasor circuit. → 4 − j2
= 1.6 ∠60.3° Ω
V 7 ∠0°
∴I = = = 4.38 ∠ − 60.3° A
°
Z . ∠60.3°
16
So i(t) = 4.38 cos (l0t − 60.3 ) A
(7)(4.38) 
Now p(t) = v(t)⋅i(t) = (7cos l0t)(4.38 cos (l0t −60.3° )) = cos(60.3° ) + cos (20t −60.3° )  = 7.6 +15.3 cos (20t −60.3° ) W
2  

° °
Now VL = I ⋅ Z L = (4.38 ∠ − 60.3 )(j3) = 13.12 ∠ 29.69 V

∴vL (t) = 13.12 cos (l0t+29.69° )V

57.47 
So Pc (t) = v L (t)⋅i(t) = (13.12 cos (l0t+29.69° )(4.38cos (l0t −60.3° )  = cos (29.69° +60.3° )+cos (20t+29.69° −60.3° ) 
  2  
pc (t) = 28.7 cos (20t −30.6° ) W

Ex. 11.3-2
a)
v(t) Vm
So i R (t) = = cos(ω t + θ ) A
R R
Vm
The power into the resistor is PR (t) = v(t)⋅i(t)= Vmcos (ω t+θ )⋅ cos (ω t+θ )
R
Vm 2 V 2 V 2
= cos 2 (ω t+θ ) = m + m cos (2ω t+θ )
R 2R 2R

(b) When the element is an inductor, the current will lag the voltage by 90°

° V V ∠θ V °
Z L =jω L =ω L∠90 so I = = m = m ∠θ − 90
Z ω L∠90° ω L
Vm V 2
So PL (t) = i(t)⋅v(t) = cos (ω t+θ −90° )⋅Vmcos (ω t+θ ) = m cos  2ω t+2θ −90°  W
ωL 2ω L  

295
Ex. 11.3-3
Z=
j
1 6
1+ j = 2 1+ j
1

10∠ 0° 20 °
∴ I= = ∠ − 18.4
1 1 6
1+ 2 1+ j 10

(a) Psource = 12 I V cos θ = 12 10 0 5  2010  cos3−18.4 8 = 30.0 W

°

 20 
= 12 
2
015 = 20 W
PR1 = 12 I max R 1
 10 
2
(b)

Ex. 11.3-4
100∠0° 100∠0° 100∠0°
I = = =
Z1 +Z 2 6 − j8+2+ j16 8 2 ∠45°
= 8.84∠ − 45°

Now if Z1 = R 1 + jX1 , Z 2 = R 2 + jX 2
then PZ1 = PR1 = 12 I 2max R 1 = 12 (8.84) 2 (6) = 234 W

PZ2 = PR2 = 12 I 2max R 2 = 12 (8.84) 2 (2) = 78.1 W

Ex. 11.3-5

0<t<1 P(t) = v(t) ⋅ i(t) = 2t (2) = 4t W

0 < t < 15
. P(t) = (2) (2) = 4 W
. < t < 2 P(t) = (1) (2) = 2 W
15

Pave = I
1 T
T 0
P(t)dt =
1
2

! I I I
1

0
4 t dt +
1.5

1
4 dt +
2

1.5
2 dt
"#
$
1
= 2 + 2 +1 = 2.5 W
2

296
Ex. 11.3-6
Phasor circuit VS = 5 ∠ 0°
 1 +1+ 1  = 2.64 − j0.48 Ω
Z = 2+
 − j j4 
= 2.68 ∠−10.3° Ω
V 5∠0°
I= = . ∠10.3° A
= 187
Z 2.68∠−10.3°
Vm I m (5)(1.87)
∴ Pave = cos θ = cos ( −10.3° ) = 4.6 W
source
2 2

Now PR =PR1 =PR2 where PR1 =1/2 I m 2 R1 = 1/2(1.87) 2 (2)=3.5 W

2
PR2 = 1/ 2 VmR2 . ∠− 26.9 °
/ R where VR2 = VS − VR1 = 148
1
so PR = . ) 2 =11
(148 . W
2
2
Now with PC = PL = 0
so PR =1.1+3.5=4.6 W

I  I I "#
Ex. 11.4-1
2
t 1 3
I eff = 1/T i 2 (t) dt = (10) 2 dt + (5) 2 dt = 8.66
0 3 ! 0 2
$
Ex. 11.4-2
Imax
(a) i(t) =2 cos 3t ⇒ I eff = =2 2= 2
2
° °
(b) i(t) =cos (3t − 90 )+cos (3t+60 )

∴ I = 1∠−90° +1∠60° = − j+1/2+j 3 / 2 = .518∠−15°

.518
So i(t) = .518 cos (3t −15° ) ⇒ Ieff = = .366
2

 2  +  3 
2 2

 2  2
(c) I eff 2 = ⇒ I eff = 2.55

Use superposition

297
Ex. 11.4-3

V1 = 5∠0° V (K now since V1 & V3 have the same frequencies, can add them
)K
V2 = 2.5 V (DC)
V1 + V3 = 5∠0° + 3∠ − 90° = 5 − j3 = 583 . °
. ∠ − 310
V = 3∠− 90 V *
3
°

. °) V
So v R (t) = v1 + v 2 + v 3 = 2.5 + 5.83 cos (100t − 310
 583
. 
2
VR2 eff = (2.5) 2 +
 2  = 23.24

∴ VR eff = 4.82 V

Ex. 11.5-1

Mathcad analysis
Enter the parameters of the voltage source: A: = 12 ω:=2

Enter the values of R, L, and C: R:= 10 L:= 4 C:=0.1

The impedance seen by the voltage source is: Z:= R+j⋅ω¹L

A
The mesh current is: I: =
Z
I⋅(I⋅ Z)
The complex power delivered by the source is: Sv: = Sv = 4.39 + 3.512i
2
The complex power delivered to the resistor is: I⋅(I⋅ R)
Sr: = Sr = 4.39
2
I⋅(I⋅ j ⋅ω ⋅ L)
The complex power delivered to the inductor is: S1: = S1 = 3.512i
2

Verify Sv = Sr + Sl: Sr +Sl = 4.39+3.512i Sv = 4.39 + 3.512i

298
Ex. 11.5-2

Mathcad analysis
Enter the parameters of the voltage source: A:= 12 ω := 2

Enter the values of R, L, and C: R:= 10 L: = 4 C:= 0.1

The impedance seen by the voltage source is: 1

Z: = R + j ⋅ ω ⋅ L +
j ⋅ω ⋅C
A
The mesh current is : I:=
Z
I⋅(I⋅ Z)
The complex power delivered by the source is : Sv: = Sv = 6.606 + 1.982i
2

I⋅(I⋅ R)
The complex power delivered to the resistor is : Sr: = Sr = 6.606
2
I⋅( I⋅ j ⋅ω ⋅ L)
The complex power delivered to the inductor is : S1: = S1 = 5.284i
2
 1 
The complex power delivered to the capacitor is : Sc:=
I I⋅
 j ⋅ω ⋅C  Sc = −3.303i
2
Verify Sv = Sr + Sl + Sc : Sr + Sl + Sc = 6.606 + 1.982i Sv = 6.606 + 1.982i

Ex. 11.5-3

Mathcad analysis
Enter the parameters of the voltage source: A: = 12 ω: = 2

Enter the average and reactive power delivered to the RL circuit: P: = 8 Q: = 6

The complex power delivered to the RL circuit is: S: = P + j ⋅ Q

The impedance seen by the voltage source is: A2

Z:=
2⋅S
Im( Z)
Calculate the required values of R and L R := Re (Z) L: = R = 5.76 L = 2.16
ω

299
 A
The mesh current is : I: =
Z
I ⋅( I ⋅ Z )
The complex power delivered by the source is : Sv: = Sv = 8 + 6i
2
I ⋅( I ⋅ R )
The complex power delivered to the resistor is : Sr: = Sr = 8
2

I⋅( I⋅ j ⋅ω ⋅ L)
The complex power delivered to the inductor is : S1: = S1 = 6i
2
Verify Sv = Sr + Sl : Sr + Sl = 8 + 6i Sv = 8+ 6i

Ex. 11.6-1  
( )
PF = cos (∠ Z) = cos  tan −1 ω L  = cos
 R 
 −1 (377) (5)  = 0.053
 tan 100 

  Z  "# = cos tan 4 80 9" = 0.53

PF = cos( ∠ Z) = cos tan −1
Z  $ ! 50 #$
−1

!
I
Ex. 11.6-2
R

Assume lagging
(50) 2 +(80) 2
⇒ X1 = . Ω
=−11125
50 tan (cos −1 1) − 80
∴ Z1 = − j 111.25 Ω

Ex. 11.6-3 PT = 30 + 86 = 116

∴ S T = PT + j Q T = 116+ j51 = 126.7 ∠23.7 °
⇒ PFplant = cos 23.7 ° = 0.915

Ex. 11.6-4 P = VI cos θ

P 4000
I= = = 44.3 A
V cos θ (110)(.82)
V
Z= ∠cos−1 (.82) = 2.48 ∠34.9 ° = 2.03+ j 1.42 = R + jX
I
To correct power factor to 0.95 have
R 2 +X 2 (2.03) 2 +(1.42) 2
X1 = = . Ω
= − 816
Rtan (cos −1 pfc) − X (2.03) tan (18.19 ° ) −142
.
−1
C= = 325 µF
ωX1

300
Ex. 11.7-1
12 j6 − j90
a) I= − 2 = 2e
6 + j6 6+ j6
°
i(t) = 2 cos (3t − 90 ) A

 2  2
P =
 2 6 = 12 W

b)

12 − j53.13 j6 − j135
I1 = = 1.2e I2 = − 2 = 1.414e
6+ j8 6+ j6
° °
i1 (t) = 1.2 cos (4t − 5313
. ) i 2 (t) = 1.4 cos (3t − 135 )

° °
i(t)=i1 (t)+i 2 (t) = 1.2 cos (4t − 53 )+1.4 cos (3t − 135 )
2 2
 1.2   1.414 
P=P1 +P2 =   6+  6 = 10.32 W
 2  2 

For maximum power, transfer Z L = Z t = 10 − j14

*
Ex. 11.8-1

100
I= =5
(10+ j14)(10 − j14)
 5  2
PL =
 2 Re(10 − j14) = 125 W

301
Ex. 11.8-2
If the station transmits a signal in
52 MHZ, then ω = 2 πf = 104 π ×106 rad /sec
So the received signal is
v s (t) = 4cos (104 π × 106 t) mV

a) If receiver has input impedance Z in = 300 Ω

Z in 300
Vin = ⋅ Vs = × 4 ×10 −3 = 2.4 mV
R +Z in 200+300
 1   2.4 ×10  −3
2

P=
1
2
Vm2  R  =  2(300)  = 9.6 nW
L

b) If two receivers are in parallel

(300)(300)
Z in = = 150 Ω
300 + 300
Z in 150
Vin = VS = (4 ×10 −3 ) = 171
. ×10 −3 V
R +Z in 200 +150
 1  (171 −3 2
total P =
2
Vin 2
 Z  = . 2(×150
10 )
= 9.7 nW
)
or 4.85nW to each set
in

c) Need Z in = R for max. power ∴ need another R a in || with Zin

R (300)
⇒ a = 200 ⇒ R a = 600 Ω
R a + 300
Vm 2 (2 ×10 −3 ) 2
So Pmax = = =10nW or 5nW to each set
2Z in 2(200)

Ex 11.9-1
Coil voltages:
V1 = j 24 I 1 + j 16 I 2 = j 40 I
V 2 = j 16 I 1 + j 40 I 2 = j 56 I
Mesh equation:
24 = V1 + V 2 = j 40 I + j 56 I = j 96 I
24 1
I= =−j
j 96 4
 1
Vo = V 2 = ( j 56 )  − j  = 14
 4
vo = 14 cos 4t V

302
Ex 11.9-2
Coil voltages:
V1 = j 24 I 1 − j 16 I 2 = j 8 I
V 2 = − j 16 I 1 + j 40 I 2 = j 24 I
Mesh equation:
24 = V1 + V 2 = j 8 I + j 24 I = j 32 I
24 3
I= =−j
j 32 4
 3
Vo = V 2 = ( j 24 )  − j  = 18
 4
vo = 18 cos 4t V

Ex 11.9-3
0 = V 2 = j 16 I 1 + j 40 I 2
40
⇒ I1 = − I 2 = −2.5 I 2
16
V s = V1 = j 24 I 1 + j 16 I 2
= j (24(−2.5) + 16) I 2
= − j 44 I 2
24 6
I2 = = j
− j 44 11
I o = I 1 − I 2 = (−2.5 − 1) I 2
= −3.5 I 2
 6
= −3.5  j  = − j 1.909
 11 
io = 1.909 cos ( 4t - 90° ) A

303
Ex 11.9-4
0 = V 2 = − j 16 I 1 + j 40 I 2
40
⇒ I1 = I 2 = 2.5 I 2
16
V s = V1 = j 24 I 1 − j 16 I 2
= j (24(2.5) − 16) I 2
= j 44 I 2
24 6
I2 = =−j
j 44 11
I o = I 1 − I 2 = (2.5 − 1) I 2
= 1.5 I 2
 6
= 1.5  − j  = − j 0.818
 11 
io = 0.818 cos ( 4t - 90° ) A
Ex. 11.10-1

(model of ideal transformer)

KVL left ckt: (1 + j3)I1 + V1 = 10 (1)

−5V1
KVL right ckt: I 2 = 100 − j75 ( 2)
also : I1 = − 5I 2 (3)
25V1 V1
(2) into (3) ⇒ I1 = =
100 − j75 4 − j3
 V  +V =10
∴plugging into (1) ⇒ (1+ j3)  4 − j3
1
1

⇒ V1 =10∠− 36.9 °
V1
∴ I1 = = 2 ∠0°
4 − j3

304
Ex. 11.10-2
2V1 = V2 ⇒ V1 = 12 V2
also I1 = 2 I 2

V2
V1 2 = 1 Z = 2.01 ∠5.7 ° = 0.5∠5.7 ° Ω
So Z1 = = 2
I1 2I 2 4 4
1
Z in = 5− j5+ (2 + j0.2) =5.5− j4.95
4
5∠0° 5∠0°
I1 = = = 0.68∠42 ° A
°
Z in 7.4∠− 42
V1 = I1 ⋅ Z1 = (.5∠5.7 ° )(.68∠42 ° ) = 0.34∠47.7 ° V
So i1 (t) = 0.68 cos (10t +42 ° )A & v1 (t) = 0.34 cos (10t +47.7 ° ) V
v 2 ( t) = nv1 ( t ) = 0.68 cos (10t +47.7 ° ) V
i1 ( t)
i 2 ( t) = = 0.34 cos (10t +42 ° ) A
n

Ex. 11.10-3

Z Z 1
Z1 = = Z3 = ( Z + Z2 )
n 23 4 n12
  = 9 Z+ Z 
Z2 =
1
n12

Z
Z+ 2
n3
  4 
1  Z   = 4.0625 Z
Now Z ab = Z IN = Z + Z 3 = Z +
4  
Z+9 Z+
4 

305
Problems
Section 11-3: Instantaneous Power and Average Power

P. 11.3-1
V V V
1= + + ⇒ V = 14.6∠ − 43°
20 j63 − j16
V
I= = 0.23∠ − 133°
j63

3 ° 3 °
p(t)=i(t)v(t)=0.23(cos (2π ⋅ 10 t − 133 )) × 14.6 cos (2π ⋅ 10 t − 43 )

= 3.36 cos (2π ⋅103t −133° ) cos (2π ⋅103t − 43° ) =1.68 (cos (90° )+cos (4π ⋅103 t −176° )) =1.68 cos (4π ⋅103t −176° )

P. 11.3-2

 1800− j 2400  °
Using current divider I=4 5   = 5 5 2 ∠ − 8.1 mA
1800− j 2400+600 
∴ P600Ω =1 2 I 2 600=300(25)(5 2)=1.875×104 : =P:

P
source
1
= 1 2 V I cos θ = (600) 5 5
2 2 ( ) (4 °
5 ) cos( −8.1 ) = 2.1×104: P:

P. 11.3-3
5I X − 4 5 I
X
KCL at 5I X : + IX + 2 = 0
j2 − j5
⇒ I X = 2 ∠ − 26.6°
5

I
∴ I 2 = 5 2 X − j5 = 1 ∠63.4 ° , I1 = I X + I 2 = 1mA
5
3 8
(a) Pindep source = 2 (4) I 1max cos(0° ) = 12 (4)(1) = 2 mW
1

4 93 8
(b) Pdep. source = 12 5 2 I X max I 2 max cos(90° ) = 0

306
P. 11.3-4

20IX −100 20IX − V

KCL at 20I : +I + = 0 ⇒ IX (20− j15) − V= − j50 (1)
X 10 X − j5
V − 20IX V
KCL at V : − 3I + = 0 ⇒ IX ( −40+ j30) + V( −2− j)=0
− j5 X 10

Using Cramer' s rule

j50(2 − j) 50 5∠63.4 °
IX = = = 2 5∠10.3° A
(40 − j30) − (20 − j15)(2 − j) .°
25∠531

4 9
2 2
∴ PAVE = 1 2 I X (20) = 10 2 5 = 200w

P. 11.3-5
(V − 16) V
KCL at V: + − (2 + j2) = 0
j4 8
⇒ V = 16 2 5 ∠18.4 °

I = (16 − V) j4 = 3.2 ∠ − 116.6°

( )
2
V2 16 2
5
∴P = 12 = 12 = 6.4 W absorbed
AVE 8Ω 8 8

P
AVE source current
= − 1 2 V ( 2 2 ) cos θ = − 1 2 16 2 (
5 ) (2 ( )
2 ) cos 26.6° = −12.8 W absorbed

P =0
AVE inductor
PAVE Voltage source = −1/ 2(16) I cosθ = −1/ 2(16)( 3.2)cos( −116.6° )= 6.4 W absorbed

307
P11.3-6

V1 V1 + (3 / 2) V1
KCL at V1 : − 20 + + =0
10 15 − j 20
⇒ V1 = 50 5 ∠ − 26.6°
V + 3 / 2 V1 5 / 2 V1
⇒ I= 1 = = 5 5 ∠26.6°
°
15 − j20 25∠ − 5310
.
2 2
1 V1 1 (50 5 )
PAVE 10Ω = = = 625 W absorbed
2 10 2 10
1 1
PAVE current source = − V (20) cos θ = − (50 5 )(20) cos ( −26.6° )
2 2
= − 1000 W absorbed

1 6
PAVE 15Ω = 1 2 I 15 = −1 2 5 5
2
4 9 1156 = 937.5 W absorbed
2

cos θ = − 1 2 45 5 9 475 5 9 cos4 −531

. 9
1 3 °
PAVE voltage source = − I V1
2 2
= −562.5 W absorbed

PAVE = 0W
capacitor

P11.3-7

V1 = 4 ∠ 6 0 D V
V2 = 8∠ 0 D V
ω = 5 × 1 0 6 rad sec

KVL : − 4∠60D − j2 I + 18 I + 8∠0D + j 20I + 6I = 0 Note: I in mA

Solving yields I = 0.231 ∠ − 67 D mA

 0.231 × 10  46 × 10 9 =
−3 2

Then Pave 6K Ω =
1 2
2
I R =  2  3
160 µ W absorbed

Pave V1 =
1
2
V I cosθ =
1
2
1 64 9 4
4 0.231 × 10 −3 cos −67 − 60D =
277µ W
9
delivered

308
P11.3-8 1 6=
200 j200 200 ∠90D 200
∠45D
200 11+ j6
Z = D
=
2 ∠45 2

120∠0D
= 0.85 ∠ − 45D , I R =
 200  I = 0.6∠0 AD
I =
200
∠45 D  200 + j200 
2

1 6 12006 = 72 W
P = I 2 R = 0.6
2
1 616
w = 72 1 = 72 J

Section 11-4: Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform

P11.4-1
a) i = 2 − 4cos 2t
1Treat as two sources of differing frequency6
2A source : I eff = lim
T→∞
1
T I
o
T 2
(2) dt = 2

4 cos 2t source : I eff = 4

2

1 6 +  42 
2
2
∴ I eff 2 Total = 2 = 12

⇒ I rms = I eff = 12 = 2 3A

(b) 4
i = 3cos πt − 90° + 9 2 cos π t

I = 3∠ − 90° + 2 ∠0° = 2 − j3 = 3.32∠ − 64.8°

3.32
⇒ I rms = = 2.35 A
2

(c) 4 9
i = 2cos 2t + 4 2 cos 2t + 45° + 12 cos 2 t − 90° 4 9
I = 2∠0° + 4 2 ∠45° + 12∠ − 90° = 2 + 4 + j4 − j12 = 10∠ − 531
.°
⇒ I rms = 10 =5 2 A
2

309
P11.4-2
(a) %K 35
KK− 3 1t − 56 04 << tt << 45
f 1t6 = & 5
KK0 5< t < 9

K' 35 1t − 96 9 < t < 10

1  14 
  dt+ ∫ 3 5 ( t −5 ) dt + ∫ 3 ( t −9 )2 dt  =
1  43  7
∫
5 2 10

T∫
T
f rms = 1 f 2 ( t )dt = ⇒ f rms =
2
 
0
10  0  5  4 9 5  10  5  5

(b)  3
 2−
3 t
0<t<6
f (t ) = 
6
−3 3 + 3 t 6<t<12
 2 6

16
( ) dt +∫612 (−3 ) dt  = 1 2
2 2 
f = ∫ 3 − 3 t 3 + 3 t
rms 12  0 2 6 6 6

sint 0 < t< π

(c) f (t ) = 
 0 π <t<2 π
1  n 2
f rms = ∫ sin tdt+0  =
2 n  0
1 = 1
4 2

P11.4-3 period = T = 4

∴ Vave =
116 116 + 136 126 + 106116 = 1.75V
4
 116 116 + 136 126 + 106 116 "#
2 2 2
1
2
Vrms = = 2.18V
! 4 #$
P11.4-4

16  2π t
a) v t = 1 + cos
T 
Veff 2 = VDC 2 + VAC 2

VDC 2 =
 1
T I T
1dt =
0


t
T

T0
=
 T − 0 = 1
T 
1
1 +
 1  = 1.225V2
VAC = ∴ Veff =
 2
2
2

310
 b) ω=
2π
, I rms =
1
I T
16
i 2 t dt

I I"
T T 0

1A sin ωt6 dt = AT 1 6
T 2 T
1 2 1
I rms 2 = 2 2
1− cos 2 ωt dt
T 0 0 2

=
A2
2T
! I I T/2
dt −
0 0
T
2
cos 2 ωt dt = ##
$
A2
4

A2 A
So I rms = = , where A = 10 mA
4 2
So I rms = 5 mA

P11.4-5
%K90 t 0 ≤ t ≤ .1
V = &9010.2 − t 6 .1 ≤ t ≤ .2
K'0
t
.2 ≤ t ≤.3

V =
2
rms
1
.3 ! I
190t6 dt + 9010.2 − t6 dt "#$
.1

0
2
I .2

.1
2

=
90 
.3 !
I I
0
2
"
t dt + 10.2 − t 6 dt #
2 .1

#$
.2

.1
2

90  .001 .001 "

# = 18
2
+
.3 ! 3 3 $
=

∴ Vrms = 18 = 4.24 V

Section 11-5: Complex Power

P11.5-1
1
⇒ X = − 1ωC = − 11588
. ⇒ C=
11.588 2 π 60
= 229µF
1 61 61 6

P 20
= = 5Ω
12 6
R=
I2 2

P 20
cos θ = = = .3846 ⇒ θ = 67.4 D
VI 1 61 6
2 26
reactive power : Q = VI sinθ = 2 26 sin 67.4 D = 48 VAR 1 61 6
2
but Q = I X L
Q 48
∴ XL = = = 12Ω ⇒ L = X L = 12 = 31.8 mH
ω
I2 (2) 2 377

311
P11.5-2 From Problem P11.5-1: S resistor = 20 + j0 VA
S coil = 0 + j48 VA
Z = R + jωL = 5 + j12 = 13∠67.4 D

V 26∠0°
For 26V source : I = = = 2∠ − 67.4 °
°
Z 13∠67.4

∴ S 26v = VI * = 1266 42∠67.4 9 = °

52∠67.4 ° = 20 + j48 VA
 delivered
by 


So S 26V = − 20 − j48 VA delivered

S Total = S resistor + S coil + S 26V = 20 + j48 − 20 − j48 = 0

P11.5-3
If Pcomplex = 50 3 ∠531 4
. ° = 1 2 I ∗ 40∠0° 9
⇒ I ∗ = 5 6 ∠531 .°
⇒ I = 5 6 ∠ − 531 . ° = 12 − j 2 3 A

1 6 32 +20j8L  = 4875+−j12L

From current divider: I1 = 2 + I
j20
116
Also from KVL: I 112 + j8L6 + I114 + j76 − 40 = 0
1

⇒ I =
170 + j35
1
72 + j48L
126
Equating 116 & 126 1 both real & imaginary parts6 ⇒ L = 2H

P11.5-4

V (V −V )
KCL at V : − 5 + 1 2 + 1 2 j2 = 0 ⇒ V (1+ j) − V = 10 (1)
1 1 2

KCL at V2:
( V2 −V1 ) + 1 V1+ V2 =0 ⇒V1( −4+ j)+ V2 ( j8 )=0 (2)
j2 8 (.8+j.4 )
Using Cramer's rule

= (16/3) ∠126.9°
80
V1=
(4− j)− j8(1+j)

∴ I = −1 V1− V2 = − V1-V1(1+ j)+ j10= 2.66∠126.9°

1
8 8

( )(
∴Complex power = S= 1/2 I*( − (1/ 8)V1 ) = 1/2 2.66∠−126.9° − (2 / 3) ∠36.9° = − j8/9 VA )
Now S=P+jQ=j 8 9 ⇒ P=0,Q= 8 VAR
9

312
P11.5-5
Z eq = 16 + j12 = 20∠36.87 °
50∠120°
I = . ° A
= 2.5∠8313
20∠36.87 °

4 94
S = VI ∗ = 50∠120° 2.5∠− 8313
. ° 9
°
= 125 ∠36.87 = 100+ j75 VA

P 11.5-6

1 6
KVL : 10+ j20 I1 = 5∠0° − j2I 2 116
1 6
or 10+ j20 I1 + j2I 2 = 5∠0 °

KCL : I1 + I 2 = 6∠0° 12 6

Powers delivered by sources → S = 12 VI ∗

4 94 9 1 6
S5∠ 0° = 12 5∠0° − I 2 ∗ = 2.5 6.41∠(180 − 4.47) = −16.0 + j1.1

= 5− j2I 46∠0 9 = 5− j216.39+ j.56 3 = 18.0 − j38.3

1 °
S 6∠ 0° 2
2
S Total =S ° + S 6∠ 0° = 2.0 − j37.2 VA
delivered 5∠ 0

10 + j20 j2
From (1) & (2) ∆ = = 10 + j18
1 1
1 5 j2 5 − j12
I1 = = = 0.63∠232 ° A = −.39 − j.5
∆ 6 1 10 + j18
I 2 = 6 − I1 = 6 + 3.9 + j.5 = 6.39 + j.5 = 6.41∠4.47 °

Powers absorbed

S10Ω =
2
1 2
10 I1 =
10
2
2
.63 = 2.0 1 6
j20 2
S j20Ω = I1 = j4.0
2
1
1 6 2 2
S − j2 Ω = − j2 I 2 = − j 6.41 = − j41.1
2
1 6
S Total = 2.0 − j37.1VA to numerical accuracy S del = S abs
absorbed

313
P11.5-7
(a) V 100∠20°
Z= = = 4∠30° Ω
I 25∠ − 10°

(b) 1 61 6
P = 1 Z I V cosθ = 1 2 100 25 cos30° = 1082.5W

(c) Y = 1 Z = .25∠ − 30° = .2165 − j.125

So to cancel phase, need to add Yc = j.125
= admittance of a capacitor
∴ ωC =.125
⇒ C = 1.25mF

P 11.5-8

3 − V1 3 °
KCL at top node: 4 − 4 V1 + (10 − V1 ) /(1 − j 2 ) = 0 ⇒ V1 = 4∠36.9
V ° °
∴ I = 1 4 = 1∠36.9 ⇒ I = 1 ∠36.9
1 1rms 2
∗    10 
∴ complex power phasor for source = S=I 1rms V = 1 ∠−36.9°   ∠0°  = 5∠−36.9° VA
rms  2  2 

(
power factor = pf = cos −36.9° = .8 leading )

1 6 = 136.2
P11.5-9
VA inrush
= 105.73Ω
I 1inrush6 11135
. 6
1) Inrush conditions Z coil = 2 2

1
Watts inrush 6= 46.0
= 35.7Ω
R coil = 2
1
I inrush 6 11.1356 2

X L = Z2 − R 2 = 1105.736 − 135.76
2 2
= 99.51Ω
XL 99.51
= = 0.264 H
1 6
L =
2 πf 2 π 60

Seal VA 26.22
2) Seal conditions : Z coil = = = 549.2Ω
1Seal I6 10.21856
2 2

Seal watts 5.0

R coil = = = 104.73Ω
1Seal I6 2
10.21856 2

314
 XL = 1549.26 − 1104.736
2 2
= 539.12Ω
539.12
L= = 143
. H
2 π60

P 11.5-10
R s = Source resistance = 3Ω PL = Lamp power consumption
R L = Lamp equivalent resistance ] = Power transfer efficiency
p T = Total power consumption

 V  1R 2

6=  v  2
PT =  R + R 
L
s
S
L + RS
v 2s
, P =
R L + RS L  R +R 
L
s
S
⋅R L

PL RL
]= =
PT R L + RS

 120  11926 = 72.71 W

=
2

 195
1202
For incandescent : PT = = 7385
. W ; PL
192 + 3
72.71
z = = 0.98
73.85

=
11206 2
= 17.93 W ; PL =
11206 2
⋅ 800 = 17.87 W
18036
For compact flourescent: PT
2
800 + 3
17.87
z= = 0.99
17.97
Although less power is delivered to the flourescent lamp, it has higher illumination and
power transfer efficiency.

Section 11.6: Power Factor

P11.6-1 For heating : PAV = 30kW
16
For motor : θ = cos −1 .6 = 531
. ° , VI rms = 150 kVA
. ° = 90kW
⇒ PAV = 150 cos 531
Q = 150sin 53.1° = 120kVAR
∴ total Pav = 30 + 90 = 120 kW
so for the plant: PAV = 120 kW
Q = 0 +120 = 120 kVAR

⇒ S = 120 + j120 = 170∠45°

∴ pf = cos 45° =.707

Then the current in the plant is I =

1VI6 = 170kVA = 42.5A
4 kV 4kV

315
P 11.6-2

1
Load 1: P1 = VI cosθ = 12kVA .7 = 8.4 kW 61 6
Q1 = VI sin cos4 −1
1.769 = 12sin445.6 9 = 8.57kVAR
°

1
Load 2: P2 = 10kVA .8 = 8kW 61 6
4 1 69
Q 2 = 10sin cos−1 .8 = 10sin 36.9 ° = 6.0kVAR4 9
∴ Total: ST = PT = jQ T = 8.4 + 8 + j18.57 + 6.06
= 16.4 + j14.57 = 21.9∠41.6°

4 9
. ° =.75 , PTAV = 8.4 kW, and
So pf T = cos 416

VI T = 219
. kVA

S = 12 VsI s∗ ⇒ I s∗ = 2S Vs
P11.6-3

 
2 50∠cos-1 0.8
=
20∠0°
= 5∠36.9 °
∴ I s = 5∠ − 36.9 ° = 4 − j3 A

Vs 20∠0°
Now I1 = = . ° = 12
= 2∠ − 531 . − j1.6
6 + j8 10∠531
.°
. + j1.6 = 2.8 − j1.4 = 3.13∠ − 26.6°
I 2 = I s − I1 = 4 − j3 − 12
Vs 20∠0°
∴ Z= = = 6.39∠26.6° Ω
. ∠ − 26.6°
I z 313

P11.6-4
f = 60 Hz
°
I = 50∠0 8 + j6 = 5∠ − 36.9 ° KA

(a) 4 94 9
Pcomplex = S = 2VI ∗ = 2 50∠0° 5∠36.9 ° = 500∠36.9 ° MVA

(b) Power factor = pf = cos436.9 9 = .8 lagging °

(c) Using Equation 11- 25

82 + 62
= −11588
X=
2
−8 tan cos− 1 .95 − 61 67 .

316
P 11.6-5 Using all rms values

1 61 6
2
2 v 2
R ⇒ V = P ⋅ R = 500 20
(a) P= I R=
V = 100W
∴ Vrms = 100∠0° V

°
(b) I s = I + I L = where I = V 20 = 100∠0 20 = 5 A
°
I L = V j20 = 100∠0 = −j 5 A
20∠90°
∴ I s = 5 − j5 = 5 2 ∠ − 45° A

12061 j206 = 10
(c)
Z s = − j20 + 2 ∠ − 45° Ω
20 + j20
∴ circuit power factor = cos −45° = 1 4 9 2
leading

(d) Because no average power gets dissipated in the capacitor or inductor, then

PAVE = PAVE = 500 W

source 20Ω

⇒ Vs I s cos θ = 500 W
500 500
⇒ Vs =
I s cos θ
=
5 2

 1 

4 9 2 
= 100 V

P11.6-6

V = 100∠160° V
I = 2∠190° A = − 197
. − j0.348
P1 = 23.2W, Q1 = 50 VARs
S1 = P1 + jQ1 = 23.2 + j50 = 55.12∠65.1° VA
. ° =.422 lag
pf1 = cos 651
S1 5512 .°
. ∠651
Now I1 ∗ = = = 0.551∠ − 94.9 ° , so I1 = 0.551∠94.9
°
Vs 100∠160
. − j.348+.047 − j.549 = 2.12∠ − 155° A
I 2 = I − I1 = −197

4 94 9
S 2 = VI 2 ∗ = 100∠160° 2.12∠155° = 212∠ − 45° = 150 − j150

4 9
pf 2 = cos −45° = .707 leading

S = S + S = 123.2 + j506 + 1150 − j1506 = 173.2 − j100 = 200∠ − 30

1 2
°

So total pf = cos4 −30 9 = .866 leading

°

317
P11.6-7

S = P + jQ, I = 1, V = 2 120 ,cos θ =.6 1 6

(a) P=
1
VIcosθ =
1
11206 116 2 1.66 = 50.9 W
2 2
Psinθ
Q= = 67.8 VAR sin θ =.8
cosθ
so θ = 53.1°
S = 50.9 + j67.8

(b) With Z = R + j67.8

P=
I2R
or R =
2P
=
1 6 = 1018. Ω
2 50.9
2
2 I 12

Q=
1
ωLI 2 or L =
2Q
=
1 6 = 0.36 H
2 67.8
2 ωI 2
37741 9
2

P11.6-8

1 6
P1 = V1I1 cos θ1 = 4800 .85 = 4080 W
∴ PT = P1 + P2 = 4080 + 4000 = 8.08 kW

Q1 = V1I1 sin θ1 = 4800 sin 31.8° = 2529 VAR

4
Q = VI sin cos−1 .75 = 8080 sin 4149
. ° = 5343 VAR

So Q 2 = Q − Q1 = 5343 − 2529 = 2814 VAR

Now P2 = V2 I 2 cos θ 2 , Q 2 = V2 I 2 sin θ 2

Q2 2814
∴ = tan θ 2 = .°
= 0.704 ⇒ θ 2 = 351
P2 4000

P2 4000
Apparent power load 2 = V2 I 2 = = = 4878 W
cosθ 2 0.82
Power factor = cosθ 2 = 0.82

318
P 11.6-9
120V
Z refrig = = 14.12Ω
8.5A
Z refrig = 14.12∠45° = 10 + j10Ω

2
R lamp = V P =
120 1 6
= 144Ω
2

100

R range =
12406 2
= 4.8Ω
12,000

120∠0° 120∠0°
1) Now I refrig = = 8.5∠ − 45° A , I lamp = = 0.83∠0° A
10 + j10 144
240∠0°
I range = = 50∠0° A
4.8
.° A
From KCL: I1 = I refrig + I range = 56 − j6 = 56.3∠ − 61
I 2 = −I lamp − I range = 50.83∠180° A
I N = −I1 − I 2 = 7.92∠ − 49 ° A

2) Prefrig = I refrig 2 R refrig = 722.5W

Q refrig = I refrig 2 = 722.5 VAR

1 61 6
Now S = V I = 120 8.5 = 1020 VA
S = 1020∠45° = 722 + j722 VA
Plamp = 100W, Q lamp = 0
PTOT = 722 + 100 + 12,000 = 12.82 kW
Q TOT = 722 + 0 + 0 = 722 VAR

⇒ S = 12,822 + j722 = 12.84kVAR∠3.2 °

4 9
pf = cos 3.2 ° = 0.998

"# 120∠0 "#

Continued
30 + j10 − 20 − 10 − j10 "#I °

## = 120∠0 ##
A
3) Mesh equations: −20 164 − 144 ## I B
°

!−10 − j10 − 144 158.8 + j10$ ! I C $ !0 #$

. °A
yields I A = 54.3∠ − 17
. ∠ − 0.2 ° A
I B = 513
I C = 50.0∠0° A

. ∠ − 8.6° = 183.2 V
Thus Vlamp = R lamp I B − I C = 144 127
Lamp will not last very long!

319
P 11.6-10

a) 1 6
VI = 220 7.6 = 1672 VA
P 1317
pf = = = .788
VI 1672
θ = cos −1pf = 38.0° ⇒ Q = VIsinθ = 1030VAR

b) To restore the pf to 1.0, a capacitor is required to eliminate Q by introducing –Q, then

V2 (220) 2
1030 = = ⇒ X c = 47Ω
Xc Xc
∴ C = 1 ωX = 1 (377)(47) = 56.5µF

c) P = VI cosθ where θ = 0°
then 1317 = 220I
∴ I = 6.0A for corrected pf
*
Note I = 7.6A for uncorrected pf

P11.6-11
−1 °
First load: S =P+jQ =P(1+j tan (cos (.6))) =500(1+j tan 53.1 )=500+j677kVA
1
Second load: S2 = 400+ j600 kVA
∴ S=S +S =900+j1277kVA
1 2

S desired = P + jP tan (cos −1 (.90))

= 900 + j436

From vector diagram Sdesired = S + Q

∴ 900 + j436 = 900 + j1277 + Q ⇒ Q = − j841 VAR
2 2
V V (1000) 2
So = − j841 ⇒ Z =
*
= = j1189
Z* − j841 − j841
∴ Z = − j1189 = − j / (377)C
So C = 1/ (1189)(377) = 2.20µF

320
P11.6-12

(a) −1 −1
S=P+jQ=P+jP tan (cos pf)=1000+j1000 tan (cos .8)=1000+j750

Let VL =100∠0° rms

1000+ j750
Then I* =S/VL = =10+ j7.5
100∠0°
so I=10− j7.5

100∠0°
=8∠36.9° =6.4+ j4.8
V
∴ ZL = L =
I 12.5∠−36.9°

⇒ V=[6.4+j(200)(.024)+Z )(I) = (12.8+j9.6)(10− j7.5)=200∠0° V

L
1
(b) Need Z*L = Z L || Z new =
YL + Ynew
1
= YL + Ynew
(6.4 − j4.8)
1 1
⇒ Ynew = − = j.15
6.4 − j4.8 6.4 + j4.8
So Z new = − j6.67Ω
1 1
∴ need capacitor = 6.67 ⇒ C = = 0.075µF
ωC (6.67)(200)

P11.6-13
P 100
S = P + j Q and S = = = 125kVA
pf .8
So Q = S sin (cos−1 .8) = 125 sin(36.9 ° ) = 75k VAR

(a) pf of .95 lagging

P=100kW, Q=P tan (36.9 ° )=32.9 kVAR
⇒ S = ( P 2 +Q 2 )1/2 =[(100) 2 + (32.9) 2 ]1/ 2 =105.3kVA
∴ released capacity=125−105.3=19.7 kVA

(b) pf of 1.0
Need Q=0 ⇒ S = P =100kVA
∴ released =125−100 = 25kVA
(c) Relative capacity required
Part (a): 75− 32.9 = 42.1 kVAR
Part (b): 75 − 0 = 75 kVAR

(d) Corrected pf

.95 1.0
released 19.7 kVA 25 kVA
capacity
required 42.1 kVAR 75 kVAR
reactive
capacity
ratio ∼ 1/2 1/3

321
P11.6-14 I 0.2
I = 0.2 A Y = = = 8.33 mS
f = 400 Hz V 24
pf = .8 leading ∠θ Y = cos−1 (.8) = 36.9 °
∴ Y=8.33∠36.9 ° =6.67+ j5 mS

1 1
so R = = = 150Ω ⇒ checks
G 6.67 ×10 −3
5×10 −3
B = ωC or C = = 199
. µF
2 π(400)

P11.6-15
This example demonstrates that loads can be specified either by kW or kVA. The procedure is as follows:

1) Combine loads and determine the overall PL + jQ L

2) Given that PS =PL , determine the required Q S
3) Determine Q C = Q L − Q S 1Note: assume f =60H 6z
4) Determine C given Q c and Vc
PL + jQ L = (45 + 45) + j(21.8 + 20.5)
= 90+ j42.3 KVA
90
∴ Ps = 90 kW and Q s = sin (cos−1 0.97)
0.97
=22.6 kVAR

so Q c = 42.3 − 22.6 = 19.7 kVAR

2
Vc (7.2 × 103 ) 2 1
Xc = = = 2626 Ω ⇒ C = = 101
. µF
Qc 19.7 × 103 377 (2626)

P11.6-16
pf P Q kVAR S(kVA) I
.6 lag 48 kW 64 80 160 load 1
.96 load 24 kW -7 25 50 load 2
72 kW 57 91.8 184 Total
48kW
Load 1: S1 = = 80kVA, Q1 = (80) 2 − (48) 2 = 64 kVAR
.6
80 kVA
I1 = = 160A
500V
24 kVA
Load 2: S 2 = = 25kVA, Q 2 = − (25) 2 − (24) 2 =−7 since lead pf
.96
2 2
S = S1 + S 2 = 802 + 252 = 918
. kVA
. kVA
918 PTOT 72
I= = 184 total pf = = = .784
500 S TOT .
918
Need correction Q c =−57 kVA
−Q c 57 ×103
C= 2
= = 605µF
ωV 377(500) 2

322
Section 11-7: The Power Superposition Principle
P11.7-1

Use superposition since we have two different frequency sources.

First consider dc sources (ω = 0)

 12  = 12 A
I1 = 14
 12 + 2 
∴ P1 AVE = I12 R=(12) 2 (2) = 288 W

Consider ω = 20 rad s source

 − j60 "#
Current divider ⇒ I 2 = −9.166
(12 − j5)
− j60
## = 255 ∠116.6 °

!
(12 − j5)
+2+ j4
#$
2
∴ P2AVE = 1/ 2 I 2 (2)=1/2(125)(2)=125 W
so PAVE = P1 AVE + P2 AVE = 288 +125 = 413 W

P11.7-2
Use superposition since we have two different frequency sources
First consider ω = 2000 rad/s source
Using current divider
 8 "#
− j2 # 5
I1 =5
8
+8 #
# =
5
∠63.4 °

2
∴ P1 AVE = 12 I1 8 = 20 W ! − j 2 #$
Next consider ω = 8000 rad/s source

 8 "#
j7 #
I2 = − j5
8
+8 #
#= 5
50
. °
∠ − 1719

Current divider yields ! j 7 #$

2
∴ P2 AVE = 12 I 2 8 = 2 W
So PAVE = P1 AV + P2 AV = 22 W

323
P11.7-3
Use superposition
ω=0
 1  = 1 A
I1 = 10
 10  i 2 ( t) = 0

∴PR1 AVE = I12 R 1 =12 (10) =10 W

P R 2 AV = 0 W

ω=5

KCL at top node (Va = 10 I1 )

(10I1 −10∠40° )
−6I 2 + I1 + I 2 − 4 ∠− 30 ° + =0 (1)
j10
KVL −10I1 + (5− j2)I 2 = 0 (2)
°
Solving (1) and (2) yields I1 =−0.56 ∠− 64.3 A
. ∠− 42.5° A
I 2 =−104

So PR1AV =
2
1 2
I1m R1 =
2
1.566 (10) = 157
1 2
. W

= 1104
. 6 (5) = 2.7 W
1 2 2 1
PR 2 AV = I 2m R 2
2 2
∴P = 10 W +157. W = 1157
. W
R 1
TOT

PR 2
= 0 + 2.7 W = 2.7 W
TOT

P11.7-4
Use superposition
ω = 10

V1 4 ∠0°
I1 = = = 0.28 + j0.7 A
Z 2 − j5
VR = 2I1 = 2(.28 + j.7) =.56 + j1.4 = 1.51 ∠68.2 °
1

VC = − j5I1 = 3.77 ∠ − 218

.°V
1
ω=5
V2 6∠− 90°
I2 = = = .577 − j0.12 A
Z 2 − j10
VR 2 = 2I 2 = 2(.577 − j0.12)=1.15− j0.24
. °V
=1.17∠−118

324
 VC = − j10I 2 = 5.9∠258.3° V
2

So VR ( t) = 1.51 cos (10t +68.2 ° )+1.17 cos (5t −118

. °) V
VC ( t)= 3.77 cos (10t − 21.8° )+5.9 cos (5t − 258.3° ) V
 151
=
.   117
2
. 
2

 2   2 
 + = 182
. ⇒ VReff =135
2
so VReff . V

 3.77  +  5.9 
=
2 2

 2   2  = 24.52 ⇒ VCeff = 4.95 V

2
VCeff

Section 11-8: Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

P11.8-1
Z t = 4000||− j2000 = 800 − j1600
Z L = Z*t = 800 + j1600

R + j1000L = 800 + j1600 ⇒

%&R=800Ω
'L=1.6 H
P11.8-2
Z t = 25,000||− j50,000 = 20,000 − j10,000
Z L = Z*t = 20,000 + j10,000
%K R = 20 kΩ
R + jωL = 20,000 + j10,000 ⇒ &100L=10,000
K' L=100 H
The choices yield I = 14
. mA and

 0.14 ×10  120k6=19.5mW

−2
2

P=  2 
Since the maximum power is >12 mW, then yes, we can deliver 12mW to the load.

P11.8-3
Z t = 800 + j1600
 − j 
ZL =
R
 ωC  = R − jωR C = Z = 800− j1600
2
*
t
j 1+ (ωRC) 2
R−
ωC
Equating the real parts gives
R 4000
800= =
1+(ωRC) 1+[(5000)( 4000) C]2
2

⇒ C = 0.1µF

325
P 11.8-4
Z t = 400 + j 800
Z L = 2000 || − j1000 = 400 − j 800
Since Z L = Z*t the average power delivered to the load is maximum and cannot be increased by
adjusting the value of the capacitance.
The voltage across the 2000Ω resistor is
ZL
VR = 5 . e − j63.4
= 2.5− j5 = 559
Zt + ZL
 559
P=
. 
2

 2 
1
So = 7.8 mW is the average power delivered to the 2000Ω resistor.
2000

P11.8-5

Notice that Zt,not ZL, is being adjusted .When Zt is fixed, then the average power delivered to the load is maximized
by choosing ZL = Zt*. In contrast, when ZL is fixed, then the average power delivered to the load is maximized by
minimizing the real part of Zt. In this case, choose R = 0. Since no average power is dissipated by capacitors or
inductors, all of the average power provided by source is delivered to the load.

P 11.8-6
Find Z T (open current source)

∴Z T
11− j2612 + j66 = 2 2 ∠− 44.9 ° kΩ
1− j2 + 2 + j6
Find Voc

Current divider ⇒ I = 5
 1 "# = 1∠ − 531. mA
°

!1+2+ j4 $
1
⇒ Voc = 2 + j6 I = 61 6 . 41∠531
40∠716 . 9 = 2 10∠18.5
° ° °
V

∴have

For maximum power transfer Z L = Z T *

⇒ R + j2 × 106 L = 2 + j2 kΩ
⇒ R = 2 kΩ and L = 1mH

41 10 9
Voc 2
2
Now PLmax =1 2
Re Z L 1 6 = 12
2 kΩ
= 2.5 mW

326
P11.8-7
Here ω = 4 × 106 s−1 , Vs = 10∠0°

ZT =
1R61 jωL6 = 1R − jωL61R61 jωL6
R + 1ωL6
2
R + jωL 2

1ωL6 R + ωLR2 2

R + 1ωL6 R + 1ωL6
= 2 2
2 2

20 × 109
& Z L = 5000 − j
ω
So equating Z L = Z*T yields:

1ωL6 R
2
116
20x10 9
=
ωLR 2
126
R + 1ωL6 1 6
5000= &
2 2
ω R 2 + ωL
2

Dividing 126 by 116 yields : = 4 × 10

R 6
L
1R L6 + ω 20 x 10
2 2 9

From 126 we can write L =

ω 1 R L6
2 2

16 ×1012 +16 ×1012 20 × 109

L= = 2.5 × 10 −3 H = 2.5mH
416×10 9416×10 9
12 12

∴ R = 4 × 106 L = 10kΩ

Thévenin Equivalent

 j10kΩ  10∠0
Voc =  10kΩ + j10kΩ  °
= 7.07∠45° V

Z TH =
110kΩ61 j10kΩ6 = 7070∠45 °

10 + j10kΩ
= 5000 + j5000Ω

So we have

327
 7.07∠45°
I= = 0.7∠45° mA
15+ j5− j5+56 kΩ
P = I R = 10.76 (5000) = 2.5mW
2 2

P11.8-8

For maximum power transfer, set R = zero, then set X L = X TH

*

1 1
⇒1 ωC = ωL or C= = = 40µF
4 9
ω L 103 (.025)
2 2

 100  11006 = 41.3 W

= 1 2 I 11006 = 1 2 
2

 10+100 
2
PLmax

P11.8-9
Lefthand circuit
.6
I= =.3mA
2kΩ
50I =15mA, V1 =150 V

Right-side equivalent circuit

VT =
1 6
2000 150
= 19.2∠39.8 V
12,000 − j10,000

To get Z T = 0 set Vs = 0 then I = 0

ZT =
2kΩ(10kΩ − j10kΩ) 2 10 − j10
=
1 6
kΩ = 1.81∠− 5.2 ° kΩ
2kΩ +10kΩ − j10kΩ 12 − j10 1 6
Voc = 19.21∠ − 140° V So

19.21
| I| =
1 6
2 1805
= 5.3mA

and PL =
I
2
R=
45.3x10 9 118056 = 25.6 mW
−3 2

2 2

328
P11.8-10
a) Find Voc

ω = 100 rad sec

KVL: −10 + 5I + j10I − 0.5 Voc = 0 116
also : I =
10 − Voc
5
12 6

16 1 6
Solving 1 & 2 yields Voc = 8∠36.9 ° = 6.4 + j4.8 V
Find I sc

10∠0°
I sc = = 2∠0° A
5
V
∴Z TH = oc = 3.2 + j2.4Ω
I sc

So the Thévenin Equivalent circuit is

Z L = Z*TH = 3.2 − j 2.4Ω for maximum power transfer

b)

1
⇒ capacitive load with R = 3.2Ω & C =
1 6
100 (2.4)
= 4.17 mF

| VTH |2 64
c) PL1max =
8R L
=
1 6
8 3.2
= 2.5 W

Section 11-9: Mutual Inductance

P11-9-1

KVL : Vs + IjωL1 + IjωM + IjωL 2 − IjωM = 0

V
⇒ jω (L1 + L 2 − 2M) = s
I
∴L ab = L1 + L 2 − 2M

329
P11.9-2

KCL at top : I1 + I 2 = I s (1)

also : V = I1 jωL1 + I 2 jωM 12 6
V = I 2 jωL 2 + I1 jωM 136
Solving for I1 in (1) and plugging into (2) and (3)
⇒I 2 =
V − jωL1I s
1
j ω M − L1 6 4 16
1
V = I 2 jωL 2 + I s − I 2 jωM 6
(5)
Plugging (4) into (5)
( V − jωL1I s ) jω L 2 − M 1 6
V=
jω M − L1 1 + jωMI s
6
Solving for the ratio V I s

⇒
V
= jω

L1L 2 − M 2 "#
Is !
L1 + L 2 − 2 M #$
L1L 2 − M 2
∴ L ab =
L1 + L 2 − 2 M

P11.9-3

ω = 100 rad sec

loop l : − 141.4∠0° + 2I1 + j40I1 − j60I 2 = 0 116

loop2 : 200 I 2 + j60I 2 − j60I1 = 0 ⇒ I 2 = (0.23∠51° )I1 12 6
Plugging this into (1) yields I1 = 4.17∠− 68° A
Plugging this into (2) yields I 2 = 0.96∠−17 ° A

16
So i1 t = 4.2 cos(100t − 68° ) A

and i 1 t 6 = 1.0 cos(100t −17 ) A

2
°

P11.9-4
1 6
KVL I1: 10 + j5 I1 − j50I 2 = 10
1 6
KVL I 2 : − j50I1 + 400 + j500 I 2 = 1

(10+ j 5)(0 )−( − j 50 )(10 ) °

Using Cramer's rule, I 2 = = 0.062 ∠ 29.7
(10+ j 5) (400+ j 500 ) − ( − j 50 ) 2

V
∴ 2 =
400I2
V1 10∠0°
(
= 40I2 = 40 0.062 ∠ 29.7° = 2.5 ∠ 29.7° )

330
P11.9-5

ω = 30 rad sec

loop1 : −10∠0° − j5I1 + j9I1 + j3I 2 = 0 116

loop2 : 28I 2 + j6I 2 + j3I1 + j9I 2 − j3I 2 = 0 12 6
Solving (1)+(2) yields I1 = 0.25∠161° and I 2 = 2.55∠− 86°
but V = j 9(I1 − I 2 ) where I1 − I 2 = 2.6 ∠−81° , so V = 23 ∠9 °
or v (t) = 23 cos (30t + 9 ° ) V

P11.9-6

(a) Open - circuit

I 2 = 0 ⇒ I1 = 10 ∠0° ⇒ i1 (0) = 10 A
1
∴ W = 1/2 L1 i12 (0) = (.3) (10) 2 = 15 J
2

(b) Short - circuit

KVL right loop : j 6 I 2 − j 3 I1 = 0 ⇒ I1 = 2 I 2

I1 = 10∠0° ⇒ I 2 = 5∠0°
1 1
∴W = L1i12 (0) + L 2 i12 (0) − M i1 (0) i 2 (0)
2 2
1 1
W= . )(5) 2 − (.6) (10)(5) = 0
(.3)(10) 2 + (12
2 2

(c) Connected to 7Ω

KVL right loop : (7 + j6) I 2 − j 3 I1 = 0 ⇒ I 2 = 3.25 ∠49.4 °

so i 2 (t) = 3.25 cos(5t + 49.4)
⇒ i 2 (0) = 2.12 A

1 1
∴ W = (.3) (10) 2 + (1.2) (2.12) 2 − (.6) (10) (2.12) = 5.0 J
2 2

331
P11.9-7

− VT + j8I1 + j5(I1 − I 2 ) − j6I1 + j6 (I1 − I 2 ) + j5I1 = 0 (1)

3I 2 + j6(I 2 − I1 ) − j5I1 = 0 (2)

From Eq. (2) : I 2 = (1.64 ∠27 ° ) I1 (3)

From Eq. (1) : I1 (j18) + I 2 ( − j11) = VT (4)

Plugging Eq. (3) into (4) and solving yields

VT
Z = = 8.2 + j2 = 8.4 ∠14 ° Ω
I1

P11.9-8

%K V 1 = j6I1 − j2 (I1 − I 2 ) − j4I 2 = j4I1 − j2I 2

3 coils : &V 1 6
= j4 I1 − I 2 − j2I1 + j2I 2 = j2I1 − j2I 2
KK' V2

3 1
= j8I 2 − j4I1 + j2 I1 − I 2 6= − j2I1 + j6I 2
mesh I1 : 5 I1 + V1 + 6 (I1 − I 2 ) + V2 = 10∠0°
mesh I 2 : − V2 + 6 (I 2 − I1 ) + 2 I 2 + V3 − j5 I 2 = 0
Substituting V1 , V2 , V3 into mesh equations
11 + j6 10
−6 − j4 0 60 + j40
I2 = = = 1.2 ∠0.28°
11 + j6 −6 − j4 50 + j33
−6 − j4 8 + j3
Now V = − j5 I 2 = 6.0 ∠ − 89.72 °
∴ v(t) = 6 sin(2t − 89.7 ° ) V

332
Section 11-10: The Ideal Transformer
P11.10-1

Z
Z (100− j 75)
Z = Z + 2 = (2 + j 3) + = 6Ω
s n2 25

12∠0° 12∠0°
∴I1 = = =2A
Z 6
Z 
⇒ V1 = I1 2  = (2)(4− j3) = 10∠−36.9°V
 n2 
Now V2 = nV1 = 5 (10∠−36.9° ) = 50 ∠−36.9° V
I 2
and I2 = 1 = A
n 5

P11.10-2

(a) V0 = (5 × 10 −3 A )(10,000Ω) = 50 V
N1 V1 10 1
∴ = = ⇒ n=5
=
N2 V0 50 5
1 1
(b) R ab = R2 = (10kΩ) = 400Ω
n2 25

10 10
(c) Is = = = 0.025A = 25mA
R ab 400

P11.10-3

n = 1/3

1
Z1 = Z 2 = 9Z 2 = 9(5 − j8) = 45 − j72
n2
From voltage division, voltage across Z1 is:
 45− j 72 
V1 = 80∠−50°   = 74.4 ∠−73.3
°
 45− j 72+ 30 + j 20 
∴ the voltage across the secondary coil is:
74.4
V2 = nV1 = ∠−73.3° = 24.8 ∠−73.3°
3
Then from voltage division again
( )
8∠−90°
 − j8 
Vc = V2 
 5 − j 8


= (
24.8∠− 73.3 °
) 89∠− 58°
= 21.0∠−105.3° V

333
P11.10-4
n = 5, Z1 =
200
156 2
= 8 ⇒ V1 =
8
10
1 6
50 = 40V = 40∠0°

now V2 = nV1 = 200∠0° V

P11.10-5
ω = 105 320 jωL
Z = +
2
n n2
jωL
For maximum power transfer, need = j160kΩ
n2
320
and = 80 ∴ n = 2
n2
If n = 2, then ωL = 640kΩ
640kΩ
L= =6.4 H
105

P11.10-6

Voc = 32 V
Z Th = (2) 2 2 = 8Ω

6
Voc = (32) = 12 V
16
Z Th = 6 10 = 3.75Ω

334
P11.10-7 1
V = V
2 2 1
V −V V
I = 1 2= 1
3 2 4
V V
I =I − 2 = 1
2 3 6 6
1 V
I =− I =− 1
1 2 2 12
V
I =I −I = 1
T 3 1 6
V
Z = 1 =6
I
T

P 11.10-8

I1 = −4I 2
V2 = 4V1

Va − 200 Va − Vo
KCL at a : + − 4 I 2 = 0 (1)
25 75
Vb Vb − Va
at b: + + I2 = 0 ( 2)
100 75
also Vb = 4Va (3)

16
Solving (1) − 3 yields Va =
25
2
V, Vb = 4Va = 50 V

P11.10-9
Maximum Power requires X Th = X L *

 1  =X , 1 = 2 = 1⇒n
 n 
X C1
2
2
n 10
L1
5 2
2 2 = 5

  1  + 1Ω"#  1  = 100Ω
Now R 
!  n  #$  n 
1 100 3
L 2 2
⇒ 2
= or n1 =
2 1 n1 3 10

335
P11.10-10
20(1+ j 7.54)
ZL = = 8.1∠23° Ω
20 +10 + j7.54

ZL . ∠23°
81
Z L1 = 2
= = 0.3+ j013
. Ω
n 25

VL
2
V2
2
123062

210.36
PL = = = = 88kW for 1 home ∴ 529kW for six homes
2R 2 2R L

P11.10-11
Phasor circuit finding Voc first

KVL: 100I1 + 0.1Voc = 20∠0° 116

KCL: 10I1 +
Voc
1+ j
=0 12 6
above yields Voc = − 2.86∠45.6° V

Now find I sc

20∠0°
I1 = = 0.2∠0° A
100
11+ j6 110I 6
I sc = −
11+ j6− j2.5 1

. °A
= −1.57∠1013
V −2.86∠45.6°
So Z th = oc = = 103 .Ω
. − j15
I sc −157
. ∠1013. °
So have Thévenin Equivalent circuit

Assume Z = jX

Z ab =
1
n2
1R+Z 6
=
1
n2
1R + jX 6

336
 when Z ab = Z th * ⇒ max. power transfer

So
1
n 2
1R + jX6 = 1.03+ j1.15 So nR = 1.03 or n = 9.85 turns
2

X
= 1.5 or X = 145.6Ω
n2
So Z = jX = j145.6Ω ← an inductor

So have jωL = j145.6 Ω yields L = 145.6H

Now V2 =
Z ab
Z ab + Z th
Voc =
1.03+ j1.5
1.03+1.03
4−2.86∠45.6 9 = − 2.53∠1011.
° °

. °V
V3 = nV2 = − 24.9∠1011
2
1 1
24.96 
 1.03
1 Vm 1 2
So Pmax = = = 300 W
2 R 2

PSpice Problems
SP 11-1

m
k = = 0.25
L1 L 2
ω = 104 rad sec
4
v s = 200sin ω t + 45° V 9

Input File:
Vs 1 0 ac 200 45
R1 1 2 60
R2 3 0 80
R3 4 0 100
L1 2 3 4m
L2 2 3 9m
K1 L1 L2 0.25

.ac lin 1 1591.5 1591.5

.print ac Vm(4) Vp(4)
.end

Output:
FREQ VM(4) VP(4)
I.592E+03 7.001E+01 7.177E+00

So v(t) = 70 sin(ωt + 7.2 ° ) V

337
SP 11-2

ω = 500 rad sec

V1 = 100∠0°
V2 = 100∠− 90°
k = 0.4

Input File:
V1 1 0 ac 100 0
V2 5 0 ac 100 -90
R1 1 2 10
R2 4 5 10
L1 2 3 20m
L2 3 4 20m
K1 L1 L2 0.4
C1 3 0 100u

.ac lin 1 79.6 79 .6

.print ac Im(C1) Ip(C1)
.end

Output:
FREQ IM(C1) IP(C1)
7.960E+01 3.992E+00 2.860E+01

16 4 9
So i t = 4.0 cos 500t + 28.6° A

SP 11-3

L 0.4
V1 = 100∠0° n2 = = =2
L 0.1
ω = 1000 rad / sec

338
 Input File:
Vs 1 0 ac 100 0
R1 1 2 2
R2 3 0 3
L1 2 0 0.1
L2 3 0 0.4
K1 L1 L2 1

.ac lin 1 159.15 159.15

.print ac Vm(3) Vp(3)
.end

Output:
V2 54.5
FREQ VM(3) VP(3) So = = 0.545 ∠0°
1.592E+02 5.454E+01 3.125E-01 V1 100

SP 11-4

m −0.5
K= = = −1
L1 L 10.6610.46
f = 1.59
16 =
is t 4 9
6 cos 10t + 45°
v 1t6 =
s 12 sin110t 6
= 12 cos 410t − 90 9 °

Input:
R1 1 0 10
R2 2 0 5
R3 3 2 5
L1 3 4 0.2
L2 4 1 0.6
L3 4 5 0.4
K1 L2 L3 -1
Is 2 1 ac 6 45
Vs 5 0 ac 12 -90

.ac lin 1 1.59 1.59

.print ac Im(L3) Ip(L3) Im(L2) Ip(L2)
.end

Output:
FREQ IM(L3) IP(3) IM(L2) IP(L2)
1.590E+00 1.814E+00 -6.498E+01 3.729E+00 -1.677E+02

339
SP 11-5

5
K= = 0.72
(8)(6)
v s = 2cos 500 t
R L = 3Ω

Input:
Vs 1 0 ac 2 0
R1 2 3 1
R2 4 5 4
RL 5 9 3
C1 1 2 1e-3
C2 3 4 0.5e-3
C3 7 6 2e-3
L1 3 6 2e-3
L2 0 8 8e-3
L3 8 9 6e-3
K1 L2 L3 0.72
Vdummy 8 7 0
H1 5 6 Vdummy 0.5

.ac lin 1 80 80
.print ac Im(RL) Ip(RL)
.end
Output:
FREQ IM(RL) IP(RL)
8.000E+01 5.463E-01 -1.262e+02

4
So i 0 = 0.546cos 500t +126° A 9

340
Verification Problems
VP 11-1 Phasor circuit

VS = 163∠0° V

Circuit reduces to →

(7)(j4.5) 31.5∠90°
ZL = = = 3.8∠57 ° = 2.1 + j3.2
7 − j4.5 8.32∠33°
V 163∠0° 163∠0°
I= = =
Z T 3− j13.3+ 2.1+ j3.2 5− j10
163∠0°
= = 14.5∠63° A
11.2∠− 63°

S = P + jθ = VI * = (163∠0° )(14.5∠ − 63° ) = 2372∠ − 63° VA

S = 2372∠ − 63° = 1077 − j2114 = P + jQ

∴P = 1077W and S = 2114 VAR Not as reported

VP 11-2
Simplify circuit to
2
VL
PL =
2

(15+ j6)(20 + j4) (16.2∠22 ° )(20.4∠11° )

ZL = = = 9.1∠17 ° = 8.65 + j2.68
15+ j6 + 20 + j4 36.4∠16°
 Z  (9.06∠17 )(220∠0 ) ° °
VL =  Z 0.02  V = 9.08∠17
P
S = 220∠0
°
°

P+
2
VL (220) 2 Not as reported
PL = = = 5595W
RL 8.65

341
VP 11-3

%K 5 0< t <5
v(t) = & −10 5 < t < 20
K' 5 20 < t < 25
Veff =
1 
25 ! I I I
5

0
20

5 20
"
25dt + 100dt + 25dt # =
25

$
1750
25
= 8.37 V as stated

VP 11-4
Apply test voltage

A -j40

loop equation : j20I T + j10I T + j30I T + j10I T − j40I T = VT

VT
so = Z = j 30 Ω as reported
IT

Design Problems
DP 11-1

Desire Z IN = 7.21 ∠33.7 °

Now Z IN = 6 + jX = 7.21∠33.7 °
2
Z IN = (7.21) 2 = 62 + X 2 ⇒ X 2 = 16.0 or X = 4
∴ Z IN = 6 + j4 = 6 + jωL − j4
Thus 4 = ωL − 4 or L = 8 / 4 = 2.0 H

DP 11-2

240
I = .2 desire Z = = 1200Ω or less
2

Now Z = 750 − jX where X = 1 / ωC

2
Z = (1200) = (750) 2 + X 2 ⇒ X = 937Ω
2

1 1
∴C = = = 0.425µF
ωX (2 π)(400)(937)

342
DP 11-3

Apply test source Vin = 1∠0°

I = V in (2 + j) = 1∠0° (2 + j) = 2 + j
KCL at top node : − 2I + I + Vin ( − jB) = I in where B = 1 ωL
⇒ I in = −I − jB = − (2 + j) − jB = −2 − j(l + B)
1 6
Now Y in = I in = Y∠0° where Y = 2 2 + l + B
2

Note if B = 1 , then Y = 8 = 2.83

and Yin = 2.83∠ − 135°
1 1
∴L = = = 20µH
ωB 5 × 104

DP 11-4

ω = 100 rad sec

Z L = − jX where X = 1 ωC

1
Z in = 2 +
Y
1 1 1
Y= + +
5 + j4 6 − jX 5.2 + j3

Try X = 3Ω ⇒ Y =.156∠ − 38.7 ° +.149∠26.6° +.167∠ − 30° = 0.416∠ − 16°

∴ Z in = 2 + 2.4∠16° = 4.36∠8.72 °
∴ Z in = 4.36 is inside designed range
1 1
Thus C = = = 3.33mF
ωX (100)(3)

343
DP 11-5
Equivalent circuit
V
I=
 3 + R  + j 3 + 4
 n  n 
2 2

 R  V
n 
2
2
P=
 3 + R  +  3 + 4
2 2

If R = 4Ω
 n  n 
2 2

P=
n 2 RV 2 dP
= 0 = RV 2

2n(25n 4 + 48n 2 + 25) − n 2 (100n 3 + 96n) "#
25n + 48n + 25
4 2
thus
dn ! (25n 4 + 48n 2 + 25) 2 #$
⇒ −50n 5 + 50n = 0 ⇒ n 4 = 1 or n = 1
If R = 8Ω similar analysis yields n = 1.31

DP 11-6

ω = 106 rad sec

8( − j10)
ZL = = 4.88 − j 3.9
8 − j10
So need jωL = j 3.9 ⇒ then L = 3.9µH
For maximum power to 4.88Ω of Z , we need R = 0
Then all power goes to 4.88Ω.

(.045/ 2 ) 2
So Pmax = = 208µW
4.88

344
DP 11-7

f = 100KHz

Z T = Z L for maximum power transfer

10
R T = 1Ω , R L = 10Ω , so 1 = 2 ⇒ n 2 = 10 ⇒ n = 3.16
n

nVs nVs
I2 = = = (0.06∠− 32 ° )nVs
(10 + 6.28j)2 17∠32 °

DP 11-8

ω 0 = 107 rad sec

v s = V0 sinω 0 t
Z1 =100 + j10 ∴need Z p =100 − j10
for maximum power to R

1
Yp = jωC + = G + jωC
R
1 G − jωC
Zp = = 2
G + jωC G + (ωC) 2
G ωC
need 2 =100 (1) and 2 =10 ( 2)
G + (ωC) 2
G + (ωC) 2
G
Taking the ratio of (1) & (2) leads to = 10 or G

2
=
100
 (ω
C)
ωC
(3)
Now plugging (3) into (2) yields C = 99pf
1
and thus G = 9.9 × 10 −3 or R = = 101Ω
G

345
346