CHAPTER TWO

Integration
Chapter Overview: The art of integration is a skill that all mathematicians
must possess, as integrals arise in all areas of mathematics.
Z For example, in the
dx
seemingly unrelated topic of prime numbers the integral appears.
log x
As integration is an art form, it requires plenty of practice to become proficient.
Thus students are encouraged to attempt as many of the exercise questions as
possible in the time they have available.
The work in this chapter builds on the content of the Mathematics Extension 1
course. A methodical approach is needed to study the material. In particular,
it is important to be able to recognise the different forms of integrals, and to
quickly determine which method is appropriate to apply.
The first four sections are relatively straightforward, being based on algebraic
manipulation. In Section 2E the new method of integration by parts is introduced,
which is based on the product rule for differentiation. Section 2F covers various
types of harder Trignometric integrals. Section 2G introduces the concept of
integrals that can be referenced by an index, and the corresponding reduction
formulae. The chapter concludes with Section 2I which deals with theorems
about integrals that can be used to simplify certain problems.

2A Algebraic Manipulation
Standard integrals: Students will know that each examination is accompanied by
a Reference Sheet, which includes various integrals. A list of those integrals is
contained in the appendix to this chapter. Also included are some other common
integrals that students may encounter. Most of the results in the list will have
already been encountered in the Mathematics Extension 1 course. The ability to
make simple manipulations to these integrals is expected.
Z 1
2 dx
WORKED EXERCISE: Evaluate .
0 3 + 4x2
y
SOLUTION: Take out a factor of 41 to get:
1
Z 12 Z 1 3
dx 1 2 dx
2
= √ 1 x
0 3 + 4x 4 0 (
3 2
) + x2 2 1
2
   21
1 2 −1 2x
= × √ tan √ (Reference Sheet)
4 3 3 0

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
52 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

1
= √ tan−1 √1
3
2 3
π
= √ .
12 3

Algebraic Manipulation: Many of the integrals encountered contain fractions which

require some sort of rearrangement before proceeding. In the first worked exercise
that follows the numerator is almost identical to the denominator.
Z 2
x −1
WORKED EXERCISE: Determine dx .
x2 + 1
SOLUTION: Noting that x2 − 1 = (x2 + 1) − 2 the fraction may be separated.
Z 2 Z 2
x −1 x +1 2
dx = − 2 dx
x2 + 1 x2+1 x +1
2
Z
= 1− 2 dx
x +1
= x − 2 tan−1 x + C .
In harder problems long division is required, though in some cases the numerator
is close to a multiple of the denominator, as in the next worked exercise.

4x3 − 2x2 + 1
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Find dx .
2x − 1
4x3 − 2x2 + 1 2x2 (2x − 1) + 1
Z Z
SOLUTION: dx = dx
2x − 1 Z 2x − 1
1
= 2x2 + dx
2x − 1
= 23 x3 + 12 log(2x − 1) + C .

A Hard Example: The final worked exercise demonstrates a fraction which first
requires multiplication or division by a common factor. The result is a numerator
which is the derivative of the denominator.
Z 1 2x
e −1
WORKED EXERCISE: Evaluate 2x + 1
dx .
−1 e

SOLUTION: Divide numerator and denominator by ex to get: y

Z 1 2x Z 1 x
e −1 e − e−x 1
2x + 1
dx = x
dx -1
−1 e −1 e + e
−x
1 1 x
= log(ex + e−x ) −1

-1
= log(e + e−1 ) − log(e−1 + e)
= 0. (Why was this obvious from the graph?)

Two New Integrals: The final two integrals in the appendix will be new to most
readers. Here, the result for the last integral is proven using a very clever trick,
similar to the previous worked exercise. Multiplying by a common factor:
√
(x + x2 + a2 )
Z Z
1
√ dx = √ √ dx
x2 + a2 x2 + a2 (x + x2 + a2 )

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2A Algebraic Manipulation 53

( √x2x+a2 + 1)
Z
= √ dx
(x + x2 + a2 )
Z (1 + √ x )
2 2
= √ x +a dx .
(x + x2 + a2 )
Looking carfeully at the last line, notice that the numerator is the derivative of
the denominator and hence
1
Z p
√ dx = log(x + x2 + a2 ) + C .
x2 + a2
The other new integral in the list may be done in a similar way and is one of the
questions in the Exercise.

Exercise 2A
1. Use a table of Standard Integrals to determine the following. A copy of a table of Standard
Integrals may be found in the appendix to this chapter.
1 1
Z Z Z
(a) cos 2x dx (c) 2
dx (e) √ dx
25 + x 2
x +3
1
Z Z Z
1
(b) sec2 x3 dx (d) √ dx (f) √ dx
4−x 2 2
x −5
2. Evaluate the following with the aid of a table of Standard Integrals. A copy of a table of
Standard Integrals may be found in the appendix to this chapter.
Z 4 Z 4 Z 3
x 1 1
(a) e dx
2 (c) 2
dx (e) √ dx
−4 16 + x
√
0 5 x2 − 4
Z 1 Z 4
Z π6 1 1
(b) sec 2x tan 2x dx (d) √ dx (f) √ dx
2−x 2 2
x +9
0 −4
0
3. Determine these logarithmic integrals.
1 + sec2 x cos 3x
Z Z
x
Z
(a) 2
dx (b) dx (c) dx
1−x x + tan x 1 + sin 3x
4. Evaluate:
Z 1 π
1
x2 e2x
Z
sin x
Z 2
(a) 3
dx (b) dx (c) dx
0 1+x 0 e2x + 1 0 1 + cos x
DEVELOPMENT

5. Evaluate
Z 1 the following withZthe aid of a table of Standard Integrals.
1 Z 23 Z √7
dx 3 dx dx 5 dx
(a) 2 (b) √ (c) √ (d) √
0 1 + 3x 0 4 − 9x 2
− 32
2
4x + 9 1 5x2 − 4
6. Determine the following by rewriting
Z the numerator in terms of the
Z denominator.
x−1 x+1
Z
x
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx
x−1 x+1 x−1
7. Evaluate the following.
Z 1 Z 2 Z 1
x−1 x 3 − x2
(a) dx (b) dx (c) 2
dx
0 x+1 0 2x + 1 0 1+x
8. Evaluate the following. In each case, begin by rewriting the given fraction as two fractions
by separating the terms in the numerator.
Z √23 Z 1
2x + 1
Z 1
1−x
Z 2
1+x
1−x (b) dx (c) dx (d) dx
(a) √ dx 2 2 2
0 1 − x2 0 1+x 0 1+x 0 4+x

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
54 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

9. Use a similar approach to that shown in the text to prove that

1
Z  p 
√ dx = log x + x2 − a2 + C .
x2 − a2
x3
Z
10. (a) Given that x3 = (x3 + 1) − 1, determine dx.
x+1
x3
Z
(b) Given that x3 = (x3 + x) − x, determine dx.
x2 + 1
(c) Use similar approaches to those shown in parts (a) and (b) to determine the following.
x3 1
Z Z
x
Z
(i) dx (iii) x
dx (v) √ dx
x−1 1+e 1−x
x4 x3
Z Z Z
x
(ii) dx (iv) √ dx (vi) dx
x2 + 1 2+x x2 + 4
11. Evaluate these by first muliplying or dividing by an appropriate factor.
Z 2 2x Z 1
ex Z √3
e +1 2 + x1
(a) 2x
dx (b) x
dx (c) dx
1 e −1 0 e +e
−x
1 x + x1
12. By using long division or otherwise, determine:
Z 2 Z 3
x − 2x2 + 3 (x + 1)2
Z
x +x+1
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx
x+1 x−2 1 + x2
EXTENSION

13. Divide numerator and denominator by an appropriate factor to help determine

1
Z
√ dx .
x+ x

2B Substitution
Many of the techniques used in integration are derived from differentiation. This
is not so surprising since the two processes are essentially mutually inverse. One
particularly useful technique is substitution which is the integration equivalent of
the chain rule for differentiation, and is sometimes called the reverse chain rule.

The Chain Rule: Suppose that F is a function of u, which is in turn a function of x.

Further suppose that F (u) is a primitive of f (u). Differentiating F with respect
to x and applying the chain rule gives:
d dF du
F (u) = ×
dx du dx
d
so F (u) = f (u) × u0 .
dx
Integrating both sides of this result
Z   Z
d
F (u) dx = f (u) × u0 dx
dx Z
or F (u) + C = f (u) × u0 dx .
It is this last result which proves most useful for integration. Thus if an integrand
can be expressed as a product, where one factor is a chain of functions f (u) and
the other factor is u0 then the primitive can immediately be written down.

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2B Substitution 55

Substitutions: In the simplest examples, the primitive can be determined mentally.

For example, a standard integral in the exponential function topic is
Z
2 2
2x ex dx = ex + C .

In harder examples a formal procedure should be followed.

x2
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Determine √ dx by using a suitable substitution.
x3 + 1
x2
Z
SOLUTION: Let I = √ dx and put u = x3 + 1, then
x3 + 1
du
= 3x2
dx
1 2
or 3 du = x dx (treating the derivative like a fraction.)
1
Z
Thus I= √ du
3 u
√
= 23 u + C .
p
Hence I = 23 x3 + 1 + C .
Notice that the final step of the solution is a back substitution to get the integral I
in terms of x. It is important to remember to do this.

Substitutions and Definite Integrals: It is equally important to follow this formal

procedure when definite integrals are involved, paying particular attention to the
limits of integration.
Z π2
sin x
WORKED EXERCISE: Use a suitable substitution to find 3
dx .
0 (1 + cos x)
Z π
2 sin x
SOLUTION: Let I = 3
dx and put u = 1 + cos x to get
0 (1 + cos x)
y
du
= − sin x
dx
so −du = sin x dx . 1
When x = 0, u = 2, p x
2
and when x= 2,π
u = 1, -1
Z 1
−1
thus I= du
u3
2 1
1
=
2u2 2
1 1
= 2
− 8
3
= 8
.
The step where the limits are expressed in terms of the substitute variable is
important. Had this step not been done then the wrong answer is obtained since
Z π2  π
−1 1 2
du =
0 u3 2u2 0
which is undefined at the lower limit. Again notice that the derivative is treated
like a fraction in the third line of the solution.

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
56 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

Harder Examples: In simple examples like those above, candidates are expected to
determine the appropriate substitution for themselves. In harder problems the
substitution will be given. Implicit differentiation may also be required.
√ 1
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Use the substitution u = x to determine √ dx .
x+ x
Z
dx
SOLUTION: Let I = √ and note that u2 = x, so:
x+ x
du
2u =1
dx
or 2u du = dx .
2u du
Z
Hence I= 2
Z u +u
2 du
=
u+1
= 2 log(u + 1) + C
√
= 2 log( x + 1) + C .

Take Care with Substitutions: There are many integrals which require a careful
choice of substitution so as to avoid subsequent difficulties. For example,
√ the
correct choice of substitution in the previous worked exercise is u = x .
On first inspection, it would seem to make no difference to make the alternate
substitution u2 = x, however observe what happens in the denominator.
√ √
x + x = u2 + u2 = u2 + |u| .
Thus in this case a new complication has been introduced, namely the absolute
value function. In general, the best choice of substitution is of the form u = f (x).
Z 1p
WORKED EXERCISE: Evaluate 4 − x2 dx by applying a suitable substitution.
0
Z 1 p
SOLUTION: Let I = 4 − x2 dx and put θ = sin−1 ( x2 ) so that cos θ ≥ 0.
0
y
Rearranging x = 2 sin θ
2
so dx = 2 cos θ dθ .
When x = 0, θ = 0,
and when x = 1 , θ = sin−1 ( 12 ) = π6 . -1 1 2 x
Z π6 p
Thus I= 2 cos θ 4 − 4 sin2 θ dθ
0
Z π6 √
= 4 cos θ cos2 θ dθ (by the Pythagorean identity)
0
Z π6
= 4 cos2 θ dθ (since cos θ ≥ 0)
0
Z π
6
= 2(1 + cos 2θ) dθ (by the double-angle formula)
0
h i π6
= 2θ + sin 2θ
√ 0
π 3
= 3 + 2 .

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2B Substitution 57

On first inspection, the alternate substitution x = 2 sin θ would seem to make no

difference. However in this case the limits of integration are indeterminate. For
example when x = 1, there are multiple solutions, namely θ = π6 , 5π 6
, . . . , and
the problem then is to find the correct choice of limits.

Two Guidelines for Substitutions: The infinite variety of integrals that may be
encountered make it impractical to give a specific recipe for making the correct
substitution. However the following two guidelines may help, and can be observed
in practice in the previous worked exercises.

• Try to replace the part of the integral which causes difficulty, such as the
innermost function in a chain of functions. In particular, if the integral
involves square-roots of sums or differences of squares then a trigonometric
substitution is likely to work.
• It is better to use a substitution which is a function u = f (x) rather than
a relation x = g(u). Substituting a relation such as x = u2 can lead to
problems later in the calculations, as demonstrated above.

Exercise 2B
f 0 (x)
Z


1. (a) Use the result dx = log f (x) +C to help determine these indefinite integrals.
f (x)
cos x 1
Z Z Z
x
(i) 2
dx (ii) dx (iii) dx
1−x 1 + sin x x log x
(b) Do likewise for these definite integrals.
Z 1 Z 1 Z π3
e2x x2 sec2 x
(i) 2x + 1
dx (ii) 3
dx (iii) dx
0 e 0 1+x π
4
tan x
Z
2. (a) Use the result f 0 (x)ef (x) dx = ef (x) + C to help determine these indefinite integrals.
Z Z Z
2 x3 2 tan x 1 x 1
(i) 6x e dx (ii) sec x e dx (iii) x2
e dx

(b) Do likewise for these definite integrals.

Z 1 Z π2 Z 4 √
1−x2
(i) xe dx (ii) cos x esin x dx (iii) √1 e x dx
x
0 0 1

3. Try to find these integrals mentally, otherwise use a suitable substitution.

6x2
Z Z Z
2 4 x
(a) 2x(x + 1) dx (c) 3 2
dx (e) √ dx
(1 + x ) x2 − 2
4x
Z
x3
Z Z
2 3 6 (d) dx
(b) 3x (1 + x ) dx 2 5 (f) √ dx
(3 − x ) 1 + x4
DEVELOPMENT

4. Use a suitable substitution where necessary to find:

cos x (log x)2
Z Z Z
x
(a) dx (c) dx (e) dx
sin3 x x 1 + x4
√
sec2 x cos x x2
Z Z Z
(b) dx (d) √ dx (f) √ dx
(1 + tan x)2 x 1 − x6

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
58 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

5. Use a suitable substitution where necessary to evaluate:

Z 1 Z 4 Z π4
x+1
(a) x3 (1 + 3x4 )2 dx (c) √ dx (e) tan2 x sec2 x dx
2
x + 2x + 3
0 3 0
Z 1 Z π2 Z e2
x log x
(b) √ dx (d) sin4 x cos x dx (f) dx
4−x 2 x
0 0 1
Z 1
6. (a) Use a suitable substitution to help evaluate x(x − 1)5 dx .
0
(b) How could this integral have been evaluated using just algebraic manipulation?
7. Use Zthe given substitution to find:
√ √ 1
Z
1
(a) x x + 1 dx [put u = x + 1] (c) 1 dx [put u = x 4 ]
Z 1+x 4

1 √
Z
1 p
(b) √ dx [put u = 1 + x] (d) √ dx [put u = e2x − 1]
1+ x e2x − 1
8. In each case, use the given substitution to evaluate the integral.
Z 1 Z 4
2−x 1 √
(a) 3
dx [put u = 2 + x] (c) √ dx [put u = x]
(2 + x) 5+ x
Z0 4 Z0 12
√ √ 1 √
(b) x 4 − x dx [put u = 4 − x] (d) √ dx [put u = x]
0 4 (4 + x) x
9. In each
Z case, use the given substitution to determine
Z the primitive.
1 √ x √
(a) √ dx [put u = x] (b) √ dx [put u = x + 1]
(1 + x) x x+1
10. In each case use the given trigonometric substitution to evaluate the integral. You may
assume that 0 ≤ θ < π2 .
1 1
Z Z
(a) 3 dx [put x = tan θ] (c) √ dx [put x = 5 cos θ]
2
(1 + x ) 2 x2 25 − x 2
1
Z
x2
Z
(b) √ dx [put x = 2 sin θ] (d) √ dx [put x = tan θ]
4 − x2 x 1 + x2
2

Z √2
x3
11. (a) Use a suitable substitution to help evaluate √ dx .
0 x2 + 1
(b) How could this integral have been evaluated using just algebraic manipulation?
Z 2p √
12. (a) Use a suitable substitution to show that 4 − x2 dx = 2π 3 − 3
2 .
1
(b) Redo this problem by geometric means.
EXTENSION
1
x2
Z √ 2
13. (a) Use a trigonometric substitution to show that dx = 12π
− 83 . √
0 1 − x2
(b) How could this integral have been evaluated using algebra then geometry?
Z
dx
14. Consider the indefinite integral I = √ . Clearly the domain of the integrand is
x x2 − 1
disjoint, being x > 1 or x < −1 . Thus it seems appropriate to use a different substitution
in each part of the domain.
p
(a) Find I for x > 1 by using the substitution u = x2 − 1 .
p
(b) Find I for x < −1 by using the substitution u = − x2 − 1 .

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2C Partial Fractions 59

Z 4
dx
15. (a) Use a suitable substitution to determine √ , where  > 0 .
2+ x2 − 4 x2
Z 4
+ dx
(b) Take the limit of this result as  → 0 and hence find √ .
2 x2 − 4
2 x

2C Partial Fractions
In arithmetic, when given the sum of two fractions, the normal procedure is to
combine them into a single fraction using the lowest common denominator. Thus
1 1 5
+ = .
3 2 6
Unfortunately when the fractions are functions and integration is involved, this
is exactly the wrong thing to do. Whilst it is true that
3 2 5x + 1
+ = 2 ,
x+2 x−1 x +x−2
when considering the corresponding integrals,
3 2 5x + 1
Z Z
+ dx = dx ,
x+2 x−1 x2 + x − 2
it should be clear that the left hand side is far simpler to determine than the
right hand integral. So:
5x + 1 3 2
Z Z
2
dx = + dx
x +x−2 x+2 x−1
= 3 log(x + 2) + 2 log(x − 1) + C .
This example is typical of integrals of rational functions. It is easiest to first
split the fraction into its simpler components. In mathematical terminology, the
fraction is decomposed into partial fractions.

A Theorem About Partial Fractions: Consider the rational function

P (x)
,
A(x) × B(x)
where P , A and B are polynomials, with no common factors between any pair,
and where deg P < deg A + deg B. It can be shown that it is always possible to
write
P (x) RA (x) RB (x)
= + ,
A(x) × B(x) A(x) B(x)
where the remainders RA and RB are polynomials with deg RA < deg A and
deg RB < deg B. The proof is beyond the scope of this course.

Linear Factors: In the simplest examples, A(x) and B(x) are linear. Since the
degrees of RA and RB are less, they must be constants, yet to be found.

x+1
WORKED EXERCISE: (a) Decompose into its partial fractions.
(x − 1)(x + 3)
Z 6
x+1
(b) Hence evaluate dx .
2 (x − 1)(x + 3)

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
60 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

x+1 A B
SOLUTION: (a) Let = + , where A and B are unknown
(x − 1)(x + 3) x−1 x+3
constants. Multiply this equation by (x − 1)(x + 3) to get:
x + 1 = A(x + 3) + B(x − 1)
or x + 1 = (A + B)x + (3A − B) .
Equating coefficients of like powers of x yields the simultaneous equations
A+B =1
3A − B = 1 .
1
These can be solved mentally to get A = 2
and B = 12 . Thus
x+1 (1) ( 1)
= 2 + 2 .
(x − 1)(x + 3) x−1 x+3
Z 6
x+1 y
(b) Hence dx
2 (x − 1)(x + 3)
Z 6
1 1
= 12 + dx
x−1 x+3 -3 1
h2
6 x
i6
-1 2
= 21 log(x − 1) + log(x + 3)
 2 
1
= 2 (log 9 + log 5) − (log 5 + log 1)
= log 3 .
This method of equating coefficients of like powers of x is usually only convenient
in straight forward examples like this one.

Finding the Constants by Substitution: A more generalised method of finding

the unknown constants in partial fractions uses substitution. In many cases it is
also a quicker method.
3x − 5
WORKED EXERCISE: Decompose into partial fractions.
(x − 3)(x + 1)
3x − 5 A B
SOLUTION: Let = + , where A and B are unknown
(x − 3)(x + 1) x−3 x+1
constants. Multiply this equation by (x − 3)(x + 1) to get:
3x − 5 = A(x + 1) + B(x − 3) .
When x = 3, 4 = 4A
so A = 1.
When x = −1, −8 = −4B
so B = 2.
3x − 5 1 2
Thus = + .
(x − 3)(x + 1) x−3 x+1
The careful reader will have noticed a point of contention with the solution. The
fraction is undefined when x = 3 and when x = −1, yet these values were used
in the substitution steps. How can this be valid? The answer is that some of the
detail of the solution has been omitted. Here is a more complete explanation.
3x − 5 A B
Since = + where x 6= −1, 3 ,
(x − 3)(x + 1) x−3 x+1
it follows that 3x − 5 = A(x + 1) + B(x − 3) where x 6= −1, 3 .

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2C Partial Fractions 61

Now this last equation is true whenever x 6= −1, 3. That is, it is a linear equation
which is true for at least two other values of x. Hence, by the work done in
Year 11 on identities, it is true for all x, including x = −1 and x = 3. Thus these
values can be substituted to determine A and B. It is not necessary to give this
complete explanation as part of a solution, but students should be aware of it.

Numerators with Higher Degree: In slightly harder problems, the degree of the
numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of the denominator. In such
cases, the fraction should be expressed as a sum of a polynomial and the partial
fractions. Long division may be used at this step, but it is often easier to use a
polynomial with unknown coefficients, as in the following worked exercise.

x3 + x − 3
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Determine dx .
x2 − 3x + 2
x3 + x − 3 x3 + x − 3
SOLUTION: First note that = ,
x2 − 3x + 2 (x − 2)(x − 1)
x3 + x − 3 C D
so let = Ax + B + + ,
(x − 2)(x − 1) x−2 x−1
thus x3 + x − 3 = (Ax + B)(x − 2)(x − 1) + C(x − 1) + D(x − 2) .
Equating the coefficients of x3 , A = 1.
At x = 1 −1 = −D so D = 1 .
At x = 2 7=C.
At x = 0 −3 = 2B − 7 − 2
so B = 3.
3
x +x−3 7 1
Z Z
Finally dx = x + 3 + + dx
x2 − 3x + 2 x−2 x−1
= 12 x2 + 3x + 7 log(x − 2) + log(x − 1) + C .

The Cover-up Rule: There is an even quicker method to determine the constants
of the partial fractions, provided that the original denominator is a product of
distinct linear factors, and provided that the degree of the numerator is less than
the degree of the denominator. The trick is to multiply by just one linear factor
at a time.
7 − 5x
WORKED EXERCISE: Express as a sum of partial fractions.
(x + 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)
7 − 5x C1 C2 C3
SOLUTION: Let = + + . (∗)
(x + 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) x+1 x−2 x−3
7 − 5x C2 (x + 1) C3 (x + 1)
(∗) × (x + 1) gives = C1 + +
(x − 2)(x − 3) x−2 x−3
12
so at x = −1 C1 = = 1.
(−3)(−4)
7 − 5x C1 (x − 2) C3 (x − 2)
(∗) × (x − 2) gives = + C2 +
(x + 1)(x − 3) x+1 x−3
−3
so at x = 2 C2 = = 1.
3 × (−1)
7 − 5x C1 (x − 3) C2 (x − 3)
Finally = + + C3
(x + 1)(x − 2) x+1 x−2

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
62 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

−8
so at x = 3 C3 =
= −2 .
4×1
7 − 5x 1 1 2
Hence = + − .
(x + 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) x+1 x−2 x−3
This method of finding the constants is sometimes called the cover-up rule. Look
carefully at how the three constants are determined. For each constant, the
matching linear factor is effectively omitted, or “covered up”. Thus for C1 , (x+1)
is left out of the original fraction. For C2 , (x − 2) is excluded, and for C3 , (x − 3)
is omitted from the original fraction. In each case, the resulting rational function
is then evaluated at the corresponding value of x. With practice, most students
should be able to determine the constants mentally using this method.

Proof of the Cover-up Rule — Extension: Here is a proof for the general case.
P (x)
Proof: Consider the rational function where deg P < deg Q, and where
Q(x)
Q(x) is a product of distinct linear factors, that is
Q(x) = C × (x − a1 ) × (x − a2 ) × . . . × (x − an )
n
Y Y
=C (x − ai ) (note the use of product notation, .)
i=1
P (x) C1 C2 Ck Cn
Let = + +...+ +...+
Q(x) x − a1 x − a2 x − ak x − an
Multiply this last equation by (x − ak ) to get
P (x)(x − ak ) C1 (x − ak ) C2 (x − ak ) Cn (x − ak )
= + + . . . + Ck + . . . + .
Q(x) x − a1 x − a2 x − an
Now take the limit as x → ak . All terms except Ck on the right hand side are
zero and so:
P (x)(x − ak )
Ck = lim
x→ak Q(x)
P (x)
= lim n (that is, cancel the kth linear factor)
x→ak Y
C (x − ai )
i=1
i6=k

P (ak )
hence Ck = n .
Y
C (ak − ai )
i=1
i6=k

The mathematical notation may seem difficult, but the result is exactly as before.
To get the kth coefficient Ck , omit the kth linear factor from the denominator
and evaluate the rest of the fraction at x = ak .

Quadratic Factors: In certain instances, the denominator of the rational function

being considered will have a quadratic factor with no real zero. For example, in
3x + 10
(x − 2)(x2 + 4)
the quadratic factor (x2 + 4) has no real zero. Thus the denominator of the
rational function cannot be expressed as a product of real linear factors.

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2C Partial Fractions 63

Nevertheless, the method for finding the partial fraction decomposition remains
essentially the same. And since the only requirement is that the degree of the
numerator is less than the degree of the denominator, it follows that for any
quadratic factor the numerator can be a linear polynomial.

3x + 10
WORKED EXERCISE: (a) Rewrite in its partial fractions.
(x − 2)(x2 + 4)
3x + 10
Z
(b) Hence determine dx .
(x − 2)(x2 + 4)
3x + 10 A Bx + C
SOLUTION: (a) Let 2
= + 2 , where A, B and C are
(x − 2)(x + 4) x−2 x +4
unknown constants. Then
3x + 10 = A(x2 + 4) + (Bx + C)(x − 2)
At x = 2 16 = 8A so A = 2 .
Equating coefficients of x2 yields
0 = 2 + B so B = −2 .
At x = 0 10 = 8 − 2C
so C = −1 .
3x + 10 2 2x + 1
Thus 2
= − 2 .
(x − 2)(x + 4) x−2 x +4
3x + 10 2 2x 1
Z Z
(b) Hence 2
dx = − 2 − 2 dx
(x − 2)(x + 4) x−2 x +4 x +4
= 2 log(x − 2) − log(x2 + 4) − 12 tan−1 ( x2 ) + C .

Repeated Factors: In a polynomial, a factor which has degree greater than one is
called a repeated factor. For example in the denominator of the fraction
8−x
,
(x − 2)2(x + 1)
the factor (x − 2)2 is a repeated factor since its index is two. When a partial
fraction question involves repeated factors, normally the initial decomposition
is given in the question and it is simply a matter of finding the values of the
unknown constants.

WORKED EXERCISE: (a) Find the real numbers A, B and C such that
8−x A B C
2
= + 2
+ .
(x − 2) (x + 1) x − 2 (x − 2) x+1
Z 1
8−x
(b) Hence evaluate dx .
0 (x − 2)2 (x + 1)
SOLUTION:
(a) Now 8 − x = A(x − 2)(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + C(x − 2)2 .
At x = −1 9 = 9C so C = 1 .
At x = 2 6 = 3B so B = 2 .
At x = 3 5 = 4A + 8 + 1
so A = −1 .

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
64 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

1
8−x
Z
(b) Hence dx y
2
0 (x − 2) (x + 1)
Z 1
1 2 1
= + 2
− dx
0 x+1 (x − 2) x−2
 1 2
2
= log(x + 1) − − log |x − 2| -1
x−2 0 1 2 x
= (log 2 + 2 − log 1) − (log 1 + 1 − log 2)
= 1 + 2 log 2 .

Exercise 2C
1. Decompose the following fractions into partial fractions.
2 4x x−1
(a) (c) 2 (e)
(x − 1)(x + 1) x −9 x2
+x−6
1 x 3x + 1
(b) (d) 2 (f)
(x − 4)(x − 1) x − 3x + 2 (x − 1)(x2 + 3)
2. Find:Z
2 3x − 2 4x + 5
Z Z
(a) dx (c) dx (e) dx
(x − 4)(x − 2) (x − 1)(x − 2) (2x + 3)(x + 1)
4 2x + 10 10x
Z Z Z
(b) 2
dx (d) 2
dx (f) 2
dx
x + 4x + 3 x + 2x − 3 2x − x − 3
3. Evaluate:
Z 6 5
1 11
Z
(a) 2
dx (c) dx
4 x −4 2x2 + 5x − 12
Z 4 Z2 0
3 1
(b) 2
dx (d) 2
dx
2 x +x−2 −1 3x − 4x + 1
4. Determine:
x2 − 2x + 5 6−x x2 + x + 3
Z Z Z
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx
(x − 2)(x2 + 1) (2x + 1)(x2 + 3) x3 + x
5. Find the value of: √
Z 12 1
1 + 2x − 4x2 2
Z
7−x Z
x2 − 4
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx
2
0 (x + 1)(4x + 1) −1 (x + 3)(x2 + 1) 1 x3 + 2x
DEVELOPMENT

6. Find:Z
2x + 3 4x + 12
Z
(a) dx (b) dx
(x − 1)(x − 2)(2x − 3) x3 − 6x2 + 8x
7. Evalute:
Z 7 2
3x + 5 13x + 6
Z
(a) dx (b) dx
2 (x − 1)(x + 2)(x + 1) 1 x3 − x2 − 6x
2
2x + 1 B C
8. (a) (i) Let =A+ + . Find the values of A, B and C.
(x − 1)(x + 2) x−1 x+2
2x2 + 1
Z
(ii) Hence find dx
(x − 1)(x + 2)
(b) Use a similar technique to part (a) in order to find:
x2 − 2x + 3 3x2 − 66
Z Z
(i) dx (ii) dx
(x + 1)(x − 2) (x + 4)(x − 5)

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2C Partial Fractions 65

9. (a) (i) Find the values of A, B, C and D such that

x3 − 3x2 − 4 C D
= Ax + B + + .
(x + 1)(x − 3) x+1 x−3
Z 1 3
x − 3x2 − 4
(ii) Hence evaluate dx .
0 (x + 1)(x − 3)
Z 4 3
x + 4x2 + x − 3
(b) Use a similar method to evaluate dx .
2 (x + 2)(x − 1)
10. (a) (i) Find the values of A, B and C such that
3x2 − 10 B C
=A+ + .
x2 − 4x + 4 x − 2 (x − 2)2
3x2 − 10
Z
(ii) Hence find dx.
x2 − 4x + 4
(b) (i) Find the integers A, B, C and D such that
3x + 7 A B C D
2 2
= + 2
+ + .
(x − 1) (x − 2) x − 1 (x − 1) x − 2 (x − 2)2
3x + 7
Z
(ii) Hence find dx .
(x − 1)2(x − 2)2
11. ShowZ that:
6 2
x2 − 8 1 + 4x
Z
3 3 1
(a) 3
dx = 2
log 2 − 2 log 2
. (b) dx = 2
log 20.
4 x + 4x 0 (4 − x)(x2 + 1)
x2 − 1 A B Cx + D
12. (a) Let = + 2+ 2 . Find A, B, C and D.
x4 + x2 x x x +1
Z √3 2 √
x −1
(b) Hence show that 4 2
dx = 13 (π − 2 3).
√1 x +x
3

13. Use appropriate methods to find:

Z 2 Z 3
x +1 x +1 x3 + 5
Z
(a) 2
dx (c) dx (e) dx
x −1 x3 + x x2 + x
Z 2
x +1 x2 x4
Z Z
(b) dx (d) dx (f) dx
x2 − x x2 − 5x + 6 x2 − 3x + 2
EXTENSION

14. Use a similar approach to Question 10 for repeated factors to show that
Z 12
5x − x2
2
dx = 4 − 3 log 3 .
− 12 (x + 1) (x − 1)

15. (a) In the notation of the text, if Q(x) is a product of distinct linear factors then:
P (x)(x − ak )
Ck = lim .
x→ak Q(x)
Use this result to prove that
P (ak )
Ck = .
Q0 (ak )
[Hint: What is the value of Q(ak )?]
(b) Use this formula to redo Questions 6(b) and 7(b).

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
66 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

2D Denominators with Quadratics

Many practical applications yield integrals with a quadratic in the denominator.
In the simplest cases it is a matter of applying the following four results:
1 1 1
Z Z
−1 x
 p 
dx = tan √ dx = ln x + x2 − a2
a2 + x2 a a x2 − a2

1
Z
x 1
Z  p 
√ dx = sin−1 √ dx = ln x + x2 + a2
2
a −x 2 a x2 + a2
Z
dx
Another common integral is . Although a formula exists for this, it is
x2 − a2
not part of the course. It is expected that candidates determine the primitive by
use of partial fractions whenever this type of integral is encountered.
Z 1
4
WORKED EXERCISE: Evaluate 2
dx .
−1 x − 4
4 4 y
SOLUTION: Now = ,
−4x2 (x − 2)(x + 2)
4 A B
so let = + .
(x − 2)(x + 2) x−2 x+2
-2 2 x
Then by the cover-up rule A = 1 and B = −1. -1
Z 1 Z 1
4 1 1
Hence 2−4
dx = − dx
−1 x −1 x − 2 x + 2
h i1
= log |x − 2| − log(x + 2)
−1
= (log 1 − log 3) − (log 3 − log 1)
= −2 log 3 .

Quadratics with Linear Terms: Frequently the quadratic will have a linear term,
such as in 3 + 2x − x2 . In these instances the method is to complete the square
to obtain either the sum of two squares or the difference of two squares.
1
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Find √ dx .
3 + 2x − x2
SOLUTION: Completing the square in the denominator:
1 1
Z Z
√ dx = p dx
3 + 2x − x 2 4 − (x − 1)2
1
Z
= √ du where u = x − 1
4 − u2
= sin−1 u2 + C
= sin−1 x−1
2
+C.
Notice that the solution uses a substitution. This step may be omitted by using a
result from the Mathematics Extension 1 course. Recall that if F (x) is a primitive
of f (x) then
Z
f (ax + b) dx = a1 F (ax + b) + C .

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2D Denominators with Quadratics 67

1 x
In this particular instance, f (x) = √ , the primitive is F (x) = sin−1 2
with
4 − x2
a = 1 and b = 1. Thus it is permissible to write

1
Z
x−1
p dx = sin−1 2 +C,
4 − (x − 1) 2

without showing any working. Here is a similar example.

Z 1
9
WORKED EXERCISE: Find the value of 2
dx .
−1 7 + 4x + x

SOLUTION: Completing the square in the denominator: y

Z 1 Z 1 3
9 9
2
dx = dx
−1 7 + 4x + x −1 3 + (4 + 4x + x2 )
Z 1
9
= 2
dx -2 -1 1 x
−1 3 + (2 + x)
h i1
= √93 tan−1 x+2
√
3
√ π π
−1
=3 3 3 − 6
√
π 3
= 2
.

QUADRATICS WITH LINEAR TERMS: Complete the square, then use the result
Z
1 f (ax + b) dx = a1 F (ax + b) + C ,

where F (x) is the primitive of f (x) .

Linear Numerators: So far in all the worked exercises the numerator has been a
constant. When the numerator is linear it is best to carefully split it into two
parts. The first term should be a multiple of the derivative of the quadratic in
the denominator. The second term will then be a constant.
4x + 3
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Determine dx .
x2 + 9
4x + 3 2x 3
Z Z Z
SOLUTION: 2
dx = 2 2
dx + 2
dx
x +9 x +9 x +9
= 2 log(x2 + 9) + tan−1 x3 + C .
In harder examples the quadratic will also contain a linear term. The following
is such an example and requires the last integral formula in the appendix.
0
2x + 3
Z
y
WORKED EXERCISE: Evaluate √ dx .
−1 x2+ 2x + 2
2
SOLUTION: - 32
0
2x + 3
Z
√ dx -1 x
−1 x2+ 2x + 2 -2
0 Z 0
2x + 2 1
Z
= √ dx + p dx
2
x + 2x + 2 (x + 1)2 + 1
−1 −1

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
68 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

h p i0 h p
i 0
= 2 x2 + 2x + 2 + log (x + 1) + (x + 1)2 + 1
√ −1
√ −1
= 2 2 − 2 + log(1 + 2) − log 1
√ √
= 2( 2 − 1) + log(1 + 2) .

LINEAR NUMERATORS: When the numerator is linear it is best to split it into a

2
multiple of the derivative of the quadratic in the denominator plus a constant.

Rationalising the Numerator: In much previous work it has been convenient to

rationalise the denominator when a surd appears. In contrast, when calculus is
involved it is often convenient to rationalise the numerator instead.
Z s
x+1
WORKED EXERCISE: Find dx .
x+7
SOLUTION: Rationalising the numerator
Z s Z
x+1 x+1
dx = √ dx
x+7 2
x + 8x + 7
x+4 3
Z Z
= √ dx − √ dx
2
x + 8x + 7 2
x + 8x + 7
x+4 3
Z Z
= √ dx − p dx
x2 + 8x + 7 (x + 4)2 − 32
p  p 
= x2 + 8x + 7 − 3 log (x + 4) + (x + 4)2 − 32 + C .

Notice that in the first line of working, by rationalising, the numerator has become
linear. This is typical of the questions done in this section.
Care is needed when applying this technique to definite integrals. For example
Z 1s Z 1
x+1 x+1
whilst dx is well defined, the resulting integral √ dx
−1 x+7 −1 x2 + 8x + 7
contains a problem, since the denominator is zero at the lower limit. Definite
integrals of this type are dealt with in the last section of this chapter.

RATIONALISING THE NUMERATOR: When calculus is involved it is often convenient to

3
rationalise the numerator.

Exercise 2D
1. FindZthese primitives. Parts (e) and Z (f) require the final two formulae in the appendix.
1 1 1
Z
(a) 2
dx (c) 2−9
dx (e) √ dx
9 + x x 9 + x 2
1 1
Z Z
1
Z
(b) √ dx (d) 2
dx (f) √ dx
9−x 2 9 − x 2
x −9
2. Determine
Z the following. Parts (e) Zand (f) require the final two formulae
Z in the appendix.
1 1 1
(a) 2 + 4x + 5
dx (c) √ dx (e) √ dx
Z x 9 + 8x − x 2 x 2 − 6x + 13
1 1 1
Z Z
(b) dx (d) √ dx (f) √ dx
x2 − 4x + 20 20 − 8x − x 2 2
4x + 8x + 6

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2E Integration by Parts 69

3. Evaluate the following. Parts (e) and (f) require the final two formulae in the appendix.
Z 3 Z 0 Z 3
1 1 1
(a) 2 − 2x + 5
dx (c) √ dx (e) √ dx
1 x −1 3 − 2x − x 2
−1
2
x + 2x + 10
Z 5 Z 1 Z 1
4 3 2
(b) 2
dx (d) √ dx (f) √ dx
1 x − 6x + 13 0 3 + 4x − 4x2 1 x2 − x + 1 2

DEVELOPMENT

4. Find:Z
2x + 1
Z Z
x x
(a) 2
dx (c) √ dx (e) √ dx
Z x + 2x + 2 6x − x 2 x 2 + 2x + 10
x x+3 x+3
Z Z
(b) 2
dx (d) √ dx (f) √ dx
x + 2x + 10 4 − 2x − x2 x2 − 2x − 4
5. Find the value of:
Z 2 Z 2 Z 3
x+1 2x − 3 1 − 2x
(a) 2
dx (c) 2
dx (e) √ dx
0 x +4 1 x − 2x + 2 −1 + 2x + 3 x2
Z 2 Z 0 Z 1
x+1 x x+3
(b) 2 − 4x + 5
dx (d) √ dx (f) √ dx
1 x −1 3 − 2x − x2 0
2
x + 4x + 1
6. Determine each primitive.
Z s Z s Z s
1+x 3−x x−1
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx
1−x 2+x x+1
7. Evaluate:s s s
Z 0 Z 0 Z 1
1−x x+2 x+1
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx
−1 x+3 −1 1−x 0 x+3
EXTENSION
s
Z 2
x
8. (a) Why is it not valid to evalute dx using the techniques of this section?
0 4−x
Z 2s
x
(b) Nevertheless, show that its value is lim dx = π − 2 .
→0+  4−x

9. (a) Show that x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 1 = (x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) + (x − 1) .

(b) Hence or otherwise show that
Z 0 3 √ √
x + 3x2 + 5x + 1
√ dx = 31 (5 2 − 4) − 2 log(1 + 2 ) .
−1 x2 + 2x + 2

2E Integration by Parts
Whilst there are well known and relatively simple formulae for the derivatives of
products and quotients of functions, there are no such general formulae for the
integrals of products and quotients. Nevertheless, as was found in the previous
two sections, certain quotients can be integrated relatively easily. In this section,
a method of integration is developed that can be applied to certain types of
products. It begins with the product rule for differentiation.

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
70 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

d
Now (uv) = u0 v + u v 0 .
dx
Swapping sides and integrating yields
Z Z
u v dx + u v 0 dx = uv ,
0

Z Z
hence u v dx = uv − u0 v dx .
0

This last equation provides a way to rearrange an integral of one product into an
integral of a different product. The formula is applied with the aim that the new
integral is in some way simpler. The process is called integration by parts.
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Use integration by parts to find xex dx .

SOLUTION: Z
Let I= xex dx
Z
= u v 0 dx ,
where u=x and v 0 = ex
so u0 = 1 and v = ex .
Z
Hence I = uv − u0 v dx
Z
= xex − ex dx
= xex − ex + C
or I = ex (x − 1) + C .
Notice the lack of any constant of integration until the process is finished.

INTEGRATION BY PARTS: The integral of the product u v 0 can be rearranged using

the integration by parts formula:
4 Z Z
u v 0 dx = uv − u0 v dx .

Reducing Polynomials: When one of the factors of the integrand is a polynomial,

it is common to let u be that polynomial. In that way the new integral, which
depends on u0 , will contain a polynomial of lesser degree. That is, the aim is to
reduce the degree of the polynomial.
Z π y
WORKED EXERCISE: Evaluate (x + 1) sin x dx .
0

SOLUTION: Z π
-1 p x
Let I= (x + 1) sin x dx
Z0 π
= u v 0 dx ,
0

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2E Integration by Parts 71

where u = (x + 1) and v 0 = sin x

0
so u =1 and v = − cos x .
h iπ Z π
Thus I = uv − u0 v dx
0 0
h iπ Z π
= − (x + 1) cos x + cos x dx
0 0
h iπ
= (π + 1) + 1 + sin x ,
0
hence I = π + 2 .

Repeated Applications: It may be necessary to apply integration by parts more

than once in order to complete the process of integration. In simpler examples it
may be possible to do some of the steps mentally.
Z 1
WORKED EXERCISE: Evaluate x2 e−x dx .
0

SOLUTION:Z y
1
2 −x
Let I= x e dx
0
and put u = x2 and v 0 = e−x
so u0 = 2x and v = −e−x . 1
h i1 Z 1 e
2 −x
Then I = − x e + 2xe−x dx (by parts.) 1 x
0 0
Now put u = 2x and v 0 = e−x
0
so u =2 and v = −e−x .
h i1 Z 1 
−1 −x −x
Thus I = −e + − 2xe + 2e dx (by parts again)
0 0
h i1
= −e−1 − 2e−1 − 2e−x
0
= 2 − 5e−1 .

Exceptions with Polynomials: Although it is common to reduce the degree of a

polynomial using integration by parts, there are many exceptions. In this course
these exceptions typically involve the logarithm function.
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Determine x log x dx .

SOLUTION:Z
Let I= x log x dx
and put u = log x and v0 = x
so u0 = x1 and v = 12 x2 .
Z
Thus I = 12 x2 log x − 1 2
2x × 1
x dx (by parts)
Z
= 12 x2 log x − 1
2
x dx

= 12 x2 log x − 14 x2 + C
or I = 14 x2 (2 log x − 1) + C .

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
72 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

Integrands where v 0 = 1: The prime number 5 has only two distinct factors,
namely 1 × 5 . In the same way, a function may be treated like a prime:
sin−1 x = 1 × sin−1 x .
This somewhat artificial form of factoring is applied to facilitate integration by
parts. It is then usual to put u equal to the function and v 0 = 1 .
Z 1
2
WORKED EXERCISE: Find the value of sin−1 x dx .
0
SOLUTION: y
Z 1 p
2
2
Let I = sin−1 x dx
0 p
Z 12 6

= 1 × sin−1 x dx . -1 1
1 x
0 2
−1 0
Put u = sin x and v = 1
1 - p2
so u0 = √ and v = x.
1 − x2
h i 12 Z 21 x
−1
Thus I = x sin x − √ dx (by parts)
0 0 1 − x2
h p i21

= x sin−1 x + 1 − x2
 0
q 
1 π 3
= 2 × 6 + 4 − (0 + 1)
√
π
= 12 + 23 − 1 .
Note: This integral can be done much more simply. How might that be?

A Recurrence of the Integral: Integration by parts may lead to a recurrence of

the original integral. It is then simply a matter of collecting like terms.

WORKED EXERCISE: Find a primitive of ex sin x .

SOLUTION: Z
Let I = ex sin x dx
and put u = sin x and v 0 = ex
so u0 = cos x and v = ex .
Z
x
Then I = e sin x − ex cos x dx (by parts)
Now put u = cos x and v 0 = ex
so 0
u = − sin x and v = ex .
 Z 
x x x
Thus I = e sin x − e cos x + e sin x dx (by parts again)
= ex (sin x − cos x) − I
or 2I = ex (sin x − cos x)
hence I = 12 ex (sin x − cos x) + C is the general primitive.
In this example it was important to apply the method consistently. Notice that u
was always the trigonometric function and v 0 was always the exponential function.
As an exercise to highlight the significance of these choices, repeat the worked
exercise but put u = ex and v 0 = cos x at the second integration by parts.

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2E Integration by Parts 73

Exercise 2E
1. Find:Z Z Z
3x
(a) xex dx (c) (x + 1)e dx (e) (x − 1) sin 2x dx
Z Z Z
(b) xe−x dx (d) x cos x dx (f) (2x − 3) sec2 x dx

2. Evaluate:
Z π π
Z 4
Z 1
(a) x sin x dx 2
(c) x sec x dx (e) (1 − x)e−x dx
0 0 0
Z π Z 1 Z 0
2
2x
(b) x cos x dx (d) xe dx (f) (x + 2)ex dx
0 0 −2
0
3. In these
Z questions put v = 1. Z Z
(a) log x dx (b) log(x2 ) dx (c) cos−1 x dx

4. FindZthe value of:

e e
1 √
Z Z
(a) tan−1 x dx (b) log x dx (c) log x dx
0 1 1

5. In each
Z case use integration by parts
Z to increase the power of x. Z
log x
(a) x log x dx (b) x2 log x dx (c) dx
x2
DEVELOPMENT

6. Use Zrepeated applications of integration

Z by parts in order to find:Z
(a) x2 ex dx (b) x2 cos x dx (c) (log x)2 dx

7. These integrals are more naturally done by substitution. Nevertheless they can also be
done by parts. Use integration by parts here and then compare your answers with the
indicated questions in Exercise 2B.
Z 1 Z 1 Z 4
5
√ √
(a) x(x − 1) dx (Q6) (b) x x + 1 dx (Q7a) (c) x 4 − x dx (Q8b)
0 0 0
Z Z
8. Determine: (a) ex cos x dx (b) e−x sin x dx
Z π Z π
2 4
2x
9. Evaluate: (a) e cos x dx (b) ex sin 2x dx
0 0
10. Use integration by parts to evaluate:
Z √23 Z √23 Z 1

(a) sin−1 x dx (b) −1 (c) 4x tan−1 x dx

√ cos x dx
0 − 3 0
2

11. ShowZ that:

π Z e
(a) x2 cos 2x dx = π2 (c) sin(log x) dx = 12 e(sin 1 − cos 1) + 1
2
Z0 π Z1 e
(b) x2 sin 21 x dx = 8π − 16 (d) cos(log x) dx = 12 e(sin 1 + cos 1) − 1
2
0 1
12. Determine
Z p formulae for the following:
Z Z
p p
(a) 2 2
a − x dx (b) log(x + x2 + a2 ) dx (c) log(x + x2 − a2 ) dx

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
74 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

Z Z
13. (a) Determine x log x dx. (b) Hence find x(log x)2 dx.

14. Use trigonometric identities and then integration by parts to show that:
Z π Z π
2 4 2
(a) x sin x cos x dx = 8π
(c) x tan2 x dx = π4 − π32 − 12 log 2
0 Z0 π
Z π2
(b) x sin2 x dx = 161
(π 2 + 4) (d) x2 (cos2 x − sin2 x) dx = π2
0 0
EXTENSION

15. Determine:
Z Z Z
(a) x sin x cos 3x dx (b) x cos 2x cos x dx (c) ex sin 2x cos x dx
1
Z 2
Z 1
16. Determine: (a) x sin −1
x dx (b) x2 tan−1 x dx
0 0
N
1
Z
17. Let s be a positive constant. Show that lim te−st dt = .
N →∞ 0 s2

2F Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric integrals arise frequently in practical applications. This section
contains those integrals more commonly encountered, and is grouped by type.

Powers of Cosine and Sine: There are two methods for the integral
Z
cosm x sinn x dx

depending on whether the constants m and n are odd or even. If both are even
then it is best to use the double angle identities.
Z π
2
WORKED EXERCISE: Evaluate 4 cos2 x sin2 x dx
0
SOLUTION: Apply the double angle formula for sine to get: y
Z π2
4 cos2 x sin2 x dx
0 1
Z π2
= sin2 2x dx -p - p2 p
2 p x
0
Z π2
= 21 1 − cos 4x dx (cosine double angle formula)
0
h i π2
= 12 x − 14 sin 4x
0
π
= 4 .

In the second method one or both of m and n is odd. Work with cosine if m
is odd, otherwise work with sine. The odd index of the chosen trigonometric
function can be reduced to 1 via the Pythagorean identity, cos2 x + sin2 x = 1. It
is then a matter of making a substitution for the other trigonometric function.
The result is a polynomial integral.

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2F Trigonometric Integrals 75

Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Determine cos3 x sin2 x dx .

SOLUTION: Z
Let I= cos3 x sin2 x dx
Z
= cos x(1 − sin2 x) sin2 x dx (by Pythagoras.)
Put u = sin x ,
so that du = cos x dx ,
Z
then I = (1 − u2 )u2 du
Z
= u2 − u4 du

= 13 u3 − 15 u5 + C
= 1
3 sin3 x − 1
5 sin5 x + C .

Z
POWERS OF COSINE AND SINE: Given an integral of the form cosm x sinn x dx:
5
• if m and n are both even then use the double angle formulae,
• if either m or n is odd then use the Pythagorean identity and a substitution.

Powers of Secant and Tangent: There are three general methods for the integral
Z
secm x tann x dx ,

again depending on whether the constants m and n are odd or even. There are
also two special cases which should be dealt with first.
When m = 0 and n = 1 the situation is trivial, viz:
Z Z
sin x
tan x dx = dx
cos x
= − log(cos x) + C .
A very clever trick is required for the other special case when m = 1 and n = 0.
sec x(sec x + tan x)
Z Z
sec x dx = dx
(sec x + tan x)
sec x tan x + sec2 x
Z
= dx
sec x + tan x
= log(sec x + tan x) + C .
Notice that in both special cases the result is a logarithmic function since the
numerator of the integrand can be written as the derivative of the denominator.

THE INTEGRALS OF THE TANGENT AND SECANT FUNCTIONS:

Z
tan x dx = − log(cos x) + C
6 Z
sec x dx = log(sec x + tan x) + C

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
76 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

Now for the general cases. If m and n are both even then separate out a factor
of sec2 x and substitute u = tan x. The Pythagorean identity 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
may be required, particularly when m = 0.
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Find tan4 x dx .

SOLUTION:
Z Z Z
tan4 x dx = tan2 x sec2 x dx − tan2 x dx (by Pythagoras)
Z Z
= tan2 x sec2 x dx − sec2 x − 1 dx (by Pythagoras again)
Z Z Z
= u2 du − sec2 x dx + 1 dx where u = tan x

= 13 u3 − tan x + x + C
= 1
3 tan3 x − tan x + x + C .
Z π
4
WORKED EXERCISE: Show that sec4 x tan2 x dx = 8
15
.
0
Z π
4
SOLUTION: Let I = sec4 x tan2 x dx
0
Z π4
so I= sec2 x (tan2 x + 1) tan2 x dx (by Pythagoras.)
0
Put u = tan x , y
Z 1
then I= (u2 + 1)u2 du 4
0
Z 1
= u4 + u2 du
h0 i1
- p2 p p x
= 15 u5 + 13 u3 4 2
0
8
= 15 .

If n is odd then factor out the term sec x tan x and substitute u = sec x. The
Pythagorean identity may be required.
Z π
3
WORKED EXERCISE: Determine the value of sec3 x tan x dx .
0
Z π
3
SOLUTION: Let I = sec3 x tan x dx , y
0
Z π
3
so I= sec2 x × sec x tan x dx . 8Ö3
0
Put u = sec x , - p2 p
3
p
2
x
Z 2
then I = u2 du
1
h i2
= 13 u3
1
7
= 3 .

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2F Trigonometric Integrals 77

Whenever m is odd and n is even it is best to integrate by parts. Once again the
Pythagorean identity may be required.
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Find sec3 x dx .

SOLUTION: Z
Let I = sec3 x dx
Z
= sec2 x × sec x dx .
Put u = sec x and v 0 = sec2 x
so u0 = sec x tan x and v = tan x .
Z
Thus I = sec x tan x − sec x tan2 x dx (by parts)
Z
= sec x tan x − sec x(sec2 x − 1) dx (by Pythagoras)
Z Z
= sec x tan x − sec3 x dx + sec x dx .
So I = sec x tan x − I + log(sec x + tan x) (from the special case)
or 2I = sec x tan x + log(sec x + tan x) ,
hence I = 12 sec x tan x + log(sec x + tan x) + C .

Z
POWERS OF SECANT AND TANGENT: Given an integral of the form secm x tann x dx:

7 • if m and n are both even then factor out sec2 x and substitute u = tan x
• if n is odd then factor out the term sec x tan x and substitute u = sec x
• if m is odd and n is even then use integration by parts

Products to Sums: There are three standard formulae for converting products of
trigonometric functions to sums. These will be familiar to some readers and are
easily proved by expanding each right hand side.

PRODUCTS TO SUMS:
1


sin A cos B = 2
sin(A − B) + sin(A + B)
8 cos A cos B = 1
cos(A − B) + cos(A + B)


2
1


sin A sin B = 2
cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)

These formulae can be applied to simplify an integral, as in the following example.

Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Find cos 3x cos 2x dx .
Z Z
1
SOLUTION: cos 3x cos 2x dx = 2 cos x + cos 5x dx (products to sums)
1 1
= 2 sin x + 10 sin 5x + C .

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
78 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

The t-substitution: The t-substitution, namely t = tan x2 , should be well known to

readers, being part of the Mathematics Extension 1 course. Here it is applied to
some harder integral problems.
π
4
Z 2
WORKED EXERCISE: Show that dx = log 3 .
0 3 + 5 cos x
π
4
Z 2
SOLUTION: Let I = dx . y
0 3 + 5 cos x
Put t = tan x2 4
1
3 cos-1(- 35 )
2 dt 2
so that dx =
1 + t2 p
2
x
2
1−t
and cos x = ,
1 + t2
Z 1
4 2 dt
then I= 2 ×
0 3 + 5 1+t2
1−t 1 + t2
Z 1
8
= dt
8 − 2t2
Z0 1
4
= 2
dt .
0 4−t
4 A B
Let = + (partial fractions)
(2 + t)(2 − t) 2+t 2−t
then A=1 and B = 1 (by the cover-up method.)
Z 1
1 1
Thus I = + dt
2+t 2−t
h0 i1
= log(2 + t) − log(2 − t)
0
= log 3 .

As a final note, take care with this method if the limits of integration include
odd multiples of π since tan x2 is undefined there. Definite integrals of this type
are dealt with in the last section of this chapter.

Exercise 2F
1. Find:Z Z Z Z
(a) cos x dx (b) sin x dx (c) tan x dx (d) cot x dx

2. Each of the following can be found with a substitution; either u = sin x or u = cos x. You
may also need to apply the Pythagorean identity cos2 x + sin2 x = 1.
Z Z Z
2 3
(a) cos x sin x dx (c) sin x dx (e) cos5 x dx
Z Z Z
2 3
(b) cos x sin x dx (d) cos x dx (f) sin3 x cos3 x dx

3. Use the double angle formulae to evaluate:

Z π2 Z π3 Z π
(a) 2
sin x dx (b) cos2 x dx (c) sin2 x cos2 x dx
0 π 0
6

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2F Trigonometric Integrals 79

4. Use the substitution u = tan x to find the following. You may also need to apply the
Pythagorean identity 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x.
Z Z Z Z
2 2 4
(a) sec x dx (b) tan x dx (c) sec x dx (d) tan4 x dx

5. Use the substitution u = sec x to help evaluate the following. You may also need to apply
the Pythagorean identity 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x.
Z π4 Z π4 Z π4
(a) sec x tan x dx (c) tan3 x dx (e) sec x tan3 x dx
0 0 0
Z π Z π Z π
6 3 3
(b) sec3 x tan x dx (d) sec2 x tan x dx (f) sec3 x tan3 x dx
π
0 6 0

DEVELOPMENT

6. Evaluate:
Z π Z π Z π
2 3
(a) cos3 x sin x dx (c) 3
sin x cos x dx (e) sin3 x cos2 x dx
0 0 0
Z π6 Z π Z π
3 4

(b) cos3 x dx (d) 5

sin x dx (f) sin2 x cos3 x dx
0 0 0

7. Determine:
Z Z Z
(a) cos4 x dx (b) 4
sin x dx (c) sin4 x cos4 x dx

8. Show that:
Z π3 √ Z π
4
(a) sec2 x tan2 x dx = 3 (c) sec4 x tan x dx = 3
4
0 0
Z π3 Z π
4
(b) sec2 x tan3 x dx = 2 92 (d) tan5 x dx = 14 (2 log 2 − 1)
−π
6 0

9. Use the t-substitution to help evaluate:

Z π2 Z π2 π
1 1 1
Z 2
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx
0 1 + sin x 0 4 + 5 cos x −π
2
5 + 3 sin x
10. In each case use a suitable trigonometric substitution to evaluate the integral.
Z 1p Z 1 p Z 1 p
3
(a) 2
1 − x dx (b) x 1 + x dx2 (c) x2 1 − x2 dx
0 0 0
Z
11. Let I = sin x cos x dx .
(a) Find I using a suitable substitution. (b) Find I by the double angle formulae.
(c) Show that the answers to parts (a) and (b) are equivalent.
12. Evaluate:
Z π3 Z π
4
(a) sin3 x sec2 x dx (c) tan3 x + tan x dx
0 0
Z π3 Z π
3
(b) sin3 x sec4 x dx (d) cos x − cos3 x dx
0 − π3

13. Find these integrals by first converting the products to sums:

Z Z Z
(a) sin 3x cos x dx (b) cos 3x sin x dx (c) cos 6x cos 2x dx

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
80 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

14. Evaluate these integrals by first converting the products to sums.

Z π4 Z π4 Z π
3
(a) sin 3x sin x dx (b) cos 4x cos 2x dx (c) sin 4x cos 2x dx
0 0 0

15. Use the substitution t = tan x2 to determine:

1 1 1
Z Z Z
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx
1 + cos x 1 + sin x − cos x 3 sin x + 4 cos x
1 + tan x2
Z  
16. (a) Use the t-substitution to show that sec x dx = log +C
1 − tan x2
(b) Show that this answer and the result in Box 6 are equivalent.
17. Use integration by parts to find the following. You may also need to apply the Pythagorean
identity 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x.
Z Z Z
(a) sec x tan2 x dx . (b) sec3 x dx (c) 8 sec5 x dx

EXTENSION
Z
18. Find x sec x tan x dx .

3
19. In the chapter on
Z complex numbers it was shown that (cis θ) = cis 3θ. Use this result to
help determine cos3 θ dθ.
π
Z 4 √ √
tan2 x sec3 x dx = 1


20. Show that 8
3 2 − log( 2 + 1) .
0

2G Reduction Formulae
The reader should already be familiar with sequences and series, such as the
sequence of odd numbers,
1, 3, 5, 7, . . . or un = 2n − 1 ,
or the powers of 2,
1, 2, 4, 8, . . . or un = 2n−1 .
In this section, sequences of integrals are considered, such as the sequence
Z π2 Z π2 Z π2 Z π2
2 3
sin x dx , sin x dx , sin x dx , . . . or In = sinn x dx .
0 0 0 0

Of particular interest are the equations which relate the terms of the sequence.
Continuing with the above example, if
Z π
2
In = sinn x dx ,
0

it can be shown that

n−1
In = n × In−2 .

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2G Reduction Formulae 81

Such equations are called reduction formulae, because they enable the index to
be reduced, in this case from n to n − 2. In practical terms, this means that
if one of the integrals in the sequence is known then other terms can be simply
calculated from it without the need for further integration. Returning to the
above example, since
Z π2
I1 = sin x dx = 1 ,
0
it follows that I3 = 23 I1 = 2
3
,
and I5 = 45 I3 = 8
15 .
This is obviously a significant saving of effort since it was not necessary to find
the primitives of sin3 x and sin5 x in order to evaluate I3 and I5 . It should now
be clear that reduction formulae are of particular importance.

Note that the convention is to evaluate the sequence index before the integral is
evaluated. Thus, once again using the same example,
Z π2
I0 = 1 dx
0
π
= 2
.

Identities: In a few cases the reduction formula can be generated by use of an identity,
as in the following example.

Z π
4
WORKED EXERCISE: Let In = tann x dx .
0
1
(a) Show that In = − In−2 for n ≥ 2 . (b) Evaluate I1 and hence find I5 .
n−1
SOLUTION: Z π
4
(a) In = tann−2 x (sec2 x − 1) dx (by Pythagoras)
0
Z π4 Z π4
= tann−2 x sec2 x dx − tann−2 x dx
0 0
π
tann−1 x 4

= − In−2
n−1 0
1
= − In−2 .
n−1
Z π4
(b) I1 = tan x dx y
h0 i π4 y = (tan x)5
= − log(cos x) 1
0
1
= 2 log 2 . - p2 p
4
p
2
x
1
-1
Thus I3 = 2
− I1
1 1
= 2
− 2
log 2 ,
1
and I5 = 4
− I3
1 1
= 2 log 2 − 4 .

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
82 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

By Parts: Many examples of reduction formulae use integration by parts.

Z e
WORKED EXERCISE: Let In = (log x)n dx
1
(a) Show that In = e − nIn−1 for n ≥ 1. (b) Hence show that I3 = 6 − 2e .
SOLUTION: Z e
(a) In = 1 × (log x)n dx
1
h ie Z e
n
= x(log x) − x × nx (log x)n−1 dx (by parts)
1 1
Z e
= (e − 0) − n (log x)n−1 dx
1
= e − nIn−1 .
Z e
(b) I0 = 1 dx
1 y
y = (log x)3
= e−1.
Thus I1 = e − I 0
1
= 1,
1 e x
I2 = e − 2I1
= e−2,
and I3 = e − 3I2
= 6 − 2e .

By Parts with an Identity: Some examples use integration by parts and an identity.
Z 1
WORKED EXERCISE: Let In = x2 (1 − x2 )n dx .
0
(a) Use the identity x2 ≡ 1 − (1 − x2 ) to show that In = 2n
I
2n+3 n−1
for n ≥ 1.
(b) Evaluate I0 and hence find I3 .
SOLUTION:
(a) Apply integration by parts to get:
h i1 Z 1
In = 13 x3 (1 − x2 )n − 1 3
3
x × (−2nx)(1 − x2 )n−1 dx
0 0
Z 1
=0+ 3 2n
x × x (1 − x2 )n−1 dx
2 2

Z 1 0
= 2n3
x2 (1 − x2 )n−1 − x2 (1 − x2 )n dx (by the identity)
0
2n
so In = 3
I n−1 − 2n I
3 n
.
2n+3 2n
thus 3
In = I
3 n−1
2n
or In = 2n+3 In−1 .
y
Z 1
1
(b) I0 = x2 dx = 1
3
. 4 ( 12 , 256
27
)
0
-1
Thus I1 = 52 I0 = 2
15
, 1 x
4 8
I2 = 7 I1 = 105 ,
and I3 = 6
I = 16
. y = x2(1 - x2)3
9 2 315

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2G Reduction Formulae 83

Exercise 2G
tann−1 x
Z
1. (a) Given that In = tann x dx, prove that In =
− In−2 for n ≥ 2.
n−1
(b) Hence show that I6 = 15 tan5 x − 13 tan3 x + tan x − x + C
Z
2. (a) If In = xn ex dx, show that In = xn ex − nIn−1 for n ≥ 1.
Z
(b) Hence show that x3 ex dx = (x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 6)ex + C .
Z e
3. (a) If In = x(log x)n dx, show that In = 12 e2 − 12 nIn−1 for n ≥ 1.
1
(b) Find I0 and hence show that I4 = 41 (e2 − 3) .
Z π
2
4. Let un = cosn x dx .
0
n−1
(a) Use integration by parts and the Pythagorean identity to prove that un = n un−2
for n ≥ 2.
(b) Hence evaluate u5 .
DEVELOPMENT

Z π
4
5. Let Tn = secn x dx .
0
√
( 2)n−2 n − 2
(a) Show that Tn = + Tn−2 for n ≥ 2. You will need to use integration by
n−1 n−1
parts and a trigonometric identity.
(b) Deduce that T6 = 2815
.
Z π
2
6. Let Cn = xn cos x dx , where n ≥ 0 .
0
(a) Prove that Cn = ( π2 )n − n(n − 1)Cn−2 , for n ≥ 2 . (b) Hence evaluate C6 .
Z 1
2n
7. (a) If In = (1 − x2 )n dx, show that In = In−1 for n ≥ 1.
0 2n + 1
(b) Evaluate I0 and hence find I4 .
Z 1
3n
8. (a) If un = x(1 − x3 )n dx , show that un = un−1 for n ≥ 1.
0 3n +2
(b) Show that u0 = 12 and hence evaluate u4 .
xn
Z
9. Suppose that Jn = √ dx .
1 − x2
 p 
(a) Show that Jn = n1 (n − 1)Jn−2 − xn−1 1 − x2 for n ≥ 2.
x
[Hint: Do this by parts with u = xn−1 and v 0 = √ .]
1 − x2
x2
Z
(b) Hence determine √ dx .
1 − x2

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
84 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

Z π
2
10. Let un = sinn x cos2 x dx.
0  
(a) Show that un = n−1 n+2
un−2 , for n ≥ 2 .
[Hint: Do this by parts with u = sinn−1 x and v 0 = sin x cos2 x.]
π
(b) Hence show that u4 = 32 .
Z 1
√
11. Let Tn = xn 1 − x dx .
0
2n 32
(a) Deduce the reduction formula Tn = Tn−1 for n ≥ 1. (b) Show that T3 = 315 .
2n + 3
n!(n + 1)! n+1
(c) Use the reduction formula to help prove by induction that Tn = 4 .
(2n + 3)!
Z 1
xn
12. Consider the integral In = √ dx .
0 1+x
√
(a) Show that I0 = 2 2 − 2 .
Z 1
√
(b) Show that In−1 + In = xn−1 1 + x dx for n ≥ 1.
0
√
2 2 − 2nIn−1
(c) Use integration by parts to show that In = for n ≥ 1.
2n + 1
(d) Hence evaluate I2 .
13. (a) Show that (1 + t2 )n−1 + t2 (1 + t2 )n−1 = (1 + t2 )n .
Z x

n
(b) Put Pn = 1 + t2 dt . Use integration by parts and the result in part (a) to show
0  

n
1
that Pn = 2n+1 1 + x2 x + 2nPn−1 for n ≥ 1.
(c) Hence determine P4 :
(i) by the reduction formula, (ii) by using the binomial theorem.
(d) Hence write 1 + 3 x + 5 x + 7 x + 19 x8 in powers of (1 + x2 ).
4 2 6 4 4 6

EXTENSION
Z 1 Z 1
14. Let In = (1 − x2 )n dx and Jn = x2 (1 − x2 )n dx .
0 0
(a) Apply integration by parts to In to show that In = 2n Jn−1 for n ≥ 1.
2n
(b) Hence show that In = In−1 for n ≥ 1.
2n + 1
1
(c) Show that Jn = In − In+1 , and hence deduce that Jn = In .
2n + 3
(d) Hence write down a reduction formula for Jn in terms of Jn−1 .
Z π4
15. For n = 0, 1, 2, . . . let In = tann θ dθ .
0
1
(a) Show that I1 = 2
ln 2 .
1
(b) Show that, for n ≥ 2 , In + In−2 = .
n−1
1 1
(c) For n ≥ 2 , explain why In < In−2 , and deduce that < In < .
2(n + 1) 2(n − 1)
(d) Use the reduction formula in part (b) to find I5 , and hence deduce that 23 < ln 2 < 3
4 .

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2H Miscellaneous Integrals 85

2H Miscellaneous Integrals
As was stated in the chapter overview, integration is an art form and requires
much practice. In particular, it is important to be able to recognise the different
forms of integrals, and to quickly determine which method is appropriate to apply.
To that end, this section has been included. The exercise contains a mixture of
all integral types encountered so far. Some questions can be done by more than
one method. It is up to the reader to determine which method is most efficient.

Exercise 2H
1. Evaluate:
Z 1 3 π
x2 2x + 2
Z
3 cos x
Z 2
(a) dx (c) dx (e) dx
−1 (5 + x )
3 2
2 (x + 3)(x − 1) π
4
sin4 x
Z π 2 1
x−1
Z
1
Z
3
(b) x sin x dx (d) dx (f) √ dx
0 0 x+1 0 4 − 9x2
2. Find:Z
1 1
Z Z
x
(a) √ dx (d) 2
dx (g) dx
1 + x2 Z 2x + 3x + 1 Z x2 + 6x + 25
1+x
Z
(b) dx (e) x3 log x dx (h) 3x cos 3x dx
1 + x2 Z Z
x
Z
(c) sin x cos4 x dx (f) sin3 2x dx (i) √ dx
4+x
3. Show that:
Z 1 Z 4
x
(a) x2 e−x dx = 2 − 5e (f) √ dx = 3π
0 2 6x − 8 − x2
Z π2 Z 1 √
x
(b) sin3 x cos5 x dx = 24
1
(g) dx = 21 (4 − π)
1 + x
Z0 1 0
Z π3
x √
(c) 2 + 1)
dx = 81 (π − 2 log 2) (h) sec x dx = log(2 + 3)
0 (x + 1)(x 0
Z π
Z 12
3
4
1
√
(d) (1 − x2 )− 2 dx = √13 (i) sin 2x cos 3x dx = 10 (3 2 − 4)
Z0 1 Z0 π
1 − x2 (j) e−x cos x dx = 12 (1 + e−π )
(e) 2
dx = π2 − 1
0 1 + x 0

DEVELOPMENT

4. (a) Find the rational numbers A, B and C such that

x−1 A Bx + C
3
= + 2 .
x +1 x+1 x −x+1
Z 1 3
x +x
(b) Hence show that 3
dx = 1 − 23 log 2.
0 x +1
Z
2 2
5. Use integration by parts to show that x3 e−x dx = − 12 e−x (1 + x2 ) + C .
Z π
4
6. Use integration by parts to evaluate I = sec3 x dx .
0

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
86 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

7. In each case let t = tan x2 in order to show that:

Z π2 Z π2
1 1 1 π
(a) dx = 4 log 3 (b) dx = 4
0 3 + 5 cos x 0 cos x − 2 sin x + 3

8. (a) Find the values of A, B, C, and D such that

A 4t B Ct + D
+ =
+ .
(1 + t)2 (1 + t2 )
1 + t (1 + t) 2 1 + t2
Z π2
sin x
(b) Hence use the t-substitution to evaluate dx .
0 1 + sin x
Z 64
√ 1
9. Use the substitution u = x to show that
6
√ √ dx = 11 − 6 log 32 .
1 x+ 3x
Z p
10. Find a2 − x2 dx using:

(a) the substitution θ = sin−1 xa , (b) integration by parts.

Z 1
5 − 5x2
11. (a) Show that 2
dx = 12 (π + log 27
16 ) .
0 (1 + 2x)(1 + x )
Z π2
cos x
(b) Hence find dx using the substitution t = tan x2 .
0 1 + cos x + 2 sin x
12. (a) Find integers P and Q such that
8 sin x + cos x − 2 = P (3 sin x + 2 cos x − 1) + Q(3 cos x − 2 sin x) .
Z
8 sin x + cos x − 2
(b) Hence find dx .
3 sin x + 2 cos x − 1
Z π
13. (a) If Tn = sinn x dx, show that Tn = n−1 n
Tn−2 . (b) Hence show that T5T6 = π3 .
0
Z e
14. (a) Let In = (log x)n dx and show that In = e − nIn−1 . (b) Hence evaluate I3 .
1
EXTENSION
1
xn−1
Z
15. Let In = n
dx , for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
0 (x + 1)
(a) Show that I1 = ln 2 .
1
(b) Use integration by parts to show that In+1 = In − .
n 2n
x
(c) The maximum value of , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 , is 12 .
x+1
Use this fact to show that In+1 < 21 In .
1
(d) Deduce that In < .
n 2n−1
(e) Use the reduction formula in part (b) and the inequality in part (d) to show that
2 17
3
< ln 2 < 24
.
π π
1 cos x + 2 sin x
Z Z
π 1
16. Given that dx = 4 , show that dx = 12 (16 log 2 − π) .
0 5 + 3 cos x 0 5 + 3 cos x

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2I Further Integration 87

1 + t2 √ 2
Z
2(t −1)
17. (a) Use the substitution u = t − t −1
to show that dt = √1 tan−1 +C.
1+t 4 2 2t
√
(b) Alternatively, use the result (1 + t4 ) = (1 + t2 )2 − ( 2 t)2 and partial fractions to show
Z
1 + t2 √ √
that 4
dt = √12 tan−1 ( 2 t + 1) + √12 tan−1 ( 2 t − 1) + C .
1+t
18. Consider the two new functions cosh x = 21 (ex + e−x ) and sinh x = 12 (ex − e−x ) .
Z log 2
1
Show that dx = 12 tan−1 13 .
0 5 cosh x − 3 sinh x

2I Further Integration
Dummy Variables: In the case of definite integrals it does not matter what variable
is used in the integrand, provided that the variable chosen is used consistently
during the calculations. Thus for example, the three integrals below all have the
same value, despite using different variables in the calculations.
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2
 1 3 1 2
 1 3 1 1
θ2 dθ = 13 θ3 0

x dx = 3 x 0 t dt = 3 t 0
0 0 0
= 13 = 13 = 13
In fact anything can be used as the variable. To be particularly absurd, even a
picture of an elephant from behind, , may be used . Thus:
Z 1
2
1
= 31 3 0

d
0
= 13
which still gives the same value. In such cases as these, the variable used is called
a dummy variable, since it is only seen in intermediate calculations and does not
appear in the final answer.
In itself, the notion of dummy variables is not a particularly exciting result.
However it is a feature that can be used to help prove some useful theorems
about definite integrals. These theorems can then be used to help evaluate more
complicated integrals.

Odd and Even Symmetry: If f (x) exhibits odd or even symmetry then an integral
may be quickly simplified using the following.

Z a 0
 if f (x) is odd,
f (x) dx = Z a
−a 2

f (x) dx if f (x) is even.
0
Clearly in the case where f (x) is odd the result is immediate. In the case where
the integrand is even, let F (x) be a primitive. If the constant of integration is
omitted then F (0) = 0. Hence
Z a Z a
f (x) dx = 2 f (x) dx
−a 0

= 2 F (a) − F (0)
= 2F (a) .
Thus it is only necessary to evaluate the primitive at the upper limit.

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
88 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

1
x2
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Evaluate dx .
−1 1 + x2
SOLUTION: Clearly the integrand is even.
x2 1
Z Z
Now dx = 1− dx
1 + x2 1 + x2
= x − tan−1 x (omitting the constant.)
Z 1 2
x
Hence 2
dx = 2(1 − tan−1 1)
−1 1 + x
= 2 − π2 .

1
x2 x2
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Evaluate f (x) dx , where f (x) = √ −√ .
−1 2+x 2−x
(−x)2 (−x)2
SOLUTION: f (−x) = p −p
2 + (−x) 2 − (−x)
x2 x2
=√ −√
2−x 2+x
= −f (x) .
Z 1
Hence f (x) is odd and thus f (x) dx = 0.
−1

ODD AND EVEN SYMMETRY: Let F (x) be a primitive of f (x) without constant, then:
Z a (
9 0 if f (x) is odd,
f (x) dx =
−a 2F (a) if f (x) is even.

Here is a proof of the case where f (x) is even. The odd case is left as an exercise.
Proof: Let f (x) be even with primitive F (x), then
Z a Z 0 Z a
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx
−a −a 0
Z 0 Z a
=− f (−t) dt + f (x) dx where t = −x .
Z a Z aa Z a0
Thus f (x) dx = f (−t) dt + f (x) dx (reversing the limits)
−a Z0 a Z a0
= f (t) dt + f (x) dx (since f is even)
0Z 0
a
=2 f (x) dx (since x and t are dummy variables)
0
= 2F (a) .
Z 2a
Reflection in the Line x = a: Integrals of the form f (x) dx can often be
0
simplified by a reflection in the vertical line x = a. This is achieved by replacing x
with (2a − x). Such reflections are dealt with in more detail in the chapter on
Graphs. The following example demonstrates the situation.

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2I Further Integration 89

The graphs of y = 2x and y = 22−x are to the right of the table of values.
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
1 1
2x 4 2 1 2 4 8 16 y
y = 2x
22−x 16 8 4 2 1 1
2
1
4 4
2
It should be clear that the third line of the table of values 1 y = 22-x
is just the reverse of the second line. That is, there is
symmetry about the middle value x = 1 . The graphs -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
also make it clear that y = 22−x is obtained by reflecting
y = 2x in the line x = 1 .
y y
x
y=2
4 4

1 y = 22-x
1
2 x 2 x

The second pair of graphs should further make it clear that since a reflection is
involved, the areas under the exponential curves between x = 0 and x = 2 are
the same. That is:
Z 2 Z 2
x
2 dx = 22−x dx .
0 0
Notice that in the integrand x has been replaced with 2a − x = 2 − x, since a = 1.
Z π
WORKED EXERCISE: Determine x sin x dx by a suitable reflection.
0
Z π
SOLUTION: Let I = x sin x dx. Reflect in the line x = π2 .
0
Thus replace x with (π − x) to get: y
Z π
I= (π − x) sin(π − x) dx y = x sin x
0
2
Z π 1
= (π − x) sin x dx (expanding sin(π − x))
p x
Z0 π Z π
= π sin x dx − x sin x dx
Z0 π 0

= π sin x dx − I .
Z0 π
Hence 2I = π sin x dx
0Z
π
thus I = π2 sin x dx
0
= π2 × 2
= π.
The integral can also be done using integration by parts. The method of reflection
in x = π2 provides a geometric alternative which in some ways is simpler.

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
90 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

REFLECTION IN A VERTICAL LINE: The integral of a function f (x) between x = 0 and

x = 2a is unchanged by a reflection in the line x = a, thus:
10 Z 2a Z 2a
f (x) dx = f (2a − x) dx .
0 0

The proof is straight forward, and again makes use of dummy variables.
Proof: Put x = 2a − t so that dx = (−1) dt.
When x = 0 , t = 2a , and when x = 2a , t = 0 .
Z 2a Z 0
Thus f (x) dx = f (2a − t) × (−1) dt
0 2a
Z 2a
= f (2a − t) dt (reversing the limits)
Z0 2a
= f (2a − x) dx (since x and t are dummy variables)
0

Bounding: There are times when it is not necessary to know y y = g(x)

the exact value of an integral, just that it lies within M
certain bounds. For example, in the interval a ≤ x ≤ b in
the graph on the right the function y = g(x) lies between
its minimum value y = m and its maximum value y = M . m
It should be clear then that the area under y = g(x) in x
this interval is bigger than the lower rectangle and less a b
than the upper rectangle, hence:
Z b y y = h(x)
m(b − a) ≤ g(x) dx ≤ M (b − a) .
a y = f (x)
Again, by comparing areas, it should be clear in general
that if f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) whenever a ≤ x ≤ b then y = g(x)
Z b Z b Z b
a b x
f (x) dx ≤ g(x) dx ≤ h(x) dx .
a a a

1 1 1
WORKED EXERCISE: (a) Prove that ≤ ≤ for x > 0 .
x+1 x + cos2 x x
Z 2
3 1
(b) Hence show that log 2 ≤ 2
dx ≤ log 2 .
1 x + cos x

SOLUTION: (a) Now 0 ≤ cos2 x ≤ 1, so:

x ≤ x + cos2 x ≤ x + 1 for all x ,
1 1 1
hence ≤ ≤ for x > 0 .
x+1 x + cos2 x x
(b) Integrating all three parts:
Z 2 Z 2 Z 2
1 1 1
dx ≤ 2
dx ≤ dx
1 x+1 1 x + cos x 1 x
h i2 Z 2 1 h i2
so log(x + 1) ≤ dx ≤ log x
1 x + cos2 x 1
Z1 2
1
hence log 32 ≤ 2x
dx ≤ log 2 .
1 x + cos

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2I Further Integration 91

Improper Integrals and Limits: A definite integral is called an improper integral

if the integrand is undefined at some point in the interval or if the interval of
integration is unbounded. Thus
2
1
Z
dx
1 x−1

1
is an improper integral since is undefined at x = 1. The integral
x−1
Z ∞
e−x dx
0

is also an improper integral, in this case since the interval, 0 ≤ x < ∞, is

unbounded on the right hand side.

The value of an improper integral, if it exists, is found by taking the limit of a

related integral.

2
1
Z
WORKED EXERCISE: Find the value of dx , if it exists.
1 x−1

SOLUTION: y
2
1
Z
Let I(a) = dx
a x−1
h i2
= log(x − 1)
a
= log 1 − log(a − 1)
= − log(a − 1) . 1a 2 x
Z 2
1
Thus dx = lim+ I(a) (if the limit exists)
1 x−1 a→1
= lim+ − log(a − 1)
a→1
Z 2
1
which is undefined. Hence dx is undefined.
1 x−1

Z ∞
WORKED EXERCISE: Determine e−x dx .
0

SOLUTION: y
Z N
−x
Let I(N ) = e dx
0
h iN
= − e−x 1
0
= 1 − e−N .
Z ∞
N x
Thus e−x dx = lim I(N ) (if the limit exists)
0 N →∞
= lim 1 − e−N
N →∞
= 1.

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
92 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

Exercise 2I
Z 2
√ √ √ √
1. (a) Prove that f (x) = 2 + x− 2 − x is odd and hence evaluate 2 + x− 2 − x dx .
−2
Z 1
(b) Prove that g(x) = ex − e−x is odd and hence evaluate ex − e−x dx .
−1
Z 2a Z 2a
2. Use the formula f (x) dx = f (2a − x) dx to help evaluate:
0 0
Z 1 Z 1 π
√
Z
(a) 10
x(1 − x) dx (b) 2
x 1 − x dx (c) x sin2 x dx
0 0 0

1 sin x 1
3. (a) Use the graph of sin x to show that ≤ ≤ for π6 ≤ x ≤ π2 .
2x x x
Z π
2 sin x
1
(b) Hence show that 2
log 3 < dx < log 3 .
π
6
x
√
1 tan x 3
4. (a) Use the graph of tan x to show that ≤ ≤ for π4 ≤ x ≤ π3 .
x x x
Z π √
3 tan x
(b) Hence show that log 43 < dx < 3 log 43 .
π
4
x
√
5. (a) Use the graph of tan x to show that tan x ≤ tan x ≤ 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π4 .
Z π4
1
√
(b) Hence show that 2
log 2 < tan x dx < π4 .
0
Z 1
dx
6. (a) Explain why √ is an improper integral.
Z 0a 1−x
dx
(b) Find I(a) = √ , where a < 1.
0 1−x
Z 1
dx
(c) Determine lim I(a) and hence state the value of √ .
a→1− 0 1−x
Z ∞
dx
7. (a) Explain why is an improper integral.
4 + x2
Z0 N
dx
(b) Find I(N ) = .
0 4 + x2
Z ∞
dx
(c) Determine lim I(N ) and hence state the value of .
N →∞ 0 4 + x2
DEVELOPMENT
Z 0 Z a
8. (a) Use the substitution u = −x to prove that f (x) dx = f (−x) dx .
−a 0
Z a Z a


(b) Hence prove that f (x) dx = f (x) + f (−x) dx .
−a 0
(c) Use the theorem in part (b) to show that:
Z a π
1
Z 4
(i) f (x) dx = 0 if f (x) is odd (iii) dx = 2
−a − π4 1 + sin x
1 π
1 ex sin2 x
Z Z2
π
(ii) dx = 1 (iv) dx = 4
−1 1 + e−x − π2 1 + ex

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration 2I Further Integration 93

9. Use the result of Box 10 with a suitable

Z π choice of a to evaluate: Z π
Z π2
sin x cos x 4 1 − sin 2x
(a) dx (b) 2 dx (c) dx
0 sin x + cos x 0 3 + sin x 0 1 + sin 2x
Z π
sin x
10. (a) Show that 2x
dx = π2 .
0 1 + cos
Z π
x sin x
(b) Use the substitution x = π − u to find dx .
0 1 + cos2 x
11. Evaluate the following improper integrals by applying an appropriate limit.
Z 2 Z 1 Z 1s
dx dx 1+x
(a) √ (c) √ (e) dx
0 2−x 0 1−x 2
0 1−x
Z 4 Z 1 Z e
dx dx
(b) √ (d) √ (f) (log x)2 dx
0 x 0 2x − x 2
0

12. Evaluate the following improper integrals by applying an appropriate limit.

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z 0
dx dx
(a) (c) (e) ex dx
1 x2 1 x2 − 4x + 5 −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
dx −x2 2 dx
(b) 2
(d) xe dx (f)
0 1+x 0 0
x
e + e−x
1 1
13. (a) Given that 0 < t < 1 , show that < 1. 2
<
1+t
(b) Hence, for 0 < x < 1 , show that 12 x < log(1 + x) < x .
√
14. (a) Prove that y = 12 (x + 1) is the tangent to y = x at x = 1.
√
(b) Hence explain why 12 (x + 1) ≥ x for x ≥ 0 .
√
(c) Hence prove that x + x + 1 ≤ 23 (x + 1).
Z 2
1
(d) Hence show that √ dx ≥ 32 log 32 .
1 x+ x+1

15. (a) Given that n > 2 and 0 < x < 1 , show that 0 < xn < x2 .
1 1
(b) Hence, for n > 2 and 0 < x < 1 , show that 1 < √ < √ .
1 − xn 1 − x2
Z 12
1
(c) Deduce that 21 < √ n
dx < π6 .
0 1 − x
Z π Z π
2 2 2x
16. (a) Given that sin x > 2xπ
for 0 < x < π
2
, explain why e − sin x
dx < e− π dx .
0 0
Z π Z π2
(b) Use the substitution u = π − x to show that e− sin x dx = e− sin x dx .
π
2 0
Z π
(c) Deduce that e− sin x dx < πe (e − 1) .
0
1 1
x2 (1 − x)2
Z Z
2 2 1
17. (a) Show that x (1 − x) dx = 30
and that dx = 36 ln 23 − 175
12
.
0 0 x+2
x2 (1 − x)2
(b) Explain why 13 x2 (1 − x)2 < < 21 x2 (1 − x)2 , for 0 < x < 1 .
x+2
2627
(c) Hence show that 6480 < ln 32 < 2628
6480 .

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
94 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

1 1
x4 (1 − x)4
Z Z
4 4 1 22
18. (a) Show that x (1 − x) dx = 630 and that dx = 7 −π.
0 0 1 + x2
x4 (1 − x)4
(b) Explain why 12 x4 (1 − x)4 < < x4 (1 − x)4 , for 0 < x < 1 .
1 + x2
(c) Hence show that 22
7
1
− 630 < π < 22 7
1
− 1260 .
Z  Z
 b  b
19. Explain why 0 ≤  f (x) dx ≤ |f (x)| dx . A diagram may help.
 
 a  a
Z
20. (a) Let In = x(log x)n dx. Show that In = 12 x2 (log x)n − 12 nIn−1 .
(b) Given that lim xn log x = 0 for n > 0, deduce a similar reduction formula for the
x→0
Z 1
improper integral un = x(log x)n dx.
0
(c) Hence evaluate u4 .
Z a Z a
21. (a) Use a suitable substitution to show that f (x) dx = f (a − x) dx .
0 0
(b) A function
Z a g(x) has the property that g(x) + g(a − x) = g(a). Use part (a) to prove
that g(x) dx = a2 g(a) .
0
EXTENSION
Z x
22. Let In (x) = tn e−t dt , where n is a positive integer.
0  
n j
X x
(a) Prove by induction that In (x) = n! 1 − e−x , where 0! = 1 .
j!
j=0
Z 1
1
(b) Show that 0 ≤ tn e−t dt ≤ .
0 n + 1
n
X 1 1
(c) Hence show that 0 ≤ 1 − e−1 ≤ .
j! (n + 1)!
j=0
 
n
X 1
(d) Hence find lim  .
n→∞
j=0
j!
1
3
Z
23. (a) Given that e < 3, show that . xn ex dx <
0 n + 1
(b) Show by induction that for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . there exist integers an and bn such that
Z 1
xn ex dx = an + bn e .
0
p
(c) Let r be a positive rational number so that r = , where p and q are positive integers.
q
1
Show that for all integers a and b, either |a + br| = 0 or |a + br| ≥ .
q
(d) Prove that e is irrational.
Z 1
log(1 + x)
24. Show that 2
dx = 81 π log 2 .
0 1 + x

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration Appendix — Reference Sheet Integrals 95

Appendix — Reference Sheet Integrals

Here is a list of integrals in the Reference Sheet which accompanies each examination.
Further down the page are some other common integrals which may be encountered in
this course.

REFERENCE SHEET INTEGRALS

(ax + b)n+1
Z
(ax + b)n dx = +C
a(n + 1)

1 ax+b
Z
eax+b dx = e +C
a

f 0 (x)
Z
 
dx = ln f (x) + C
f (x)

1
Z
sin(ax + b) dx = − cos(ax + b) + C
a

1
Z
cos(ax + b) dx = sin(ax + b) + C
a

1
Z
sec2 (ax + b) dx = tan(ax + b) + C
a

1
Z
x
√ dx = sin−1 + C
a2 − x2 a

1 1
Z
x
dx = tan−1 + C
a2 +x 2 a a

OTHER COMMON INTEGRALS

1
Z
sec ax tan ax dx = sec ax , a 6= 0
a

1
Z  p 
√ dx = ln x + x2 − a2 , x>a>0
x2 − a2

1
Z  p 
√ dx = ln x + x2 + a2
x2 + a2

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
96 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

√
Chapter Two 2
7(a) 15 (3x − 2)(1 + x) 1 + x + C
√ √

(b) 2 1 + x − log(1 + x) + C
 1 √ 
Exercise 2A (Page 53) (c)
3 1
4 x 4 − 12 x + 31 x 4 − log(1 + x 4 ) + C
1(a) 21 sin 2x + C (b) 3 tan x3 + C p
(d) tan
−1
e2x − 1 + C
(c) 15 tan−1 ( x5 ) + C (d) sin−1 ( x2 ) + C 1 128 5 π
8(a) 9 (b) 15 (c) 4 + 10 log 7 (d) 12
√
√
 p 
(e) log x + x2 + 3 + C 9(a) 2 tan
−1 2
x + C (b) 3 (x − 2) x + 1 + C
 p  p
x −1 x 1
(f) log x + x2 − 5 + C 10(a) √ 2 + C (b) 2 sin 2 − 2 x 4 − x2 + C
√ 1+x p
2(a) 2(e2 − 1) (b) 21  (c) π8  (d) π4 25−x2 1
(c) − 25x + C (d) − x 1 + x2 + C
√ √
3+√5 1+ 5 2 3 2
(e) log 1+ = log (f) 2 log 3 11(a) 3 (b) Begin by writing x = x(x + 1) − x.
5 2
3(a) − 12 log(1 − x2 ) + C (b) log(x + tan x) + C 12(b) The region is half a segment.
2 2
(c) 13 log(1 + sin 3x) + C 13(b) Begin by writing x = 1 − (1 − x ).
p p
14(a) tan
−1 2 −1
x2 − 1 +C2
√ x − 1 +C1 (b) tan
2
4(a) 3 log 2 (b) 21 log( e 2+1 ) (c) log 2
1
√ √
√  √ 3 (4+) 3
5(a) √ π π
(b) 18 (c) 12 log √2+1 = log( 2 + 1) 15(a) 8 − 4(2+) (b) 8
3 3  2−1
√  √
(d) √1 log 15+7√ 5 = √1 log(2 + 5)
5 5+ 5 5 Exercise 2C (Page 64)
6(a) x + log(x − 1) + C (b) x − 2 log(x + 1) + C 1 1 1 1 2 2
1(a) x−1 − x+1 (b) 3(x−4) − 3(x−1) (c) x−3 + x+3
(c) x + 2 log(x − 1) + C 2 1 1 4 1 2−x
(d) x−2 − x−1 (e) 5(x−2) + 5(x+3) (f) x−1 + x2 +3
1
7(a) 1 − log 4 (b) 1 − 4 log 5 (c) π − 1
2(a) ln(x − 4) − ln(x − 2) + C
π 1 π 1
8(a) 3 − 2 (b) 4 + log 2 (c) 4 (π − log 4)
2 ln(x + 1) − 2 ln(x + 3) + C
(b)
π 1
(d) 8 + 2 log 2
3 2
4 log(x − 2) − log(x − 1) + C
(c)
10(a) x3 − x2 + x − log(x + 1) + C
(d) 3 log(x − 1) − log(x + 3) + C
2 2
(b) 12 x − log(x + 1) + C


3 2
(e) log(x + 1) + log(2x + 3) + C
(c)(i) x3 + x2 + x + log(x − 1) + C
3
(f) 2 log(x + 1) + 3 log(2x − 3) + C
(ii) x3 − x + tan
−1
x + C (iii) x − log(1 + ex ) + C 1 3
3(a) 4 log 2 (b) log 2 (c) log 3
14 1
(d) 2 log 2
√ √
(iv) 13 (2x −8) 2 + x+C (v) − 23 (2 +x) 1 − x+C −1
4(a) log(x − 2) − 2 tan x+C
2 2
(vi) 12 x − 2 log(x + 4) + C 1 2
 2  (b) log(2x + 1) − 2 log(x + 3) + C
−1 1 e +1 π
11(a) log(e + e ) (b) 2 log 2 (c) 12 + log 2(c) tan
−1
x + 3 log x − log(x2 + 1) + C
1 2 1 3
12(a) 2 x +log(x+1)+C (b) 3 x +3 log(x−2)+C 5(a) 4 − log 23 (b) π + log 2 (c) log 4 − 23 log 3
π
2
(c) x + log(1 + x ) + C 6(a) 5 log(x − 1) + 7 log(x − 2) − 12 log(2x − 3) + C
√
13 2 log(1 + x) + C (b) 32 log(x) − 5 log(x − 2) + 72 log(x − 4) + C
7(a) 53 log 3 − log 2 (b) 2 log 3 − 8 log 2
Exercise 2B (Page 57) 8(a)(i) A = 2, B = 1, C = −3
2
1(a)(i) − 12 log(1 − x ) + C (ii) log(1 + sin x) + C (ii) 2x + log(x − 1) − 3 log(x + 2) + C
2
(iii) log(log x)+C (b)(i) 12 log(e + 1) − log 2 (ii) 13 log 2(b)(i) x + log(x − 2) − 2 log(x + 1) + C

(iii) 12 log 3 (ii) 3x + 2 log(x + 4) + log(x − 5) + C

x3 tan x 1
2(a)(i) 2e +C (ii) e +C (iii) −e x + C 9(a)(i) A = 1, B = −1, C = 2, D = −1
(b)(i) 21 (e − 1) (ii) e − 1 (iii) 2e(e − 1) (ii) log 3 + log 2 − 21 (b) 12 + log 2
1 2 5 1 3 7
3(a) 5 (x + 1) + C (b) 7 (1 + x ) + C 10(a)(i) A = 3, B = 12, C = 2
2 1
(c) − 1+x3 + C (d) 2(3−x2)4 + C (ii) 3x + 12 log(x − 2) − x−2 2
+C
p p
2 1 4 (b)(i) A = 23, B= 10, C = −23, D = 13
(e) x − 2 + C (f) 2 1 + x + C
1 3 x−1 10 13
−1 −1
4(a) 2 sin2 x + C (b) 1+tan x + C (c) 3 (log x) + C (ii) 23 log x−2 − x−1 − x−2 +C
√ 1 −1 2
(d) 2 sin x + C (e) 2 tan x +C 12(a) A = 0, B = −1, C = 0, D = 2
1 −1 3
13(a) x + log(x − 1) − log(x + 1) + C
(f) 3 sin x +C
√ √ √
5(a) 74 (b) 2 − 3 (c) 3( 3 − 2) (b) x + 2 log(x − 1) − log x + C
1 1
(d) 5 (e) 3 (f) 2 (c) x − tan
−1
x + log x − 21 log(x2 + 1) + C
1 (d) x + 9 log(x − 3) − 4 log(x − 2) + C
6(a) − 42 (b) Begin by writing x = (x − 1) + 1.

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
CHAPTER 2: Integration Answers to Chapter Two 97

2
(e) 12 x − x + 5 log(x) − 4 log(x + 1) + C (c) x(log x)2 − 2x log x + 2x + C
1 3 3 2 1 4
√
(f) 3 x + 2 x + 7x + 16 log(x − 2) − log(x − 1) + C 7(a) − 42 (b) 15 (1 + 2 ) (c) 128 15
8(a) 12 e (cos x + sin x) + C
x

Exercise 2D (Page 68) (b) − 12 e (cos x + sin x) + C

−x

1(a) 31
−1 x −1 x π
tan 3 + C (b) sin 3 + C 9(a) 5 (e − 2) (b) 15 (e 4 + 2)
1 π
√ √
(c) 16 log(x − 3) − log(x + 3) + C 1
10(a) √ (π − 3) (b)
3π
(c) π − 2
2 3 p 2 
 
1 2 −1 x
(d) 16 log(3 + x) − log(3 − x) + C 2 2
12(a) 2 x a − x + a sin ( a ) + C
p p p p
(e) log(x + 9 + x2 )+C (f) log(x + x2 − 9)+C (b) x log(x + 2 + a2 ) − 2 2
p x px + a + C
2(a) tan (x + 2) + C (b) 14 tan
−1 x−2 2 2 2 2
−1


+C (c) x log(x + x −a )− x −a +C
4
2
(c) sin
−1 x−4
13(a) 41 x (2 log x − 1) + C
5 +C
1 2 2
−1 x+4


(d) sin 6 +pC (b) 4 x 2(log x) − 2 log x + 1 + C
1
(e) log(x− 3 + x2 − 6x + 13 ) + 15(a) 32 (sin 4x−4x cos 4x+8x cos 2x−4 sin 2x)+C
C 1
(b) 18 (3x sin 3x + cos 3x + 9x sin x + 9 cos x) + C
q
1 3
(f) 2 log x + 1 + x2 + 2x + 2 + C 1 x
(c) 20 e (sin 3x − 3 cos 3x + 5 sin x − 5 cos x) + C
3(a) π π (c) π6 (d) π2 (e) log 3 (f) log 3
(b) 1
√ 1
8
2 −1
16(a) 48 (3 3 − π) (b) 12 (π + 2 log 2 − 2)
4(a) log(x + 2x + 2) − tan (x + 1) + C
1 2 1 −1 x+1
(b) 2 log(x + 2x + 10) − 3 tan 3 +C Exercise 2F (Page 78)
p
x−3
(c) − 6x − x2 + 3 sin
−1
3
+ C 1(a) sin x +C (b) − cos x +C (c) − log(cos x)+C
p
−1 x+1
(d) − 4 − 2x − x2 + 2 sin √ +C (d) log(sin x) + C
5
3 3
2(a) 31 sin x + C (b) − 13 cos x + C
p  p 
(e) (x + 1) + 9 − log x + 1 + (x + 1)2 + 9
2
3 3
p  p  1
(c) 3 cos x − cos x + C (d) sin x − 13 sin x + C
(f) x2 − 2x − 4 + 4 log x − 1 + x2 − 2x − 4 1 5 2 3
(e) 5 sin x − 3 sin x + sin x + C
5(a) 12 log 2 + π8 (b) 14 (3π − log 4) (c) log 2 − π4 1 4 1 6
√ √ √ (f) 4 sin x − 6 sin x + C
(d) 2 − 3 − π (e) 3 log(3 + 2 2 ) − 4 2 π π π
6 3(a) 4 (b) 12 (c) 8
√
 q 
2 4(a) tan x + C (b) tan x − x + C
(f) log 1 + 3 + 6−1
(c) 31 tan3 x+tan x+C (d) 13 tan3 x−tan x+x+C
√ √
p
−1
6(a) sin x − 1 − x2 + C 1
5(a) 2 −1 (b) 27 (8 3−9) (c) 12 (1 −log 2) (d) 34
√
p p
(b) 6 + x − x 2 + 5 sin−1 2x−1 +C (c) x2 − 1−
 p 2 5 (e) 13 (2 − 2 ) (f) 58
15
log x + x2 − 1 + C 6(a) 14 (b) 11 9
(c) 64 53
(d) 480 4
(e) 15 (f) 7√
√ 24 60 2
7(a) π3 + 3 − 2 (b) 3 sin−1 13 7(a) 321
(sin 4x + 8 sin 2x + 12x) + C
√ √ √
1
(c) 2 2 − 3 + log 2+ √3 (b) 32 (sin 4x − 8 sin 2x + 12x) + C
3+2 2
1
8(a) √ x 2 is undefined at x = 0. (c) 1024 (24x − 8 sin 4x + sin 8x) + C
4x−x
1 1
9(a) 1 (b) 3 log 2 (c) 2 (tan
−1
2 + tan−1 12 ) or π

2
√ 4
Exercise 2E (Page 72) 10(a) π
4 (b) 15 (1 + π
2) (c) 16
2
11(a) 12 1
x −x
1(a) e (x − 1) + C (b) −e (x + 1) + C sin x + C1 (b) − 4 cos 2x + C2
√
3x
(c) 19 e (3x + 2) + C (d) x sin x + cos x +C 12(a) 12 (b) 43 (c) 12 (d) 43
(e) − 2 (x − 1) cos 2x + 14 sin 2x + C
1
13(a) − 8 cos 4x − 14 cos 2x + C
1

(f) (2x − 3) tan x + 2 log(cos x) + C (b) − 18 cos 4x + 14 cos 2x + C

2(a) π (b) π2 − 1 (c) π4 − 21 log 2 (d) 41 (e2 + 1) 1
(c) 16 sin 8x + 81 sin 4x + C
−1 −2 1 1 3
(e) e (f) 1 + e 14(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8
tan x
 
3(a) x(log x − 1) + C (b) 2x(log x − 1) + C x
15(a) tan 2 + C (b) log 1+tan2 x +C
p 2
(c) x cos
−1
x − 1 − x2 + C 1

1+2 tan x

1 1 (c) 5 log 2−tan x2 + C
4(a) π4 − 2 log 2 (b) 1 (c) 2  2 
1
2 3
5(a) 41 x (2 log x − 1) + C (b) 19 x (3 log x − 1) + C 17(a) 2 sec x tan x − log(sec x + tan x) + C
1
 
(c) − x (log x + 1) + C (b) 1
sec x tan x + log(sec x + tan x) +C
2 x 2
6(a) (2 − 2x + x )e + C
2
(c) sec x tan x(2 sec2 x+3)+3 log(sec x+tan x)+C
(b) x sin x + 2x cos x − 2 sin x + C

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017
98 CHAPTER 2: Integration SGS NOTES YEAR 12

18 x sec x − log(sec x + tan x) + C

1 3
19 3 sin 3θ + sin θ + C

Exercise 2G (Page 82)

2
3(b) 12 (e − 1)
8
4(b) 15
6
6(b) ( π
2) − 30( π2 )4 + 360( π2 )2 − 720
7(b) I0 = 1, I4 = 128315
243
8(b) u4 = 1540
p
9(b) J2 = − 12 x 1 − x2 + 12 sin
−1
x+C
1
√
12(d) 15 (14 2 − 16)

13(d) 91 (1 + x2 )4 + 87 (1 + x2 )3 + 48
35
(1 + x2 )2

2
+ 192 384
105 (1 + x ) + 105
2n
14(d) Jn = Jn−1
2n + 3
15(d) I5 = 14 (2 ln 2 − 1)

Exercise 2H (Page 85) √

1
1(a) 36 (b) π (c) log 12
5 (d) 2−2 log 3 (e) 2 2−1
π
(f) 18
p
2(a) 1 + x2 + C (b)
−1
tan x +12 ln(1 + x2 ) + C
(c) − 15 cos5 x + C (d) log 2x+1
x+1 +C
4 1 4
(e) 14 x log x− 16 x +C (f) 16 cos3 2x− 12 cos 2x+C
1
(h) x sin 3x + 31 cos 3x + C
−1 x+3
(g) 4 tan 4 + C
√
(i) 23 (x − 8) 4 + x + C
4(a) A = − 23 , B = 23 , C = − 13
√
6 √1 + 12 log(1 + 2)
2
8(a) A = 0, B = −2, C = 0, D = 2 (b) π 2
−1
p
1 2 −1 x 1 2 2
10 2 a sin a + 2x a − x + C
1 27
11(b) 10 (π + log 16 )
12(a) P = 2, Q = −1
(b) 2x − log(3 sin x + 2 cos x − 1) + C
14(b) 6 − 2e

Exercise 2I (Page 92)

1(a) 0 (b) 0
2
1 16
2(a) 132 (b) 105 (c) π4
6(a) The integrand is undefined at x = 1.
√
(b) 2(1 − 1 − a) (c) 2
7(a) The interval is unbounded.
(b) 12 tan
−1 N
(c) π


2 4
9(a) π4 (b) 0 (c) 1 − π4
2
10(b) π4
√
11(a) 2 2 (b) 4 (c) π2 (d) π
2
(e) 1+ π
2
(f) e
12(a) 1 (b) π2 (c) 3π
4
(d) 12 (e) 1 (f) π
2
20(b) un = − n2 un−1 (c) 34
22(d) e

SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 2: Integration Integration 27/7/17 Copyright

c 2017