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A List of Sedimentary Structures: English Version Sedimentology Course

This document provides a list of sedimentary structures for students to learn to recognize in order to understand the geological processes that formed them. It includes over 30 types of structures organized into categories like bedforms, cross-stratification, irregular stratification, surface marks, imbricated clasts, biogenic structures, and concretions. The objectives are to recognize various sedimentary structures and connect them to the processes that create each type of structure.

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Jean Carlo Mamani
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47 views2 pages

A List of Sedimentary Structures: English Version Sedimentology Course

This document provides a list of sedimentary structures for students to learn to recognize in order to understand the geological processes that formed them. It includes over 30 types of structures organized into categories like bedforms, cross-stratification, irregular stratification, surface marks, imbricated clasts, biogenic structures, and concretions. The objectives are to recognize various sedimentary structures and connect them to the processes that create each type of structure.

Uploaded by

Jean Carlo Mamani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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English version Sedimentology course

A List of Sedimentary Structures

Objectives

1. Recognize various types of sedimentary structures.
2. Connect the structures with the processes that form them. 

List of types of sedimentary structures to recognize and understand

Bedforms
 Massive beds (without structure) 
 Planar stratification (thickness <1 cm) and planar lamination (thickness <1 cm) 
 Normally­graded beds (fining­upward grains)
 Inversely­graded beds (coarsening­upward grains) 
 Unidirectional or current ripples (asymmetrical) 
 Oscillation ripples (symmetrical) 
 Climbing ripples 
 Interference ripples / ladder ripples (currents in two directions)
 Superimposed ripples (on the top of other, larger bedforms (megaripples or dunes)
 Unidirectional megaripples, sandwaves, or subaqueous dunes (all names are used
for medium­scale bedforms that produce cross stratification)
 Antidunes
 Dunes (height > 1 m; most are eolian dunes) 
 Parts   of   a   ripple   or   dune   bedform:   crest,   trough,   lee   side   (slip   slope   that   is
preserved as cross stratification), stoss side 

Cross stratification
 Planar   cross   stratification/lamination   (produced   by   ripples/megaripples   with
straight crests)
 Trough   cross   stratification/lamination   (produced   by   ripples/megaripples   with
sinuous­ or linguloid­shaped crests)
 Hummocky cross stratification 
 Flaser bedding (ripples with drapes of mud) 
 Lenticular bedding (isolated ripples encased in mud) 
 Herringbone cross stratification (two current direction at two different times) 

Irregular stratification
English version Sedimentology course

 Convoluted beds (they form after the bed has been deposited) 
 Syndepositional folds and slumps (they form after the bed has been deposited) 
 Flame structures (they form very shortly after the bed has been deposited)
 Dish   and   pillar   structures   (they   form   very   shortly   after   the   bed   has   been
deposited)
 Scour and fill structures
 Channels (beds with erosive bases) and beds in the shape of lenses 
 Tops and bottoms of beds can have the following shapes: parallel, undulatory,
discontinuous, curved, etc. 

Marks on the surface of beds (those on the bottoms of beds are also called “sole marks”)
 Current lineations (are found on the tops of planar beds; also sometimes called
parting lineations because the beds come apart along these bedding planes) 
 Scour marks (casts of sand formed from erosion of a current into mud; they are
found on the bottoms of beds) 
 Tool marks (for example, tools of sticks or stones; casts of current erosion; they
are found on the bottoms of beds) 
 Flute marks (casts of current erosion; they are found on the bottoms of beds) 
 Load casts (they are found on the bottoms of beds) 
 Mud cracks (they are found on the tops of beds) 
 Rain drop impressions (they are found on the tops of beds) 

Imbricated clasts

Biogenic structures (bioturbacion; they form after the bed has been deposited)
 Mottled bedding
 Tracks, trails, and burrows that are living structures and foraging structures 
 Bioturbation from plant roots and casts of plant roots

Concretions: localized cement that forms after the bed has been deposited (usually when
the sediment has been buried only by about 1 meter of sediment; a secondary chemical
process of diagenesis) 

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