Differential Equations and Complex Variables

GR Phaijoo, PhD
Department of Mathematics
School of Science, Kathmandu University
Kavre, Dhulikhel

Conformal Mapping
November 16, 2022
Conformal Mapping

Example
The mapping w = f (z) = z is conformal.
Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 2 / 24
Conformal Mapping

Definition (Isogonal Mapping)

A mapping that preserves angle between oriented curves in magnitude only
is called an isogonal mapping.
Example: The mapping w = f (z) = z̄ is isogonal.

Theorem (Conformality of mapping by analytic function)

The mapping defined by an analytic function f (z) is conformal, except at
critical points, that is, points at which the derivative f 0 (z) is zero.

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 3 / 24

Excercise

Find all points at which the following mappings are not conformal.
1. w = (z 3 − a2 )2 Ans: 0 and a2/3
2. w = cos πz Ans: 0, ±1, ±2, · · ·
2 a
3. w = z + az + b Ans: −
2
4. w = f (z) = z The mapping is conformal.

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 4 / 24

Fixed Points or Invariant Points

Definition (Fixed Points)

Fixed Points of a mapping w = f (z) are points that are mapped onto
themselves. Thus, they are obtained from

w = f (z) = z.

Example
1. The
identity mapping w = f (z) = z has every point as a fixed point.
2. The
mapping w = f (z) = z̄ has infinitely many fixed points.
3. mapping w = f (z) = 1/z has two fixed points ±1.
The
4. fixed point of w = f (z) = z 2 are solution of z 2 = z i.e., 0, 1.
The
3z + 2 √
5. The mapping w = has fixed points 2 ± 6.
z −1

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 5 / 24

Some general transformations

Let a, b are given complex constants while r , θ are real constants.

 Translation: w = z + a
By this transformation, figures in the z-plane are displaced or
translated in the direction of the vector.
 Rotation: w = e iθ z
By this transformation, figures in the z-plane are rotated through an
angle θ. If θ > 0, the rotation is counterclockwise, while if θ < 0 the
rotation is clockwise.
 Stretching: w = az
By this transformation, figures in the z-plane are stretched (or
contracted) in the direction z if a > 1 (or 0 < a < 1).
1
 Inversion in the unit circle: w = .
z
 Linear transformation: w = az + b.

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 6 / 24

Linear fractional or bilinear transformation

Linear Fractional Transformations (or Mobius Transformations) are

mappings
az + b
w= , ad − bc 6= 0
cz + d
where a, b, c and d are complex or real numbers.

The transformation can be considered as combinations of translation,

rotation, stretching and inversion.

Differentiation gives
 
0 d az + b (cz + d)a − (az + b)c
w = =
dz cz + d (cz + d)2
ad − bc
= , ad − bc 6= 0
(cz + d)2
Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 7 / 24
Properties of Inversion w = 1/z

In polar form, z = re iθ and w = Re iφ

The inversion is
1 1 1
w= =⇒ Re iφ = iθ = e −iθ
z re r
1
=⇒ R = , φ = −θ.
r

1
w = Re iφ = e −iθ
r

Hence, the unit circle |z| = r = 1 is mapped on to the unit circle

w = R = 1, w = e iφ = e −iθ .

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 8 / 24

Inverse Mapping

Definition (Inverse Mapping)

az + b
w= , ad − bc 6= 0 (1)
cz + d
The inverse mapping is obtained by solving (1) for z, is again a linear
fractional
−dw + b
z= , ad − bc 6= 0 (2)
cw − a

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 9 / 24

Example
4z + i
Find the inversion z = z(w ) of w = .
−3iz + 1
Solution: Here,
4z + i
w=
−3iz + 1
or, −3izw + w = 4z + i
or, (4+3iw )z = w − i
w −i
∴ z= ·
3iw + 4

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 10 / 24

Extended Complex Plane

From the transformation

az + b
w= (ad − bc 6= 0),
cz + d

99K We see that each z for which cz + d 6= 0 has an image w which is

unique.
99K For z = −d/c, we have cz + d = 0, so that no w corresponds to this
z. This suggests that, we let w = ∞ be the image of z = −d/c.
99K The complex plane together with the point ∞ is called Extended
Complex Plane.
99K C ∪ {∞} is Extended Complex Plane.
99K C is Finite Complex Plane.

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 11 / 24

• To define a linear fractional transformation T on the extended
z−plane such that w = a/c is the image of z = ∞ i.e.,
T (∞) = ca , c 6= 0.
Thus we define
az + b
T (z) = , (ad − bc 6= 0)
cz + d
T (∞) = ∞ if c = 0.
 
a d
and T (∞) = and T − = ∞ if c 6= 0. Such a function is
c c
continuous on the extended z− plane.
• The fixed point condition for Bilinear transformation (1) is w = z
az + b
z=
cz + d
cz 2 − (a − d)z − b = 0
which is quadratic in z whose coefficients all vanish iff the mapping is
the identity mapping w = z. In this case, a = d 6= 0, b = c = 0.
Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 12 / 24
Three points and three images:

Theorem
The bilinear transformation which maps z1 , z2 , z3 of the z−plane into
points w1 , w2 , w3 of the w −plane respectively is given by the relation

(w − w1 )(w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 )(z2 − z3 )
= · (3)
(w − w3 )(w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 )(z2 − z1 )

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 13 / 24

Proof.
If wk corresponds to zk , k = 1, 2, 3
az + b azk + b
w − wk = −
cz + d czk + d
(az + b)(czk + d) − (cz + d)(azk + b)
=
(cz + d)(czk + d)
ad(z − zk ) + bc(zk − z) (ad − bc)(z − zk )
= = .
(cz + d)(czk + d) (cz + d)(czk + d)

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 14 / 24

Proof.
If wk corresponds to zk , k = 1, 2, 3
az + b azk + b
w − wk = −
cz + d czk + d
(az + b)(czk + d) − (cz + d)(azk + b)
=
(cz + d)(czk + d)
ad(z − zk ) + bc(zk − z) (ad − bc)(z − zk )
= = .
(cz + d)(czk + d) (cz + d)(czk + d)
(ad − bc)(z − z1 ) (ad − bc)(z − z3 )
Then w − w1 = w − w3 =
(cz + d)(cz1 + d) (cz + d)(cz3 + d)

Replacing w by w2 and z by z2
(ad − bc)(z2 − z1 )
w2 − w1 =
(cz2 + d)(cz1 + d)
(w − w1 )(w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 )(z2 − z3 )
∴ = ·
(w − w3 )(w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 )(z2 − z1 )
Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 14 / 24
Special Linear Fractional Transformations

Rememeber ... !
• The transformation (3) is one and only one bilinear transformation
that maps z1 , z2 , z3 of z− plane onto three points w1 , w2 , w3 of
w − plane.
• If one of these points is the point ∞, the quotient of the two
difference containing this point must be replaced by 1.

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 15 / 24

 Examples
Ex 1. Find a bilinear transformation which maps z1 = −1, z2 = 0, z3 = 1
onto three points w1 = 1, w2 = −1, w3 = ∞ respectively.
Discussion:

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 16 / 24

 Examples
Ex 1. Find a bilinear transformation which maps z1 = −1, z2 = 0, z3 = 1
onto three points w1 = 1, w2 = −1, w3 = ∞ respectively.
Discussion:
(w − w1 )(w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 )(z2 − z3 )
=
(w − w3 )(w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 )(z2 − z1 )
gives
(w − 1)(−1 − ∞) (z + 1)(0 − 1)
=
(w − ∞)(−1 − 1) (z − 1)(0 + 1)
Here,
−1 − ∞
= 1,
w −∞
So
3z + 1
w= .
z −1
Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 16 / 24
 Examples

Ex 2. Find a bilinear transformation which maps i, 1, −i onto three points

1, 0, −1 respectively.
Discussion:

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 17 / 24

 Examples

Ex 2. Find a bilinear transformation which maps i, 1, −i onto three points

1, 0, −1 respectively.
Discussion:
(w − w1 )(w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 )(z2 − z3 )
=
(w − w3 )(w2 − w1 ) (z − z3 )(z2 − z1 )

gives
(w − 1)(0 + 1) (z − i)(1 + i)
=
(w + 1)(0 − 1) (z + i)(1 − i)
On simplification,
i(1 − z)
w= .
1+z

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 17 / 24

Practice Problems

1. Find all points at which the mapping w = (z 3 − 1)2 is not conformal.

3z + 2
2. Find the fixed points of .
z −1
3z
3. Find the inversion of w = .
2z − i
4. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the three points onto three
points in the respective order.
i. −i, 1, i onto −1, 0, 1
ii. −2, −1 − i, 0 onto −1, 0, 1
1 3
iii. −2, 0, 2 onto ∞, ,
2 4

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 18 / 24

Analytic and Singularity at Infinity

Definition (Analytic at Infinity)

 
1 1
By letting z = in f (z), we obtain the function f (z) = f = F (w ).
w w
We define f (z) to be Analytic at infinity if F (w ) is analytic at w = 0.

Definition (Singularity at Infinity)

 
1 1
By letting z = in f (z), we obtain the function f (z) = f = F (w ).
w w
We define f (z) to be Singular at infinity if F (w ) is Singular at w = 0.

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 19 / 24

Singularities

Examples
1. f (z) = z 3  a pole of order 3 at z = ∞, since
has 
1 1
F (w ) = f = 3 has a pole of order 3 at w = 0.
w w
z
2. f (z) = e  an essential singularity at z = ∞ since
has 
1 1 1 1
F (w ) = f = e 1/w = 1 + + 2
+ + · · · has an
w w 2!w 3!w 3
essential singularity at w = 0.

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 20 / 24

More Examples

Determine the location and kind of the singularities of the following

function in the infinite plane and at infinity.

2 3
1. f (z) = z + − 2.
z z
2 3
Discussion: f (z) = | {z
z }+ − 2 . Here, b2 = −3 6= 0. So,
Regular Part | z {z z }
Principal Part
1
f (z) has a pole of order 2 at z = 0. If we take z = in f (z), we obtain
  w
1 1
the function F (w ) = f = + 2w − 3w 3 . F (w ) has a simple pole
w w
at w = 0, so f (z) has a simple pole at z = ∞.

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 21 / 24

More Examples
Determine the location and kind of the singularities of the following function in
the infinite plane and at infinity.

2. f (z) = cot z 2 .
cos z 2
Discussion: Here, f (z) = . The singularities exist where,
sin z 2
sin z 2 = 0 =⇒ z 2 = nπ, (n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · )
√
=⇒ z = ± nπ, (n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · )
√ √
=⇒ z = 0, ± π, ± 2π · · ·

At these points cos z 2 6= 0. So, the singular points

√ √
z = 0, ± π, ± 2π · · ·

are zeros of order 1 for sin z 2 and hence all these points are simple poles of cot z 2 .
Further, cot(1/w )2 has an essential singularity at w = 0 and so cot z 2 has an
essential singularity at z = ∞.
Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 22 / 24
More Examples

Determine the location and kind of the singularities of the following function in
the infinite plane and at infinity.

2. f (z) = tan2 πz.

sin2 πz
Discussion: Here, f (z) = . The singularities exist where,
cos2 πz
cos2 πz = 0 =⇒ πz = (2n + 1)π/2, (n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · )
=⇒ z = (2n + 1)/2, (n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · )
1 3 5
=⇒ z = ± ,± ,± ···
2 2 2
1 3 5
At these points sin2 πz 6= 0. So, the singular points z = ± , ± , ± · · · are
2 2 2
simple poles of f (z) = tan2 πz. Further, tan2 π(1/w ) has an essential singularity
at w = 0 and so tan2 πz has an essential singularity at z = ∞.
Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 23 / 24
 The End

Ganga Ram Phaijoo () MATH 207 November 16, 2022 24 / 24