Government of Nepal

Kathmandu Metropolitan

Sundhara, Kathmandu

The Detail Design

Report on School
Building
At Imadol, Lalitpur

SUBMITTED BY:

Earthquake Resistant Technology

Consultancy Pvt. Ltd
Sifal, Kathmandu

Feb, 2018
Detail Design Report on School Building of Mr. Rajesh Joshi & Prakash Laxmi Joshi

Contents

List of Tables iv

List of Figuresv

Chapter 1 : Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Objectives and Scope of Work ................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Structural Components .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.4 Codes, Standards and References ............................................................................................................ 1
1.5 Structural Design Methodology .................................................................................................................. 2

Chapter 2 :Design Philosophy and Approach ............................................................................................ 3

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Seismic Parameters ................................................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Overall Design Procedure .......................................................................................................................... 4

Chapter 3 :Basic Materials ......................................................................................................................... 6

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 6
3.2 Concrete .................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.3 Reinforcing Steel ........................................................................................................................................ 6
3.4 Soil Bearing Capacity ................................................................................................................................. 6

Chapter 4 :Modeling and Analysis ............................................................................................................. 7

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 7
4.2 Modeling of Structural System ................................................................................................................... 8
4.2.1 Beams ........................................................................................................................................... 8
4.2.2 Columns ........................................................................................................................................ 8
4.2.3 Damping ........................................................................................................................................ 8

Chapter 5 :Loads ....................................................................................................................................... 9

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 9
5.2 Gravity Load ............................................................................................................................................... 9
5.3 Seismic Load.............................................................................................................................................. 9
5.4 Load Combinations .................................................................................................................................. 10
5.4.1 Code-based Design ..................................................................................................................... 10
5.5 Analysis Procedures ................................................................................................................................ 11
5.5.1 Code Based Design ..................................................................................................................... 11
5.6 Component and Member Design ............................................................................................................. 11
5.6.1 Crack Section Analysis ................................................................................................................ 12

Chapter 6 13

Chapter 7 : Structural Design Results .................................................................................................. 13

7.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 13
7.2 Analysis Results ....................................................................................................................................... 13
7.2.1 Base Shear .................................................................................................................................. 13
7.2.2 Story Drift ..................................................................................................................................... 13
7.2.3 Deformation ................................................................................................................................. 13

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7.3 Concrete Column Design ......................................................................................................................... 13

7.4 Slab and Staircase Design ....................................................................................................................... 13
7.5 Concrete cover ......................................................................................................................................... 14
7.6 Serviceability Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 14
7.7 Ductile Detailing ....................................................................................................................................... 14
7.8 Foundation Design ................................................................................................................................... 15

Chapter 8 Results and Output (Main Building) ......................................................................................... 16

8.1 Analysis of Building .................................................................................................................................. 16
8.1.1 Introduction: ................................................................................................................................. 16
8.1.2 Modal Participating Mass Ratio: .................................................................................................. 19
8.1.3 Base reaction due to linear static and response spectrum method.............................................. 20
8.1.4 Foundation Design:...................................................................................................................... 20

Chapter 9 : Summary ........................................................................................................................... 29

9.1 Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 29
Annex I (Stress on Frame)
Annex II (Column/Beam Capacity)

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List of Tables
Table 1: Typical Structural Member and Components ................................................................................... 1

Table2: Codes and Standards ............................................................................................................................. 2

Table 3: Compressive Strength of concrete ...................................................................................................... 6

Table 4:Yield Strength of Reinforcing steel ........................................................................................................ 6

Table5 : Live Load, Superimposed Dead Load ................................................................................................. 9

Table 6: Parameters for Seismic Loading ........................................................................................................... 9

Table 7: Limit State Load Combinations used in Code-based Design (IS) ................................................ 10

Table 8: Analysis Procedures for Code Base Design ...................................................................................... 11

Table 9: Component and Member Design ..................................................................................................... 11

Table 10: General and Configuration Information......................................................................................... 17

Table 11: Modal Participation mass ratios ....................................................................................................... 19

Table 12: Base reaction ....................................................................................................................................... 20

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Detail Design Report on School Building of Mr. Rajesh Joshi & Prakash Laxmi Joshi

List of Figures
Figure 1: Overall Design Procedure .................................................................................................................... 4

Figure 2: Response Spectra for Earthquakes with Different Return Periods for Soil Type ......................... 10

Figure 3: FEM model of building......................................................................................................................... 16

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Detail Design Report on School Building of Mr. Rajesh Joshi & Prakash Laxmi Joshi

Chapter 1 : Introduction
1.1 Introduction

The structure of Residential building project located at Imadol,Lalitpur, engaged

the services of engineer, to carry out the design for the spatial requirements in
accordance with purpose of the building taking into account the aesthetic aspect
with structural analysis and design in close coordination with the client. In order to
fulfill such requirements, the structural materials and the structural system have
been determined taking into account the availability of materials, cost efficiency
and structural integrity, i.e. stability, strength and serviceability; the three main
factors to be incorporated in the design of all structures. The building is a system
consisting of eight storey Special RC moment-resisting frames (SMRF) and shear
walls.

The design have been carried out using IS 1893 (part 1): 2002, “Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures” and finite element software ETABS
(Version16.0.1), developed by Research Engineers International, USA.

1.2 Objectives and Scope of Work

The main objectives of the work are to perform the structural design of the
building in terms of suitability of the structural system, cost effectiveness,
efficient use of materials and other resources, conformance to the acceptable
building codes, standards and established engineering practices, with special
emphasis on the effects due to earthquakes and other applicable demands.

1.3 Structural Components

The components of structural system used for this report are summarized in the
following table.
Table 1: Typical Structural Member and Components

Structural System Element Typical Component Types

Foundation RC sections

Column RC sections

Special RC moment- Shear Wall RC sections

resisting frame Beam RC sections
(SMRF) and Shear
Wall Stitch Band RC sections

Lintels RC beam

Walls Non load bearing walls

1.4 Codes, Standards and References

The design is based primarily on the current IS 1893 (part 1): 2002, “Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures” which is adopted for the structural
analysis and design of this building, while the relevant codes of British

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Detail Design Report on School Building of Mr. Rajesh Joshi & Prakash Laxmi Joshi

Standards, European Standards are referred to consider for the areas/provisions

that are not addressed in the Indian Standards or as required for the purpose of
design.

The basic building codes referred are listed below which are followed for
structural design, also indicating their area of application.
Table2: Codes and Standards

S. Codes and Description

No. Standards
1 IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice
2 IS 875 (Part 1): 1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than Earthquake) for
Buildings and Structures: Part 1 Dead Loads – Unit Weights of
Building Material and Stored Materials (Second Revision)
3 IS 875 (Part 2): 1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than Earthquake) for
Buildings and Structures: Part 2 Imposed Loads (Second Revision)
4 IS 875 (Part 3): 1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than Earthquake) for
Buildings and Structures: Part 3 Wind Loads (Second Revision)
5 SP 34: 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing
6 IS 13920: 1993 Code of practice for Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete
structures subjected to seismic forces
7 IS 1893: 2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of structures
8 IS 383: 1970 Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for
Concrete
9 IS 1786: 1985 Specification for high strength deformed steel bars and wires for
concrete reinforcement (superseding IS:1139 -1966)
10 IS 1904: 1986 Design and Construction of Foundation in soils: General
Requirements.

11 IS 800: 2007 Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel (Third Revision)
12 BS:8110-1985 Structural Use of Concrete.

1.5 Structural Design Methodology

ETAB is used for linear static and dynamic analysis and design of three-dimensional
structures, in which the spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness of the structure
was adequate for the calculation of the significant features of structures. Frame
sections are used in modeling of frame and thin shell element are used in
modeling of slabs and shear walls. Dead load of masonry walls are calculated
manually and applied on beams and slabs where necessary.

The structural elements of reinforced concrete were designed to Limit State Theory.
The major structural elements were automatically designed in the inbuilt program
to IS 456 for reinforced concrete structures elements.

The frame system is designed for gravity loads (Dead and Live/Imposed), seismic
loads

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Detail Design Report on School Building of Mr. Rajesh Joshi & Prakash Laxmi Joshi

Chapter 2 :Design Philosophy and Approach

2.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the design philosophy and approach used in structural
design of the aforesaid building.

2.2 Seismic Parameters

This section describes the seismic parameters taken for analysis of the building.

Seismic Coefficient Method / Response Spectrum Method:

(Indian Standard: IS: 1893:2002)

Horizontal Seismic Base Shear

According to Indian Standard IS: 1893:2002, the horizontal seismic shear force
acting at the base of the structure, in the direction being considered, shall be:
Vb = AhΣWi
Where, Ah is basic seismic coefficient.
Ah=zISa/2Rg

Horizontal Seismic Forces

The horizontal seismic force at each level (i) shall be taken as:
Fi= Vb Wihi2/ ΣW ihi2

The set of equivalent static forces specified above were assumed to act
simultaneously at each level in the direction being considered and were
applied through points eccentric to the centre of rigidity.

Fundamental Natural Period (IS 1893:2002):

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (T), in seconds, for the
system was estimated by the empirical expression:

T = 0.075*h 0.75

Where

h = Height of building
Response Reduction Factor(R):
It is the factor by which the actual base shearsforce that would be generated if
the structure were to remain elastic during its response to the Design Basis
Earthquake (DBE) shaking, shall be reduced to obtain the design lateral force.

R = 5 as per IS 1893

Site Type:

It is the type of soil considered for the design, which is of Type II medium soil.
The combined effect of Time period and soil type defines the value of spectral
acceleration S a/g

Importance Factor (I):

It is a factor that depends on the importance of the structure being considered.

The building is hoteltype hence its value is taken as 1.0.

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Detail Design Report on School Building of Mr. Rajesh Joshi & Prakash Laxmi Joshi

Zone Factor (z):

It is a factor that depends on the local damage expected in the area under
consideration. The location of the building states the value as 0.36.

2.3 Overall Design Procedure

Analysis and design of the commercial / hotelbuilding is performed according
to the following steps for each structural system.

1) Structural system/concept is developed for each structural system. Used

the basic structural systems described in Table 1.1 as a guideline.

2) Created the finite element model with varying complexity and

refinement suitable for developing and understanding the response.
Carried out different types of analysis to determine the response of the
building under gravity and lateral loadings.

3) Designedthe structural components to remain elastic under gravity and

earthquake loads under DBE level earthquake, as appropriate. Linear
analysis is conducted for DBE level earthquake with response reduction
factor to determine the response of the building. Design is carried out in
accordance with the relevant provisions of the latest national building
code and Indian standard provisions.

4) If the global building and local component responses meet the

acceptance criteria, structural design drawings is prepared. The final
construction drawings are to be verified by the third party engineer as
needed.
Architectural Design
Review

Step 1: Structural System development

Step 2: Preparation of Modeling

Step 3: Structural Analysis

Step 4: RC Design using IS456-2000

Step 6: Preparation of
structural drawings

Figure 1: Overall Design Procedure

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The structural elements of reinforced concrete are designed to Limit State Theory,
while the structural steel elements are designed to the Permissible / Working Stress
Theory if require. The major structural elements are automatically designed by the
feature included in the program to IS 456 for reinforced concrete structures
elements, while the certain design calculations for those not properly figured due
to the limitation of program are manually carried out in accordance with the
relevant latest standards. The following matrix shows general architectural
configuration and geotechnical information.

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Detail Design Report on School Building of Mr. Rajesh Joshi & Prakash Laxmi Joshi

Chapter 3 :Basic Materials

3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the strength of materials used in the design of structural
components.

3.2 Concrete

The minimum compressive, used in different types of structural components are

shown in the following table.
Table 3: Compressive Strength of concrete

f'c (Nominal) f'c (Expected)

Standard Member
(MPa) (MPa)
IS 456:2000 Beam 25 25

IS 456:2000 Sill Band/Lintel Band 15 15

IS 456:2000 Slab 25 25

IS 456:2000 Column 25 25

IS 456:2000 Foundation 25 25

3.3 Reinforcing Steel

Minimum yield strength of reinforcing steel to be used in the design is shown in

the following table.
Table 4:Yield Strength of Reinforcing steel

fy (Nominal) fy (Expected)
Diameter
(MPa) (MPa)
10mm and below (for Stirrup) 500 550

10 mm and above 500 550

3.4 Soil Bearing Capacity

The geometrical size of footing was determined considering the bearing
capacity as 60 KN/m2.

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Chapter 4 :Modeling and Analysis

4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the finite element modeling of the building, including
modeling assumptions of materials, sections, and components properties. The
structural system adopted in the building is the system consisting of Special
moment resisting frame. The structural system is believed to perform best under
seismic loading. To ensure the ductile response of the building during seismic
event the overall structure has been detailed according to the latest code
provision (e.g., IS 13920). One of the fundamental attributes required for the
proper seismic response of a building during earthquake motions is that its
lateral load resisting members should be tied together to act as a single unit.
This provision is intended to provide continuous lateral load system that ties all
parts of the structures together. It also provides for proper connection between
the members of the system to transmit additional seismic forces safely.

A vertical lateral force-resisting system shall be continuous and should run from
the foundation to the top of the building. The flow of seismic forces in the
structure should be such that these forces are delivered through structural
connections to horizontal diaphragms; the diaphragms then distribute these
forces to the vertical lateral force resisting elements such as shear walls or
frames; these vertical elements transfer the forces into foundation; and
foundation transfers the forces into the soil. The presence of discontinuity in a
load path makes a building inadequate of carrying seismic forces. Therefore
the design professional should identify any gaps in the load paths and then
take necessary mitigation measures to complete the load path. A continuous
load path has been maintained in this building. The provision of redundancy is
recommended because of the uncertainties involved in the magnitude of both
seismic loads and member capacities. If any member of a lateral force resisting
system fails, the redundancy of the structure will help ensure that there is
another member present in the lateral force resisting system that will contribute
lateral resistance to the structure. Redundancy also provides multiple locations
for potential yielding, possibly distributing inelastic activity within the structure
and improving the ductility and energy dissipation.

Typical characteristics of redundancy include multiple lines of resistance to

distribute the lateral forces uniformly throughout a structure, and multiple bays
in each line of resistance to reduce the shear and axial demands on any one
element. If enough redundancy is not present in the structure, an analysis is
required to demonstrate the adequacy of the lateral force elements. A
distinction should be made between redundancy and adequacy. Simple
meaning of redundancy is “more than one”. One line of moment frame can be
adequate to carry the entire design lateral load, but is not redundant.

The structural elements of reinforced concrete are designed to Limit State

Theory, while the structural steel elements are designed to the Permissible /
Working Stress Theory if require. The major structural elements are automatically
designed by the feature included in the program to IS 456 and IS 800 for
reinforced concrete structures and structural steel elements respectively, while
the certain design calculations for those not properly figured due to the

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Detail Design Report on School Building of Mr. Rajesh Joshi & Prakash Laxmi Joshi

limitation of program are manually carried out in accordance with the r elevant
latest standards. The following matrix shows general architectural configuration
and geotechnical investigation information

4.2 Modeling of Structural System

Complete, three-dimensional elastic models are created, representing the

structure’s spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness to an extent that is
adequate for the calculation of the significant features of the building’s elastic
response. ETABS is used as analysis tool. Nominal material properties are used in
modeling of structural components. The models include columns, shear walls,
beams and slabs. For steel truss model SAP 2000 is used.

4.2.1 Beams
Frame elements are used in modeling of beams, which includes the effects of
bending, torsion, axial deformation, and shear deformations.Insertion points
and end offsets are applied to account for the finite size of beam and column
intersections, if required.

4.2.2 Columns
Frame elements are used in modeling of columns, which includes the effects of
biaxial bending, torsion, axial deformation, and biaxial shear deformations.

4.2.3 Damping
Constant modal damping of 5% was used in seismic analysis.

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Chapter 5 :Loads
5.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the design loads considered in the structural design,
including gravity loads and seismic loads.

5.2 Gravity Load

Self-weight of the structure is considered as dead load and finishes and

partitions are considered as superimposed dead load. Live load is determined
in accordance with occupancy or use. The following loads are in addition to
the self-weight of the structure. The minimum loading requirements are taken
from IS 875 (Part 2)-1987.
Table5 : Live Load, Superimposed Dead Load

Occupancy or Use Load Amplitude Load Type

In-accessible Roof 0.75KN/m2 Live Load

Accessible Roof 1.5 KN/m2 Live Load

Library 6 KN/m2 Live Load

Staircase/Passage 4.0 KN/m2 Live Load

Superimposed
AAC wall 8.5 KN/m3
Load
Superimposed
Floor Finish 1.5 KN/m2
Load

5.3 Seismic Load

The basic seismic input may be determined from IS 1893 (part 1): 2002, “Criteria
for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures”
Table 6: Parameters for Seismic Loading

Parameter Value
IS 1893
Zone factor, Z 0.36

Importance factor, I 1.5

Response reduction factor, R 4

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Figure 2: Response Spectra for Earthquakes with Different Return Periods for Soil Type

5.4 Load Combinations

5.4.1 Code-based Design

5.4.1.1 Combinations for Limit State Method (IS 1893)

Limit State Method design load combinations used in code-based design are
shown in the following table.(Ref: IS 1893:2002)
Table 7: Limit State Load Combinations used in Code-based Design (IS)

No. Load Combination

1 1.5(DL+LL)

2,3,4 &5 1.2(DL+LL±EL(WL))

6,7,8 &9 1.5(DL±EL(WL))

10,11,12 &13 0.9DL ± 1.5 EL(WL)

where: DL = Dead load

LL = Live load

EL = Earthquake load

WL =Wind load

Live load at roof level is not included in the seismic weight calculations.

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Detail Design Report on School Building of Mr. Rajesh Joshi & Prakash Laxmi Joshi

5.5 Analysis Procedures

5.5.1 Code Based Design

Analysis procedure of the code based design was shown in the table below.
Table 8: Analysis Procedures for Code Base Design

Load Case Analysis Procedures

Gravity load Linear Static& Response Spectrum

Earthquake load Linear Static& Response Spectrum

Live Load Linear Static& Response Spectrum

5.5.1.1 Seismic Weight

The seismic weight at each level, W i, were taken as the sum of the dead loads
and the seismic live loads between the mid-heights of adjacent storeys.100% of
dead load, superimposed dead load and 25% of live load up to 3 kN/m 2 and
50% of live load above 3 KN/m 2 were considered as mass source.

5.5.1.2 Linear Static Procedure (LSP) and Response Spectrum Method

Linear static analysis and Response Spectrum analysis are carried out for gravity
and earthquake loadings.

5.6 Component and Member Design

The structural components are designed to satisfy the strength and ductility
requirements. Strength capacities for different types of actions considered in
the design are summarized in the table below.
Table 9: Component and Member Design

Structural Component Design Code Reference

System Approach/Consideration
Special RC RC beams Flexural response IS 456:2000
moment- Shear
resisting
RC columns Compression IS 456:2000
frame
Flexure
(SMRF)
Shear
Footings Bearing capacity of soil IS 456:2000
Flexural, shear
RC Moment connections IS 456:2000
connections Shear connections

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5.6.1 Crack Section Analysis

The stiffness modifier and permissible drift limit are calculated using IS 1893:2016.
When analyzing a special moment frame, it is important to appropriately model the
cracked stiffness of the beams, columns, and joints, as this stiffness determines the resulting
building periods, base shear, story drifts, and internal force distributions. Table 4-1 shows
the range of values for the effective, cracked stiffness.
Element IE/IG
Column 0.70
Beam 0.35

For our case stiffness modifier for beam & columns are taken 0.35 and 0.7 respectively
The stiffness of the frame must be sufficient to control the drift of the building at each story
within the limits specified by the building code.

Referring to Table 2-1, the drift of the commercial complex structure is calculated using
the redundancy factor 1.3 and occupancy category III which is equal to 0.012xH

Also referring to IS 1893:2016 the clause 5.3.4.3.1

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Chapter 6
Chapter 7 : Structural Design Results
7.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the analysis and design results of the building. The
structural components were designed to resist the elastic demand forces
considering R factor using seismic coefficient analysisand response spectrum
method.

7.2 Analysis Results

The analysis results for the building are tabulated in relevant section.

7.2.1 Base Shear

The base shear was compared in the footing level. Total weight of building
above footinglevel and base shear is shown as in Table 10 below.

7.2.2 Story Drift

Maximum drift was calculated based on the system of SMRF structure. The
deflections from ETABSare used to obtain the maximum drift for center of
diaphragm for individual floor.

7.2.3 Deformation

Maximum deformation of the building for static earthquake load condition for X
and Y direction is read form ETABS model. Deformed value of the structure is
tabulated in Table 10.

7.3 Concrete Column Design

The design of Columns and Beams will be done directly using ETAB design
software output using IS 1893-2002. The critical output will be used for design of
the said building among the results from IS 1893-2002.

The concrete column was designed using various sections with reference to IS
456. The minimum size of reinforcement bars of column was designed
considering the ductile detailing with reference to IS 13920.

7.4 Slab and Staircase Design

The design of slab andstaircase was done by Excel worksheets developed by

the consultant.

The concrete column was designed using various sections with reference to IS
456. The minimum size of reinforcement bars of column was designed
considering the ductile detailing with reference to IS 13920.

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7.5 Concrete cover

Concrete cover of RC structural elements is provided for one hours fire rating
based on IS: 456: 2000. Minimum grade of concrete used is M25. Yield stress of
reinforcement bars are 500MPa complying with minimum elongation of 14.5 %
as per IS: 1786 – 2008.

7.6 Serviceability Requirements

In order to control deflection of structural elements, two alternative methods in

the Serviceability Limit State Design are envisaged in Indian Code. The first is by
way of calculating the actual deflection as per clause 23.2 (a), (b) of IS:456
:2000 and restricting it to specified values. The second method envisages
“deemed-to-satisfy” provisions such as limiting the span / depth ratio as per
clause 23.2.1 of IS:456 : 2000.

The structural design shall satisfy the following requirements of limit state of
serviceability:

IS: 456-2000 limits final deflection of slab or beam from as cast level to L/250, L
being the effective span of the member. The deflection after erection of
partitions and completion of finishes is limited to lesser of L/325 and 20 mm.

IS: 456-2000 limits the inter-story drift to 0.004 times the story height with partial
load factor of 1.

NBC-105 limits horizontal sway of a floor level relative to adjacent floor levels to
0.01h, h being the story height, and the upper limit to this relative sway is 60
mm. The displacements obtained from the analysis results were scaled up 5/K
times as per clause 9.1, and then compared with the limitations.

Serviceability requirements are fulfilled in the designed building.

7.7 Ductile Detailing

Detailing provisions of IS: 13920 is followed in order to provide appropriate

ductile properties to the structure and improve Seismic Response of the
structure.

Salient features are as follows:

Special confinement zone adjacent to each beam column joint is defined, for
beams the length is equal to twice the beam effective depth and for columns
it is largest of:

Largest sectional dimension of column

One sixth of clear height

450 mm

For columns within the special confinement zone:

Length of laterally unsupported tie shall not exceed 300 mm.

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Minimum sectional area (Ash) of ties is related to unsupported length (s),

grade of materials (fck and fy) and ratio of core area (Ac) to actual
gross sectional area (Ag) of column, as Ash=0.18sxhxfck/fy[(Ag/Ac)-1]

Spacing of ties shall not exceed 100 mm, shall not exceed one fourth of
smallest column sectional dimension and need not be less than 75.

Laps in columns shall be permitted only within a specific zone near mid
story height. Tie spacing in the lap splice zones shall not be less than 150
mm

For beams, within the confinement zone:

Stirrup spacing shall not exceed one fourth the effective depth.

Shear strength shall be at least the gravity load shear plus 1.4 times ratio
of sum of moments of resistance (top tension for one end and bottom
tension for the other end) to the span of beam.

Lap splices shall not be provided within:

a) a joint

b) the special confinement zone

c) 25% of span length adjacent to joint, where flexural yielding may

occur under seismic forces. Stirrup spacing over the lap splices shall not
be less than 150 mm

7.8 Foundation Design

Foundation was designed as Mat footing with strap using Indian Standards. The
dimension of the foundation was calculated based on 60kN/m2 soil bearing
capacity.

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Chapter 8 Results and Output (Main Building)

8.1 Analysis of Building

8.1.1 Introduction:
This chapter presents the finite element modeling of the building as mentioned
in section chapter 2, including modeling assumptions of materials, sections,
components properties and design and result of the building.

The area of proposed three storey structure for residential buildinghas RCC slab as
roof. Thickness of wall is as per drawing and positions of structural member are
taken as per architectural drawing for analysis.

Figure 3: FEM model of building

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Table 10: General and Configuration Information

A General Information:
A.1 Owner’s Name: Mr Rajesh Joshi & Prakash Laxmi Joshi
Address: Imadol, Lalitpur
A.3 Type of Building: School Building
A.4 Structure Designed By:
Consultancy Firm:
Designers’ Name: Er Bimal Bhandari
Nepal Engineering Council No: “12979” Civil A

Geometrical Configuration of
B
Building:
B.1 No. of Block: 1
Basement Steel truss at top
B.2 No. of Story:
+5 floor
B.3 Story Height:
Ground Floor 10’6”
Typical 10’6”
B.4 No. of column: 26 Ground Floor
B.6 No. of staircase: 1
B.7 Total height of structure: 22.2 m Include parapet From Basement
Total height for Fundamental
B.8 22.2 m “
time period calculation:
Height to width ratio of
B.9 1.16
building:
Length to width ratio of
B.10 1.224
building:
Structural Analysis and
C
Design Procedure:
Structural Analysis
C.1
Software:(ETABS V 16.0.1)
Building with ordinary RC structural walls and RC SMRFs
C.2 Structural System:

C.3 Foundation System: Mat

C.4 Loading Parameters:
As per IS 875
i. Dead Load:
(Part 1)-1987
As per IS 875
ii. Live Load:
(Part 2)-1987
As per IS 875
iii. Wind Load
(Part 3) -1987
Foundation,
C.5 Concrete Grade Used : 25 MPa Beam, Slab,
Shear Wall and

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Column
HYSD
C.6 Reinforcement Grade Used: MPa
500
Reinforcement Grade Used for HYSD
MPa
shear: 500
Mechanical Properties of
C.7 other construction materials
used:
i. AAC wall 8.5 kN/m3
ii. Steel Section 76.9 kN/m3
iii. Concrete 25 kN/m3

Seismic Load (IS 1893:2002)

C.10.
:-
C.10.1 Zone Factor (Z): 0.36
C.10.2 Importance Factor(I): 1.5
C.10.3 Soil Type: III
C.10.4 Fundamental Time Period(T x): 0.459 sec
C.10.5 Fundamental Time Period(T y): 0.413 sec
C.10.5 Response Reduction Factor (R): 4
Design horizontal Seismic
C.10.6 0.168
Coefficient(Ah,x/y):
C.10.7 Seismic Weight: 26180.78 kN
Design Seismic Base
C.10.8 4418 kN
Shear(Vb,x/y):
C.10.9 Damping: 0.05

D.11 Seismic Analysis Method:

D.11.1 Seismic Analysis method Response Spectrum Method
No of Modes considered 250
Scale factor in x-dir 1.59
Scale factor in y-dir 1.78
Dynamic Base Shear RSx, 2771.63 kN
Dynamic Base Shear RSy, 2479.96 kN

C.11.3 Inter Story Deflection (Drift): EQx EQy

Story 7 0.002628 0.001853

Story 6 0.002899 0.002009
Story 5 0.002906 0.002414
Story 4 0.002874 0.002565
Story 3 0.002696 0.002863
Story 2 0.002053 0.001915
Story 1 0.00046 0.000207

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C.11.4 Load Combination Considered: (IS 1893:2002)

1.5(DL)
1.5(DL+LL)
1.2(DL+LL±EQx/y(WL))
1.5(DL±EQx/y(WL))
0.9DL ± 1.5 EQx/y(WL)

D. Reinforced Concrete Design

D.1 Concrete Design code Referred: IS456:2000
Ductile Detailing code
D.2 (IS13920:1993)
Referred:
Typical design of structural
D.3 elements foundation, slab, IS456:2000
staircase, retaining wall etc:

8.1.2 Modal Participating Mass Ratio:

Structure is analyzed for 250modes. 65% of modal mass is exceeded at mode 3.

Table 11: Modal Participation mass ratios

TABLE: Modal Participating Mass Ratios

Case Mode Period Sum UX Sum UY
Sec
Modal 1 0.51 0.5875 0.055
Modal 2 0.456 0.6379 0.5163
Modal 3 0.398 0.6439 0.6513
Modal 4 0.263 0.6439 0.6532
Modal 5 0.236 0.6439 0.6546
Modal 6 0.176 0.6839 0.6945
Modal 7 0.161 0.7416 0.7024
Modal 8 0.157 0.7712 0.715
Modal 247 0.036 0.9341 0.9463
Modal 248 0.036 0.9344 0.9463
Modal 249 0.036 0.9345 0.9464
Modal 250 0.036 0.9345 0.9465

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8.1.3 Base reaction due to linear static and response spectrum method
Analysis was done by linear static and response spectrum method. Scale factor
for the analysis of response spectrum method for x and y direction is 1.59 and
1.78 respectively. Base reaction by response spectrum is same as linear static
method after correction as prescribed by IS 1893:2002.
Table 12: Base reaction

TABLE: Base Reactions

Load Case/Combo FX FY
kN ken
Eqx 4418 -
Eqy - 4418
RSx Max 4418 -
RSy Max - 4418

8.1.4 Foundation Design:

Foundation was designed as a Mat foundation. For the analysis, 60 kN/m2
bearing capacity. Detail is shown in structural drawing.

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Typical Slab Design

S.NO. Calculations Remarks
1. Preliminary data
Type : Two adjacent edge discontinuous
Effective depth , d = 100 mm
Overall depth , D= 125 mm (effective cover 25 mm)
Lx = 3.4 m, Ly = 4.26 m
Ly/Lx = 1.24 m < 2 , two way slab
2. Load calculations
Self weight of slab = 25 kN/m3 *0.125
= 3.125 kN/m2
Floor finish = 1.5 kN/m2
Live load = 6 kN/m2
Total load = 10.625 kN/m2
Factored load = 15.94 kN/m2
3. Moment calculations
For Ly/Lx = 1.24,
IS
αX- = 0.062, αx+ = 0.0466
456:2000
αy- = 0.047, αy+ = 0.035 Table26
Mx- = αX-*w*lx2
= 0.062 * 15.94 * 3.42
= 11.62 kN-m
Mx+= αX+*w*lx2
= 8.73 kN-m
My- = 8.81 kN-m
My+= 6.56 kN-m

4. Check for depth

d = √(Mu/0.133fckb)
=59 mm < 125 mm
5. Calculation of reinforcement

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Area of steel for Mx-

M= 0.87fyAstd(1-Astfy/bdfck)
11.62*106 = 0.87 * 500 * Ast * 125 * (1- Ast*500/(103*125*20)
Ast = 283.19 mm2
Area of steel for Mx+
Ast = 209.58 mm2
Area of steel for My-
Ast = 211.46 mm2
Area of steel for My+
Ast = 155.6 mm2
Minimmum reinforcement required = 0.12%bd IS
456:2000
= 0.12/100*1000*100
Clause
= 120 mm2 26.5.2.1
Adopt 10 mm dia bars.
Spacing required
For Ast = 283.19 mm2, spacing = 103 * 78.5/283.19
= 277 mm
For Ast = 155.6 mm2 , spacing = 103 *78.5/155.6
= 504 mm
Maximum spacing allowed by IS 456:2000
a) 3d = 3*100 = 300 mm
b) 300 mm

However, adopt the spacing of 150 mm c/c for all the cases.

6. Check for deflection IS

456:2000
fs = 0.58 *fy * area of cross-section of steel required / area of cross-section Clause
23.2.1
of steel provided
Area of c/s of steel provided = 103 * 50.24/150
= 524.0 mm2
fs = 0.58* 500*283.19/524
IS
= 157
456:2000
Fig 4
Percentage tension reinforcement = 100* 524.0/(103*100)

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= 0.524
From chart 4, IS 456:200
α = 26
β=1
ү=2
δ= 1
λ=1
(l/d)permitted = 26*1*2*1*1=52
(l/d)provided = 3.4/0.1=34
As, (l/d)permitted > (l/d)provided , Safe in deflection.

Design of Staircase
S.No. Calculations Remarks
1. Geometry of staircase
Floor height = 3.2 m
Riser = 150 mm
Tread = 300 mm
Overall depth = 40000/20 = 200 mm
Adopt depth = 200 mm

2. Load calculations
√(R2 +T2) = 335.41 mm
Load of waist slab on plan = 25 kN/m3 * 0.20 * 335.41/300*1/1000
= 5.59 kN/m2
Load from steps = 0.5*0.150*25/1000
= 1.875 kN/m2
Finishes = 1.5 kN/m2

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Live load = 4 kN/m2

Total load = 12.965 kN/m2
Factored load = 19.44 kN/m2
Loads on landing.
Self weigth of slab = 25*0.20
= 5 kN/m2
Finishes = 1.5 kN/m2
Live load = 4 kN/m2
Total load = 10 kN/m2
Factored load = 15.75 kN/m2
Design for flexure
Maximum bending moment = 39.09 kN-m
Depth required = √(M/kfckb)
= √(39.09*106)/(0.133*25*1000)
= 121.225 mm < 175 mm
Hence adequate.
Adopt d = 175 mm
D= 200 mm
Area of steel required
M= 0.87fyAstd(1-Astfy/bdfck)
Ast = 870.496 mm2
Let us adopt 12 mm dia bars
Spacing = 1000*113.04/(870.496)
= 130 mm
Adopt spacing of 125 mm c/c
Ast provided = 904.32 mm2

3. Check for shear

Maximum reaction = 35.34 kN
Shear stress = 35.34*103/(1000*175)
= 0.20 MPa
Percentage steel = 100 Ast/(bd)
= 100*904.32/(1000*175)

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= 0.52
Fro IS 456:2000
τc = 0.516 MPa
k =1.3
Shear strength of slab = 1.3*0.516 = 0.67 MPa(Safe in shear)

4. Check for development length

Development length = 57φ
= 57 * 12
= 684 mm
Moment of resistanceof 12 mm dia bars
= 0.87 fyAst(d-0.42xu)
= 0.87*500*904.32*(125-0.42*54.33)
= 40.19 kN-m
M/V +L = 40.19/35.34 + 0
= 1.137
Now, Ld< M/V +L
57φ < 1.137
Φ < 19.95 mm, which is greater than 12 mm.
As we have provided 12 mm dia bars above condition is satisfied.

5. Temperature reinforcement
= 0.12% bd
= 0.12/100 * 1000*125
= 150 mm2
Spacing = 1000*3.14*12*12/(4*150)
= 758 mm
Adopt 125 mm c/c.

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Design of shear wall

S.NO. Calculations Remarks
1. Materials used
M25 concrete
Fe 500 steel
2. Load from ETABS
M = 1287 kN-m, P = 3038 kN, V= 227kN
3. Design for shear IS
456:2000
Shear strength requirements Table 13
Shear stress, τv = Vu/(twlw) = 227*103/(250*2134*0.8)
= 0.53MPa
Assume horizontal and vertical reinforcement as 0.25%. The permissible
shear stress,
τc = 0.36 MPa
τc,max = 2.8 MPa
τv> τc ,hence shear reinforcement is required.
Vus = (τv - τc ) twlw = (0.53-0.36)*250*0.8*2.134*1000
= 72.556 kN
Spacing required for 2- legged 12 dia bars
Spacing = 0.87*500*226.08*1707/(72556)
= 327.07 mm
Minimum reinforcement = 0.0025*250*1.707*1000
= 1066mm2
Thickness of web,tw = 250 mm, so reinforcement should be provided in
two layers.
Provide 10 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c in two curtains in horizontal
direction.
Also provide 12 mm dia bars @150 mm c/c in two curtains in vertical
direction.

Area provided = 2233.58 mm2

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Maximum allowed spacing

< lw/5 = 2134/5 =426.8 mm
< 3tw = 3*250 = 750 mm which is greater than 150 mm (Hence
OK)
The columns adjacent to shear wall acts as boundary element.

Design of MAT Foundation

Step Calculation

Column dim. At the point of maxm soil pressure

= 600 mm* 600 mm
1 Max.Upward soil press, q = 87 KN/m²
Max. span length, l= 6.56 m

2 Moment Calculation
Max. Support Moment, Ms = ql²/10 = 374.39 KNm/m width
Max. span moment, Mm = ql²/12 = 311.99 KNm/m width

3 Depth from Moment consideration

Depth of footing, d=

= 375.165 mm

4 Since footing is critical in shear, increasing depth

d= 650 mm
Providing 25 mm dia bars & cover = 50 mm

D = d+dia/2+cover= 713mm

5 Check for two way shear i.e. Punching shear

Perimeter, bo = Column perimeter+4*d= 5000 mm= 5 m

Pu= 3697.94 KN

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Nominal shear stress, = 1138 KN/m²

= 1.138 N/mm²

Permissible Punching Shear,

= 1*0.25*√ 25 = 1.25 N/mm² >τv

6 Calculation of area of steel

Min Ast= 0.12% of bD = 0.12 *1000 * 712.5 = 855 mm²
Area of steel at support (Bottom Bars)

25 4.6* 249.59488 *106 )* 1000

Ast= 0.5*
500
(1- √ 1-
25 *1000 650 ² *
650

= 909 mm2 > Astmin

mm
Providing 20 mm bars@ 150 c/c
Act. Ast= 2095 mm2
Pt= 0.294 %
Area of steel at mid span (Top Bars) 4

207.9957333 *106 )* 1000

Ast= 0.5* 25
500
(1- √ 1- 4.6*
25 *1000 650 ² *
650

= 753.5 mm2
mm
Providing 20 mm bars@ 150 c/c
Act. Ast= 2095 mm2
Pt= 0.294 %

Total Pt= 0.294 + 0.294 = 0.588 %

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Chapter 9 : Summary
9.1 Summary
Design was carried out for the building for which structural system of frame was
adopted as SMRF. The footings were checked for isolated, and strap as
required. Foundation design is carried out considering soil bearing capacity of
60 kN/m2. This building was designed on the basis of IS 1893 (part-1):2002. The
proposed design satisfies the key requirement of the building codes. Capacity
and crack section was also checked on the bases of IS 1893 (part-1):2016.

The detail structural drawings of all elements are in separate volume of

drawing.

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Annex-I (Stress on Frame)

Fig.1 Moment diagram(Envelope) for Grid A-A

Figure 2. Moment diagram(Envelope) for Grid C-C

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Figure 3. Moment diagram (Envelope) for Grid 2-2

Figure 4. Moment diagram (Envelope) for Grid 5-5

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Figure 5. Shear force diagram (Envelope) for Grid 2-2

Figure 6.Shear force diagram (Envelope) for Grid B-B

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Figure 7. Axial force diagram (Envelope) for 1-1

Figure 8. Axial force diagram(Envelope) for Grid 6-6

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Figure 9. Axial force diagram(Envelope) for Grid A-A

Figure 10. Axial force diagram(Envelope) for Grid D-D

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Annex-II (Column/Beam Capacity)

Figure 11. Capacity ratio for Grid A-A

Figure 12. Capacity ratio for Grid C-C

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Figure 13. Capacity ratio for Grid 4-4

Figure 14. Capacity ratio for Grid A-A

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