NPTEL web course
on
Complex Analysis
A. Swaminathan
I.I.T. Roorkee, India
and
V.K. Katiyar
I.I.T. Roorkee, India
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 1 / 15
Complex Analysis
Module: 7: Conformal Mapping
Lecture: 2: Special transformations
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 2 / 15
Conformal Mapping
Conformality at a critical point
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 3 / 15
Conformality at a critical point
The basic assumption for conformality is that the derivative is
non-zero.
However all is not lost if the derivative vanishes at some point z0 .
We now examine the behavior of an analytic function in a
neighborhood of a critical point that is at the point where the
derivative vanishes.
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 4 / 15
Conformality at a critical point
Suppose the derivative of an analytic function f (z) has a zero of
order k − 1 at z = z0 .
We can write
f k (z0 ) f k +1 (z0 )
f (z) = f (z0 ) + (z − z0 )k + (z − z0 )k +1 + · · · .
k! (k + 1)!
This gives
f k (z0 ) f k +1 (z0 )
arg[f (z)−f (z0 )] = k arg(z−z0 )+arg + (z − z0 ) + · · ·
k! (k + 1)!
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 5 / 15
Conformality at a critical point
Suppose θ is the angle that the tangent to a smooth curve at z0
makes with the positive x-axis and φ is the angle the tangent to
the image of the curve at f (z0 ) makes with the positive u-axis.
Then as z → z0 , the above equation gives
f k (z0 )
φ = k θ + arg .
k!
Theorem
Suppose f (z) is analytic at z0 and that f 0 (z) has a zero of order k − 1
at z0 . If two smooth curves intersect at an angle θ in the z-plane, their
images intersect at an angle k θ in the w-plane.
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 6 / 15
Conformal mapping and Analytic functions
Theorem
An analytic function is conformal at a point if and only if it has a
non-zero derivative at the point
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 7 / 15
Some elementary transformations
Translation: w = z + α
This transformation transforms every point in the z plane as z + α
in the direction of the vector α.
By this transformation the point P is translated along the vector α
through a distance |α|.
As it transforms every point of the plane, the image of the region is
simply a translation of that region.
The image have the same shape, size and orientation.
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 8 / 15
Some elementary transformations
Rotation: w = eiγ z
This transformation transforms the image at a point P in the z
plane by rotating through the angle γ.
This rotation is anti-clockwise if γ > 0 and clockwise if γ < 0.
This can be shown analytically as if z = reiθ and w = ρeiφ , then
ρeiφ = eiγ .reiθ = rei(θ+γ)
∴ ρ = r and φ = θ + γ
The modulus of w is the same as that of z but the argument of w
is increased or decreased by an amount γ according as γ > 0 or
γ < 0.
But Geometrically, the two regions are congruent.
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 9 / 15
Some elementary transformations
Magnification: w = cz(c > 0)
By means of this transformation, the figure in the z plane are
magnified or contracted according as c > 1 or 0 < c < 1.
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 10 / 15
Some elementary transformations
Rotation and Magnification: w = αz
If
w = ρeiφ , α = beiδ , z = reiθ
Then the transformation can be written as
ρeiφ = beiδ .reiθ = brei(θ+δ).
Hence ρ = br ,φ = θ + δ.
Thus the given transformation transforms the point P in the z
plane into the point Q in the w plane whose polar co-ordinates are
(br , θ + δ).
Note that the transformation w = bz will be only a magnification if b is
real, only a rotation if |b| = 1 and both magnification and rotation for
other cases of b.
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 11 / 15
Some elementary transformations
1
Inversion: w =
z
1 1 1
If w = ρeiφ and z = reiθ ,we get ρ eiφ = iθ
= e−iθ ∴ ρ = or
re r r
1
|w| = and φ = −θ.
|z|
Thus points inside the unit circle are mapped into point outside the
circle and vice-versa. The points on the circle are reflected in the
real axis.
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 12 / 15
Some elementary transformations
Example
Consider the linear transformation
w = (1 + i)z + 2 − i
and determine the region in the w plane into which the rectangular
region bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 2 in the z plane is
mapped under this transformation.
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Some elementary transformations
Example
Solution: As z = x + iy and w = u + iv , we get u = x − y + 2 and
v = x + y − 1.
The line x = 0 is mapped into u = −y + 2, v = y − 1 or into
u + v = 1.
The line y = 0 is mapped into u = x + 2, v = x − 1 or into
u − v = 3.
The line x = 1 is mapped into u = −y + 3, v = y or into u + v = 3.
The line y = 2 is mapped into u = x, v = x + 1 or into v − u = 1.
Hence the given rectangular region in the z plane is mapped into the
rectangular region bounded by the lines
u + v = 1, u − v = 3, u + v = 3 and v − u = 1 in the w plane.
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 14 / 15
Some elementary transformations
Example
From the image in the w plane it is evident that the rectangle√in the z
plane has gone through magnification by the factor |1 + i| = 2,
π
rotation by an angle arg(1 + i) = and finally translated through a
√ 4
distance |2 − i| = 5 in the direction 2 − i. We have to also note that
the origin in the z plane is transformed into the point 2 − i.
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