EE504: Advanced Power System Protection and Switchgear
Teaching Scheme Credits Marks Distribution
Theory Marks Practical Marks Total
L T P C Marks
ESE CE ESE CE
4 0 2 6 70 30 30 20 150
Course Content:
Sr. Teaching
Topics
No. Hrs.
1 Static Relays: 04
Basic Block diagram, Advantages of Static Relays, Comparators,
Phase and amplitude Comparators, General Equations of
Comparators, Analysis of Amplitude and Phase Comparators,
Operating principles, Static Overcurrent relays, Differential relays,
and distance relays.
2 Basic Elements of Digital Protection: 08
Basic Components of a Digital Relay, Signal Conditioning
Subsystems, Transducers, Surge Protection Circuits, Analogue
Filtering, Analogue Multiplexers, Conversion Subsystem, The
Sampling Theorem, Signal Aliasing Error, Sample and Hold Circuit,
Digital Multiplexing ,Digital-to-Analogue Conversion, Analogue-to-
Digital Conversion, Digital Relay Subsystem, Benefits of digital
relays.
Mathematical basis for protective relaying algorithms:
Fourier series, Other orthogonal expansions, Fourier transforms,
Discrete Fourier transform Fourier algorithms, Fourier algorithms
with shorter windows, Recursive forms, Walsh function algorithms,
Differential-equation algorithms, Kalman filter algorithms, Removal
of the DC offset.
3 Load-Shedding and Frequency Relaying: 04
Introduction, Rate and Frequency Decline, Load-Shedding,
Frequency Relays, Induction-Cylinder under frequency Relays,
Digital Frequency Relays, microprocessor-Based Frequency Relay,
Formulating a Load-Shedding Scheme, Maximum Anticipated
Overload, Number of Load-Shedding Step, Size of the Load Shed at
Each Step, Frequency Settings, Time Delay, Special Considerations
for Industrial System.
4 Reclosing and Synchronizing: 08
Introduction, Reclosing Precautions, Reclosing System
Consideration, One-Shot vs. Multiple-Shot Reclosing Relays,
Selective Reclosing, Deionizing Times for Three-Pole Reclosing,
Live-Line/Dead-Bus, Live-Bus/Dead-Line Control, Instantaneous-
Trip Lockout, Intermediate Lockout, Factors Governing Application
of Reclosing Considerations for Applications of Reclosing , Feeders
with No-Fault-Power Back-Feed and Minimum Motor Load, Single
Ties to Industrial Plants with Local Generation, Lines with Sources
at Both Ends, Reclosing Relays and Their Operation, Review of
Breaker Operation, Single-Shot Reclosing Relays, Multi shot
Reclosing Relays, Synchronism Check, Phasing Voltage
Synchronism Check Characteristic, Angular Synchronism Check
Characteristic.
5 Developments in New Relaying Principles 06
Introduction, Traveling Wave Based Protection of Transmission
Lines, Frequency Based Relaying , Series Compensated Line
Protection, Introduction, The Degree of compensation, Voltage
Profile of Series Compensated Line, Faults with Unbypassed Series
Capacitors, Relay Problems Due to compensation, Voltage and
Current Inversion, Problems in reach measurement, Protection of
Series compensated line, Concept of Adaptive Relaying , Fault
Location Algorithms.
6 Concept of Different Relay Algorithms 06
Introduction of different techniques, Least square based methods,
Introduction, Integral LSQ fit, Power series LSQ fit, Differential
equation based techniques, Basic principles, and Digital harmonic
filtering by selected limits, Fourier analysis based techniques,
Introduction, The full cycle window algorithm, The half cycle
window algorithm.
Total Hrs. 36
Reference Books:
1. B.A Oza and R.P Mehta, “Power System Protection”, TMH Publication, 2013.
2. Bhavesh Bhalja and R. P. Mahesheari, “Protection and Switchgear” Oxford University
Press.
3. Badri Ram and D.N.Vishwakarma, “Power system protection and Switch gear”, TMH
publication, New Delhi 1995.
4. T.S.Madhava Rao, “Static relays”, TMH publication, second edition 1989.
5. C. Christopoulos and A. Wright, “Electrical Power System Protection”, Springer
International.
6. A. G. Phadke and J. S. Thorp, “Computer Relaying for Power Systems”, John Wiley
and sons.
7. J. L. Blackkburn, “Protective Relaying (Principles and applications)”, Marcel
Dekker,Inc.
