ELIXIR

- A clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquid intended Formulation:

for oral use containing flavoring substance or active
medicinal agent Iso Alcoholic Elixir
- Their primary solvents are alcohol and water Low Alcoholic 15mL
- Glycerin, sorbitol and syrup are additional solvent High Alcoholic 15mL
and/or sweetening agents Low Alcoholic Elixir
 Alcohol  solvent Compound
10mL 0.15mL ≈ 3 gtts
- 10-12% self-preserving Orange Spirit
- 5-40% (limit) Alcohol 100mL 1.5mL
- used as vehicle or for their therapeutic effect Glycerin 200mL 3mL
- has less sugar than syrups Sucrose 320g 4.8g
Purified water,
2 GROUPS OF ELIXIR 1000mL 15mL
qs ad
1) Flavored Elixir High Alcoholic Elixir
2) Medicated Elixir Compound 0.06mL ≈ 1.2 gtts
4mL
Orange Spirit ≈ 2 gtts
Propylene Glycol can be used as substitute for glycerin Saccharin 3g 45mg
and alcohol Glycerin 200mL 3mL
Alcohol is an excellent solvent for drugs but it Alcohol, qs ad 1000mL 15mL
accentuates the saline taste of bromides and similar
salts Procedure:
LOW ALCOHOLIC
METHODS PREPARATION 1. Mix alcohol, glycerin and 7.5 mL of purified
water thoroughly
1) Simple solution with agitation
(separation occurs when water is added before
2) Admixture of 2 or more liquids
alcohol; alcohol to water prevents turbidity)
Preparation 19: Iso-alcoholic Elixir 2. Add compound orange spirit and agitate. Cover
Category: Non-medicated elixir and let it stand f or 24 hours
3. Filter until a clear solution is obtained
Synonyms: Iso-Elixir 4. Dissolve sucrose by agitation in the filtrate
5. Add enough water to complete the volume
Use: General vehicle for various medicaments or
preparation that requires a solvent of different alcohol HIGH ALCOHOLIC
strength 1. Mix compound orange spirit and saccharin in 7.5
mL alcohol
Suitable as vehicle for
2. Add glycerin and stir
Low Alcoholic High Alcoholic preparations of the
3. Add sufficient amount of alcohol to make the
Elixir Elixir following Alcoholic
required volume
Strength
Undiluted None 0-10% ISO-ALCOHOLIC
4 volumes 1 volume 10-20%
2 volumes 1 volume 20-30% 1. Mix 15 mL of Low Alcoholic Elixir and 15 mL of
High Alcoholic Elixir
3 volumes 1 volume 30-40%
High to Low - manner of addition to prevent turbidity
1 volume 1 volume 40-50%
1 volume 2 volumes 50-60% Label: White
1 volume 3 volumes 60-70%
none undiluted 70 or more Container: 30 mL amber bottle
Remarks:
Description of Final Product:
- A clear, colorless, hydroalcoholic solution - When Iso-alcoholic elixir is specified in a
prescription, the proportion of its 2 ingredients to
be used is that which produce a solution of the
 required alcohol strength; can be determined by Preparation 20: TERPINE HYDRATE ELIXIR
alligation.
Category: Medicated Elixir
- The method – admixture of two or more liquid
- Each 100ml of T.H.E. contains nlt 1.53 g and nmt
ingredients
1.87 g of TH. The preparation has 1.7 g of TH per
- LAE was allowed to stand for 24hrs to ensure
100 mL of elixir.
saturation of hydroalcoholic solvent, permit oil
globules to coalesce so that they may be easily Synonyms:
removed during filtration - Elixir Terpin Hydrate
- Terpinol Elixir
mL of alcohol - Terpin Hydrate Oral Solution (former official name)
% alcoholic strength = x
mL of low alcoholic elixir Category: Medicated elixir
100
Description of Final Product
= 100 mL/1000 mL X 100 - It is colorless with striations and it contains 43%
= 10% v/v alcohol
 What volume (in mL) of the prepared low and Use: Expectorant
high alcoholic elixirs is to be combined if Rx
requires 100 mL of an alcoholic elixir with 55% Formulation:
v/v alcoholic strength? Ingredients OA CA
Terpin Hydrate 17g 255mg
 To determine the amount of alcohol, add first
Alcohol 930mL 13.95mL
the ingredients and subtract it from 1000 mL.
Orange Peel
However, saccharin is in g, so conversion to mL is 20mL 0.3mL ≈ 6 gtts
Tincture
necessary.
0.00075mL
Benzaldehyde 0.05mL
HIGH ALCOHOLIC ELIXIR ≈ 0.015gtts ≈ 1 gtt
Glycerin 400mL 6mL
COS = 4 mL
Syrup 100mL 1.5mL
Saccharin (0.828 g/mL) = 3 g (3.623 mL)
Purified water, qs ad 1000mL 15mL
Glycerin = 200 mL
Alcohol, qs ad = 1000 mL
Procedure:
1. Convert g to mL saccharin using the density 1. Triturate terpin hydrate
given 3g x 1mL/0.828 = 3.623 mL 2. Dissolve terpin hydrate in alcohol
2. Add the Ingredients 3. Add successively orange-peel tincture,
4 mL COS + 3.623 mL saccharin + 200 mL glycerin benzaldehyde, glycerin and syrup. Stir after
= 207.623 mL every addition
3. Subtract the total ingredients from 1000 mL 4. Add sufficient amount of water
1000 mL – 207.623 mL = 792.377 mL alcohol 5. If it becomes turbid, filter until clear

Then Alcohol strength may now be computed Label: White

mL of alcohol Container: 15mL amber bottle

% alcoholic strength = x100
mL of elixir Remarks:
= 792.377 mL/1000 mL X 100 - Method of preparation is simple solution with
= 79% agitation
Determine in mL of the LAE and HAE to be combined - Orange peel tincture is a flavoring agent
- Benzaldehyde is used as preservatives
HAE 79% 45 parts - Gylcerin & Syrup are thickening and sweetening
55% agents; co-solvent
LAE 10% 24 parts
- Dilution of this elixir with water causes
69 parts 100 mL
precipitation of TH
HAE: 69 parts: 100mL = 45 parts: x mL x = 65 mL of HAE
LAE: 69 parts: 100mL = 24 parts; x mL x = 35 mL of LAE
 SPIRIT - 27.5 mL of mixed oils are present in the preparation.
COS contains nlt 25 mL and nmt 30 mL of mixed oils
- Aka essences, are clear, saturated, alcoholic or in 100 mL of spirit. It contains 65% to 70% alcohol
hydroalcoholic solution of volatile oil or aromatic
substances Procedure:
- over 60% alcoholic content due to the greater
1. Measure 21.75 mL alcohol
solubility of the volatile ingredient in alcohol than
in water 2. Add orange oil, lemon oil, coriander oil and anise
oil, stirring after each addition until the oil is
- The active ingredient in spirit like aromatic water
may be solid, liquid or gas mixed or dissolved thoroughly
3. Filter until clear, add sufficient amount of alcohol
- Used internally for their medicinal value
- Flavoring agent to make 30 mL
- Stored in tight light resistant container and in a Label: White Label
cool place, preventing evaporation and
volatilization of either the alcohol or the active Container: 30 mL amber bottle
principles Remarks:
Preparation of Spirits - Method of preparation is simple solution method
1. Simple Solution - Container should be tight and light resistant
- Solutes are dissolved in a solvent
- 65 mL volatile oil/1000 mL preparation - Store in a cold place
2. Solution with Maceration
- Leaves are soaked in alcohol to extract
Preparation 22: PEPPERMINT SPIRIT
volatile substance Category: Medicated Spirit
- macerates leaves in water to extract water
soluble components (cleansing) Synonyms: Essence of Peppermint
3. Distillation Spiritus Menthos Piperitas
- takes advantage of fermentation Description of Final Product:
 Brandy – fermented juice of ripe grapes
 Whisky – fermented mash of wholly - A clear, brilliant green solution with odor and taste
germinated malted cereal grain of peppermint
4. Chemical Reaction
Uses:
- NaNO3 + C2H5OH + H2SO4 
- carminative
C2H5NO3 (ethyl nitrate spirit) + NaSO4+ H2O
- for nausea and vomiting
Preparation 21: COMPOUND ORANGE SPIRIT
Category: Non-medicated elixir Formulation

Synonym: Spiritus Auranti Compositus Ingredients OA CA

Peppermint oil 100mL 1.5mL
Description of Final Product: Peppermint leaves 10g 150mg
- It is an alcoholic solution with the odor of orange Alcohol, qs ad 1000mL 15mL
- between 65.0% - 70.0% of C2H5OH Procedure:
Use: Flavoring agent 1. Macerate peppermint leaves in 20 mL of purified
Formulation water for 1 hour with agitation

Ingredients OA CA 2. Strongly express through filter paper to dry the

Orange oil 200mL 6mL leaves and add 20 mL of alcohol to macerate
leaves and allow to stand for 2 hours with
Lemon oil 50mL 1.5mL
frequent agitation
Coriander oil 20mL 0.6mL ≈ 12 gtts
Anise oil 5mL 0.15mL ≈ 3 gtts 3. Filter through muslin cloth or filter paper
Alcohol, qs ad 1000mL 30mL
 4. Add peppermint oil to filtrate and complete to 2. Stir. Stand for 24 hours
complete the required volume with alcohol
3. In another container, dissolve all the volatile oils
Label: White Label in alcohol (Mixture 2)
Container: 15 mL amber bottle 4. Slowly add the mixtures (1 & 2)
Remarks: 5. Add enough water to make 30 mL
- The method of preparation is maceration method 6. Stand for 24 hours. Agitating occasionally
- Macerate the leaves thoroughly with water to 7. If turbidity occurs, filter it.
exhaust the leaves of water-soluble extractives.
- Traces of water in the apparatus make the solution Label: Red Label
turbid Container: 30 mL amber bottle
Remarks:
Preparation 23: AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT
- Preserve in tight, light resistant container at
- A hydroalcoholic solution that is intended to be temperature not exceeding 300C
INHALED
- During inhalation, place a small amount of the
Category: Spirit solution between your fingers approximately 4
inches away from nostrils, inhale the spirit
Synonyms:
- Smelling salts Equation involved:
- Sal volatile - Ammonia gas passed into a strong aqueous
solution of the sesquicarbonate (mixture of
- Salt of hartshorn
(NH4)HCO3, (NH4)2CO3, and H2O) and converts it
Description of Final Product: into normal ammonium carbonate [ (NH 4)2CO3 ],
- A clear yellow solution with a strong ammonia which can be obtained in the crystalline condition
odor from a solution prepared at about 30°C. This
Use: compound on exposure to air gives off ammonia
- treat and prevent syncope (fainting) and reverts to ammonium bicarbonate.
- reflex stimulation
 Simple solution
Formulation
Ingredients OA CA  Inhalation
Ammonium
34g 1.02g
Carbonate
Strong Ammonia 1.08mL ≈ 21.6gtts Aside from spirits prepared...
36mL
Solution ≈ 22gtts
Lemon oil 10mL 0.3mL ≈ 6gtts Camphor spirit
Myristica oil 0.03mL ≈ 0.6gtts Synonym: Spiritus Camphorae
1mL
≈ 1gtt
Lavender oil 1mL 0.03mL Description: Clear colorless liquid
Alcohol 700mL 21mL
Use: temporary relief of minor aches, muscle and joint
Purified water, qs ad 1000mL 30mL pain with arthritis, strains, bruises, and simple backache
- USP states that each 100 mL of the preparation
Formula: Camphor 100g; alcohol, a sufficient quantity, to
contains nlt 1.7 g and nmt 2.1 g of the total H3 and
make 100 mL.
nlt 3.5 g and nmt 4.5 g of (NH4)2CO3
Procedure:
Available spirit in the market:
1. Dissolve Ammonium carbonate in strong
ammonia solution and 6 mL of purified water Brand Name: Rhea
(Mixture 1)
Manufacturer: Philusa
Direction for use: External use only
Use: mild circulatory stimulant as in case of fainting
Available: 15 mL, 120 mL, and 1 liter
Extractives - alcohol as solvent
- Product prepared by extraction of drug with - 100% tincture
suitable solvent
- potent, too bitter taste
Methods of Extraction Preparation:
 Percolation
 Percolation
 Process A
 Maceration
– extract is ready for Assay
 Digestion
 Process B
 Infusion
– hot water is used as menstruum (solvent)
 Decoction
 Process E
EXTRACT
– use of longer and narrower percolator
- 2x to 6x more potent than crude drug
1. Semi liquid
- syrupy, 20 mL of the solvent is left
2. Pilular
- solid extract, plastic masses,all solvent has been
evaporated
3. Dry Powder
- powdered extract, starchy drug – cassava, raddish
TYPES
1. TINCTURE
- alcoholic/hydroalcoholic solution prepared from
vegetable or animal drug or from chemical
substances
- 10 to 20% potency (10-20 g/100mL)
- ≤ 50% alcohol content
- Package in a tight light resistant container and
avoid exposure to direct sunlight and excessive
heat
PREPARED BY
 Simple solution – Iodine Tincture
 Extraction
 Percolation (Process P) – Belladona
Tincture
 Maceration (Process M) – Sweet Orange
Peel Tincture; Compound Benzoin Tincture
2. FLUID EXTRACT
- 1g/mL
 PREPARATION 24: Iodine Tincture - decrease bacteriostatic activity of the tincture

Category: Topical Tincture Label: Red

Synonyms: Container: 15 mL amber bottle

- Tincture of Iodine
- Tinctura Iodi Remarks:

- Solutio Iodi - Method  simple solution method

Description of Final Product: - Alcohol used was 49% diluted alcohol

- The tincture has a reddish-brown color which - Store in a tight container

produce stain on the skin
Uses:
LINIMENTS
- local anti-infective agent applied topically to the
- alcoholic or oil-based solutions or emulsions
skin
containing therapeutic agents intended for
- germicide, fungicide, and antiseptic external application

Formulation: - Applied with friction and rubbing to the affected

area - “embrocations”
Ingredients OA CA
Iodine Crystal 20 g 300mg - The oil and soap base provides ease of
Sodium Iodide 24 g 360mg application and massage
Alcohol 500 mL 7.5 mL Importance: to provide temporary, fast-acting pain relief
Purified water, qs ad 1000 mL 15 mL
Uses:
Procedure:
1. Sore and inflamed joints, muscles, tendons, and
1. Weigh and measure the required amount of each ligaments
ingredient
2. Alleviation of the discomfort of arthritis, bursitis,
2. Dissolve NaI in purified water and rheumatism
3. Dissolve I2 crystals in alcohol 3. Circulation problems
4. Combine (Mixture 1 & 2) 4. Sprains, strains, and bruises
5. Add enough purified water to complete the volume Examples of liniments
Sodium Iodide 1. Emulsion – White liniment
- Solubilizing agent 2. Suspension – Calamine liniment
- Used to stabilize the tincture and make it miscible 3. Solution – Camphor liniment
with water in all proportions
Types of Liniment
- Prevents the formation of ethyl Iodide
1. Alcoholic Liniments
3I2 + 3CH3CH2CH2OH  CH3CH2I + 2CH3CHO + 5HI
(Ethyl iodide) - Intended generally for their rubefacient,
IODINE counterirritant, mild astringent and penetrating
effect
- NaI will react with I2 to form NaI3 thus this reaction
prevents formation of CH3CH2I from interaction - Penetrate the skin readily than the oil base
between I2 and alcohol which will result…
Ethyl IODIDE
 *rubefacient(redness of skin) increase blood Camphor 45g 1.35g
circulation, dilation f arteries; relive acute/chronic Soap 70g 2.1g
pain Rosemary oil 10mL 0.3mL ≈ 6gtts
Alcohol 750mL 22.5mL
2. Oily Liniments
Purified water, qs ad 1000mL 30mL
- Milder in their action but are more useful when
Procedure:
massage is desired
1. Dissolve camphor and rosemary oil in alcohol
- Used as protective coating depending on the
ingredient in the preparation should not be 2. Shake until camphor is dissolved
applied on bruises and broken skin
3. In a separate container, dissolve grated soap in 9
Compositions mL purified water
 Counterirritant 4. Shake the mixture for few minutes
 Antiseptic 5. Mix the 2 solutions and allow to stand for 24
hours in a cool place
 Local anesthetic
6. Add enough water to complete volume and filter
 Analgesic
Label: Red
Factors to be considered in choosing solvent based in
the preparation of liniments Container: 30 mL flint/amber bottle
1. Type of action desired – rubefacient,
counterirritant, just massage – oil or alcohol
2. Solubility of desired components
Remarks:
PREPARATION 25: Camphorated Soap Liniment
- Method used was agitation without the aid of heat
Category: Alcoholic based Liniment
- Official hand soap should be used
Synonyms:
- If soap is made from animal oils are used,
- Linimentum Camphoras El Salponis gelatinization may occur

- Linimentum Saponis mollis

- Linimentum Saponis Camphoratum GLYCERITES

- Soap Liniment - Solution or mixture of medicinal substances in not

less than 50% by weight of glycerin
- Liquid Opodeldoc
- Most glycerites are viscous while some are jelly like
Description of Final Product:
- Solvent for the preparation of Antipyrine and
- Clear, colorless to yellow solution. It has the odor of Benzocaine Otic Solution.
camphor
- Protectant, emollient, substitute for fatty ointment
Uses:
- Hygroscopic  tightly closed container
- Rubefacient
Glycerin
- counterirritant effect
- Reducing agent
- local anesthetic for sprains
- Should not be triturated with strong oxidizing agent
- rheumatism like KMnO4 chromium trioxide or KClO3 
Formulation: explosion will likely occur

Ingredients OA CA
 - It produces coloration with phenol, salicylates,
Procedure:
tannins, etc. due to contamination with iron
1. Triturate starch and benzoic acid in a mortar.
- Strong HNO3 /H2SO4 converts glycerin into an
Add water. Levigate until smooth paste is formed
explosive nitroglycerin
2. Add glycerin and mix thoroughly
PREPARATION 26: Starch Glycerite
3. Heat the mixture in a sand bath (140 – 144 oC)
Category: Gel with gentle and occasional agitation until
Synonyms: translucent, jelly like mass is formed

- Glyceratum amyli 4. Transfer to the final container

- Starch Glycerin Label: Red

- Glycamyl Container: 30 mL wide mouth amber bottle

Description of Final Product: Remarks:

- Translucent, jelly like mass - The method used is trituration

Uses: - It should be freshly prepared and stored in tightly

closed container
- Topical vehicle
- Protectant
MIXTURES
Formulation:
- particle size > 0.5 µm
Ingredients OA CA
Starch 100g 3g - aqueous liquid preparation which contains
Benzoic acid 2g 60mg suspended (suspensoid), insoluble solid substances
intended for internal use.
Purified water 200g(200mL) 6mL
Glycerin(d=1.26g/mL - The insoluble substance maybe held in suspension
700g(560mL) 16.8mL
) by the use of suitable suspending or thickening
1000g 30g agent since the insoluble substance does not make
the mixture very viscous
Insoluble Substances
- must be in very finely divided state and it must be
uniformly distributed throughout the preparation
- this is accomplished by the use of colloid mill,
special methods of precipitation and suspending
agent
Reasons for having the Insoluble substance in a finer
state of subdivision
- The more active they become as adsorbent and
protectives when in contact with the inflamed areas
- Suspended more readily and settle out much slowly
than large particles, thus enabling the patient to
obtain uniform doses of suspended particles
- To increase palatability of the preparation with the
use of colloidal suspending agent
EMULSION Method of Preparation
- 2 phase system in which one liquid is dispersed 1. Wet or English
in the form of small globules throughout - G+W+O
another liquid in which it is immiscible - 4 (oil): 2 (water); 1 (gum)
- L in L - gum and water first then add oil slowly
- Solute immiscible in vehicle so solution is - in one direction, creamy, sticky mixture with
impossible crackling sound
*immiscible – small globules dispersed in vehicle *more difficult to use but produces more stable product
*produces o/w emulsion
Three components *gum arabic: usual surfactant
1. Dispersed liquid/Internal phase/Discontinuous
Phase 2. Dry or Continental
- Small volume - G+O +W
- Small globules - 4 (oil): 2 (water); 1 (gum)
2. Dispersion medium/External Phase/ - gum and oil first then add water at once
Continuous Phase - in one direction, creamy, sticky mixture with
- Vehicle cracking sound
- Where internal phase is dispersed *surfactant/gum is usually gum arabic
3. Intermediate agent/ Emulsifying agent/ *cod liver oil (vitamin a source): prepared by continental
Dispersing or Stabilizing agent method

Type of Emulsifying agent 3. Bottle or Forbes

1. Natural - 2 (oil): 2 (water): 1 (gum)
 Animal – gelatin, egg yolk, casein (from milk), - shaking vigorously (volatile oil)
woolfat (lanolin), cholesterol *another variant of the continental method
 Vegetables – acacia, tragacanth, chondrus, *use of emulsions of volatile oils or oleaginous (low
pectin, karaya, carrageenan viscosity) emulsions
*chondrus and carrageenan – marine source (brown and
red algae) 4. Auxiliary Method
- hand homogenizer- more stable
2. Synthetic - very minute particle
 Finely Divided Solid – Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, and
Magnesium trisilicate 5. In Situ Soap/ Nascent Soap
 Colloid – Kaolin, Bentonite Magma - calcium soap and soft soap
 Anionic – SLS - Mix lime water Ca(OH)2 with fatty acid(olive oil)
 Cationic – Benzalkonium chloride,
cetylpyridinium chloride 6. Microemulsion
 Non-ionic – PEG 400, - 100 A (10 microns)
Spans (sorbitan esters)- lipophilic - Appears like solution
Tweens (polysorbate) - hydrophilic - Very stable
 Amphoteric – Lecithin
PROBLEMS
Type of Emulsion 1. CREAMING
1. Simple - Temporary separation of the 2 phase  shake
- o/w; w/o again
o/w – o-internal, w-external 2. CRACKING
2. Multiple - Total separation of the 2 phase with coalescence
- o/w/o; w/o/w 3. PHASE INVERSION
- use homogenizer - Evaporation of water; o/w  w/o due to
3. Microemulsion evaporation
- most stable of the 3
- dispersed phase is in very small globules (100-
1000A) (1A=0.1nm)
Method of Identifying Emulsion 4. Add syrup in portion with trituration
1. Drop Dilution Test 5. Add vanillin previously dissolved in alcohol in
- add water (drop) homogenous  o/w portion with trituration
2. Dye Solubility Test 6. Add enough water to make 30 mL
- oil soluble  sudan red  w/o
- water soluble  amaranth green  o/w Label: White label – Shake well
3. Electronic Conductivity Test Container: 30 mL wide mouth
- water conduct electricity  o/w
4. Fluorescence Test Mineral oil - cathartic,
- oil can absorb UV light  w/o Acacia - suspending or an emulsifying agent,
Syrup - sweetening agent,
PREPARATION 27: MINERAL OIL Vanillin - flavorant
Alcohol as preservative
EMULSION
Category: Oral Emulsion
Synonym: Liquid Petrolatum Emulsion PREPARATION 28: Chalk Mixture
Category: Medicated Mixture
Description of Final Product
- It is a whitish yellow color Synonyms:
- Mixture de Creta
Use
It is employed as lubricating cathartic with a - Mistura Cratae
usual dose of 30 mL.
Description of Final Product:
Formulation - A whitish mixture containing suspended, insoluble
solid substance
Ingredients OA CA
Mineral oil 500 mL 15 mL Uses:
Acacia 125 g 3.75g - Antacid
Syrup 100 mL 3mL
Vanillin 40 mg 1.2g - antidiarrheal agent
Alcohol 60 mL 1.8
Formulation:
Purified water, 1000 mL 30mL
qs ad Ingredients OA CA
Precipitated chalk 60g 900mg
4 2 1 Glycerin 100mL 1.5mL
Oil Water Emulsifying Cinnamon water 400mL 6mL
Agent Purified water, qs ad 1000mL 15mL
15mL 7.5mL 3.75g Procedure:

Procedure: Dry Gum 1. Triturate the calcium carbonate with 5 mL water

1. Triturate mineral oil
2. Add glycerin and levigate
2. Add emulsifying agent in portion and triturate
3. Add water and triturate 3. Add cinnamon water and triturate
4. Add syrup in portion in trituration
5. Add vanillin, previously dissolved in alcohol, in 4. Transfer mixture in a graduated cylinder
portion with trituration 5. Wash mortar with purified water, add washings
6. Add enough water to 30 mL to the cylinder

Procedure: Wet Gum 6. Add enough water to complete the volume

1. Triturate emulsifying agent
Label: White – shake well label
2. Add water (all at once) and continue triturating
3. Add oil in portion with trituration Container: 15 mL flint/amber bottle
Remarks:  Soap base greases – Aluminum stearate with
heavy mineral oil gel
- Method used is simple hydration
 Hydrophilic – Carbowax bases (PEG ointment)
- Glycerin is a viscosity agent  Not commonly prepared

GEL
-Also called “jellies” PREPARATION OF GEL
-Are semisolid systems consisting either 1. By freshly precipitating the disperse phase
suspension made up of small inorganic particles upon reacting an inorganic agents – gelatinous
or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a ppt
liquid. Example: (NH4)2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O + 4Na2CO3
- Semirigid systems in which movement of  (NH4)2CO3 + Al2(CO3)3 + 4Na2SO4 + 24H2O
dispersing medium is restricted by an interlacing 2. By direct hydrating the inorganic material in
3d network of particles water
- Or solvated macromolecules of the dispersed Example: Al2(CO)3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2
phase Al(OH)3 – antacid(local effect)
- The official meaning of “gel” encompasses both Adsorption – cover surface of stomach
two-phase systems which are:
o THIXOTROPIC suspension Al Mg
o Single phase system of synthetic Adverse constipation diarrhea
macromolecules reaction
Thixotrophy - are semisolids on standing but liquid on
being shaken Gel
- Very fine particle size to achieve large surface
2 CLASSES OF GEL and thus maximum adsorption capacity
1. FIRST SCHEME - May contain peppermint oil, glycerin, sorbitol,
a. Organic Gels sucrose, saccharin or other suitable flavor and
- Single phase gel consists of organic preservative in a total amount of not exceeding
macromolecules uniformly distributed 0.5%
throughout the liquid where no apparent
boundary is seen
- Examples: Carbomer, Carbopol, NaCMC, PREPARATION 29: ALUMINUM
Tragacanth gel HYDROXIDE GEL
Category: Medicated Gel
b. Inorganic Gels Synonyms:
- 2 phase system separation of insoluble matter - Colloidal Aluminum Hydroxide
and the liquid vehicle - Amphojel
- Examples: Al(OH)3 Gel, Bentonite Magma - Alternagel
Description of the Final Product
2. SECOND SCHEME - It is white, viscous preparation from which small
a. HYDROGELS amount of water may be separated on standing
 Organic Hydrogels – Pectin paste, Tragacanth - It is translucent in thin layer.
jelly - It affects both red and blue litmus paper slightly
 Natural and Synthetic gums – methylcellulose, but it is not reddened by phenolphthalein
NaCMC, Pluronic
 Inorganic hydrogels - Bentonite gel (10-25%), Use/s
Veegum, Silica - antacid (without systemic alkalosis)
b. ORGANOGELS - heartburn
 Hydrocarbon Type – Petrolatum, Mineral - management of hyperacidity, peptic ulcer,
oil/polyethylene gel (Plastibase) gastritis and esophagitis
 Animal, Vegetable fats – Lard Cocoa butter - used as skin protectant and mild astringent
- it may cause constipation and acid indigestion
Formulation LOTION
Ingredients OA CA  Are aqueous liquid or sometimes(rarely)
Ammonium 800 g 12g alcoholic preparation containing insoluble
Alum materials in the form of suspension or emulsion
Sodium 1000 g 15g intended for external application without
carbonate rubbing.
Peppermint 0.01% 0.003mL  Applied without friction
oil (0.01g/100mL  Also called washes – meaning “lotio” or
) “lavare” to wash
Sodium 0.1% 0.03g
benzoate (0.1g/100mL) Most are o/w emulsions (cetearyl alcohol to keep
Purified 2000 mL 30 mL emulsion together); w/o
water, qs ad 2 TYPES:
1. MEDICATED LOTION
Procedure 2. COSMETIC LOTION
1. Calibrate final bottle to 30mL O/W form is preferred.
2. Dissolve sodium carbonate in 60 mL hot water
(Mixture 1) METHODS OF PREPARATION
3. Dissolve alum in 30 mL of hot water (Mixture 2) 1. TRITURATING the ingredient to a smooth paste
4. Filter alum solution in the carbonate solution and then cautiously adding the remaining liquid
5. Add 60 mL hot water with stirring to (5-10 mins.) phase (with the use of high-speed mixers and
6. Dilute (add) to 1200 mL with cold water in homogenizers)
softdrink container. Stand and decant the  Example: Calamine Lotion
solution. 2. BY CHEMICAL REACTION
7. Filter and wash residue with 10 mL cold water  Example: White Lotion - must be freely
8. Suspend residue in purified water to make 30 prepared and does not contain
mL. Flavour with peppermint oil and preserve suspending agent.
with sodium benzoate ZnSO4 + Sulfurated potash (K 2S3)  ZnS +
9. Homogenize resulting gel 2S + K2SO4
3. CLEAR SOLUTION in which the active ingredient
Label: White Label – Shake well is a water soluble substance
Container: 30mL wide mouth amber bottle  Example: Dimethisoquin hydrochloride
lotion
Remarks:
Method  chemical reaction PREPARATION 30: CALAMINE
- produces no systemic alkalosis TOPICAL LOTION
Sodium benzoate  preservative Category: Lotion
- can cause constipation Synonyms: Lotio Calaminae
Directions Description of the Final Product: A liquid suspension or
- shake well before using dispersion that is pink in color
- do not take more than 12 teaspoonfuls in 24 Use/s:
hours - Astringent
- do not use the maximum dosage for more than - Antipruritic
2 weeks - topical protectant and soothing lotion sunburn
- dosage: 2 teaspoonfuls 5-6 times daily after - treatment for poison ivy poisoning
meals and at bedtime followed by a sip of water - skin protectant
if needed
Formulation
Ingredients OA CA
Calamine 80 g 2.4 g PREPARATION 31: Hydrocortisone Suspension
Zinc oxide 80 g 2.4 g Category: Suspension
Glycerin 20 mL 0.6 mL
Bentonite 250 mL 7.5 mL Synonyms:
magma - Hydrocortison Cypionate
Calcium 1000 mL 30 mL
hydroxide, qs - Cortisol suspension
ad
Description of Final Product
Procedure: - It is a pink, viscous suspension. The dispersed
1. Dilute bentonite magma with an equal volume particles settle minimally on standing and easily
of calcium hydroxide topical solution redispersed with shaking
2. Mix calcium and zinc oxide alternately with
glycerin to form a smooth paste Uses:
3. Add 7.5 mL of diluted magma - Temporary relief of minor skin irritation
4. Triturate and add the remaining magma
5. Add enough calcium hydroxide topical solution - Itching
to complete volume - Rashes
Label: Red Label – Shake well - Insect bites
Container: 30mL amber bottle
Formulation:
Remarks:
Method  levigation and trituration Ingredients CA OA
Ferric oxide  characteristics of pink color Hydrocortisone 1% 150 mg
Calamine  skin protectant, astringent, antiseptic
Zinc oxide  skin protectant, astringent antiseptic Menthol 1/8% 18.75 (37.5 mg)
Glycerin  humectant, wetting agent, levigating agent (aliquot)
Bentonite  suspending agent Calamine (5%) 3g 0.75 g
Calcium hydroxide - astringent
70% alcohol 10% 2.14 mL
Cetaphil (67%) 40 mL 10 mL
SUSPENSION Distilled water, 60 mL 15 mL
- Are liquid preparations that consist of solid q.s. ad
particles dispersed throughout a liquid phase in Computations:
which the particles are not soluble.
 Hydrocortisone
Examples:
1% (0.01) x 15 mL = 0.15g or 150 mg
1. Antacids – alumina, magnesia, simethicone,
magaldrate  Menthol

2. Anthelmintics – Pyrantel pamoate, Thaibendazole 0.125% x 15 mL = 0.01875g or 18.75 mg x 2 = 37.5 mg

3. Antibacterials – Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin ** Dissolve 37.5 mg (menthol) in 1 mL of IPA and take

estolate half (0.5mL) of this

4. Antiflatulent – Simethicone  Calamine

5. Antifungals – Nystatin 3g for (60 mL) 0.75g for (15mL)

6. Antiprotozoal – Atovaquone *** 0.75g:15mL::x:100mL = 5g/100mL or 5%

 70% alcohol v/v (need 10%)
0.1 x 15 mL = 1.5 mL
*** 70mL:100mL::1.5mL:x x= 2.14 mL of 70% alcohol
 Cetaphil
40 mL for 60 mL10 mL for 15 mL
*** 10mL:15mL::x:100mL = 66.7 mL/100mL or 67%
 Distilled water, q.s ad. 15 mL
Procedure:
1. Weigh specific amount of menthol,
hydrocortisone, and calamine.
2. Dissolve the menthol in 1 mL of IPA in graduated
cylinder
3. Place the hydrocortisone in a mortar, and add
calamine geometrically
4. Take 0.50 mL of the menthol-IPA solution and
add 1.64 ml IPA and add to the powders in
mortar and triturate = to form smooth &
uniform paste
5. Add 2.5 mL of water to the solution before
adding 10 mL of Cetaphil with trituration
Note: to dilute the alcohol because Cetaphil has
components that are soluble in IPA
*** too high IPA concentration will break down the
emulsion structure of Cetaphil
Note: Do not over triturate the preparation because
Cetaphil contains surfactant that facilitates the
introduction of air bubbles called “SUDS”
6. Transfer to a 15 mL bottle
7. Use little more water to rinse mortar and add to
the container
8. Then, q.s with water to 15 mL.
Label: Red Label
Container: 15 mL amber bottle