CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
Pharmacology
Toxicology Meteorology
Medicine Metallurgy
Chemistry has a
central role among
Neurology the sciences Engineering
Paleontology Archaeology
CHEMISTRY
Geology Physics
Material Science Ecology
Electronics Agriculture
Biology Botany
Biochemistry
CHEMISTRY
Study of matter and the changes it
undergoes
CHEMISTRY SK 015
Chapter Topics
1.0 Matter
2.0 Atomic Structure
3.0 Periodic Table
4.0 Chemical Bonding
5.0 States of Matter
6.0 Chemical Equilibrium
7.0 Ionic Equilibria
4
REFERENCE BOOKS
CHEMISTRY – The Central Science, 13th Ed. Theodore
L.Brown, H.Eugene LeMay,Jr, Bruce E
Bursten,Catherine J.Murphy,Woodward &
Stoltzfus.(2015) Pearson Education
5
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE
GENERAL CHEMISTRY – Principle and Modern
Applications, 9th Ed. Ralph H. Petrucci, William
S. Harwood,Herring,Madura. Prentice-Hall
CHEMISTRY –The Molecular Nature of Matter
and Change, 7rd Ed.– Martin Silberberg &
Amateis. McGraw Hill
CHEMISTRY, 12th Ed. – Raymond Chang &
Goldsby. McGraw-Hill
Masterton,W.L. & Hurley,C.N.(2001).Chemistry
Principles & Reaction.4th Ed.Harcout College
Publisher.Solomon,Fryhle &
Synder,(2014).Organic Chemistry.(11th Ed).John
Wiley
6
1.0 MATTER
1.1 Atoms and molecules
MATTER
Anything that has mass and volume
MATTER
Physical process
Pure
Mixtures
Substances
Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Chemical
process
Atoms molecules ions molecules
protons
electrons
neutrons
Three States of Matter
SOLID LIQUID GAS
10
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
An atom made up of:
• Proton
Atom is
electrically
• Neutron neutral
• Electron
Electron
Proton
Neutron
An atomic nucleus consists of protons
and neutrons
http://www.aplustopper.com/?s=atom
Mass Charge Charge
Particle
(g) (Coulombs) (units)
Electron (e-) 9.1 x 10-28 -1.6 x 10-19 -1
Proton (p+) 1.67 x 10-24 +1.6 x 10-19 +1
Neutron (n) 1.67 x 10-24 0 0
The magnitude of charge posses by
proton is equal to that of an electron,
but the sign of the charge is opposite
PROTON NUMBER (Z)
Number of protons in the nucleus of
an atom of an element.
Also called atomic number
EXAMPLE:
All carbon atoms (Z = 6) have 6 protons
All oxygen atoms (Z = 8) have 8 protons
All uranium atoms (Z = 92) have 92 protons
NUCLEON NUMBER (A)
Total number of protons and neutrons
in the nucleus of an atom of an element
Nucleon Number = Number of protons + number of
neutrons
Number of Neutrons = Nucleon Number – Proton Number
(A) (Z)
Nucleon number also called mass number
EXAMPLE:
State the proton number, Z and nucleon number, A for
given species :
Z = 6 Z = 40 Z = 28
A = 13 A = 90 A = 61
CATION
Cation -ion with a positive charge
- If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.
Loses
electron
Na
Na+
11 protons 11 protons
11 electrons 10 electrons
ANION
– ion with a negative charge
- If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.
Gains
electron
Cl-
Cl
17 protons 17 protons
17 electrons 18 electrons
NOTES !!
The proton number, Z, is the nuclear charge and also
the number of electrons in a neutral atom of the
element.
No. of proton = no. of electron 0 charge (neutral)
No. of proton > no. of electron + charge (cation)
(atom lost electrons)
No. of proton < no. of electron - charge (anion)
(atom gained electrons)
ISOTOPE
Two or more atoms of the same element
having same proton number but
different nucleon number.
@
Two or more atoms of the same element
having same number of protons but
different number of neutrons.
Atomic Symbol @ Isotopes Notation
The symbol for an atom:
Nucleon Number A
Z X
Element Symbol
Proton Number
235 1
Example: U
92 1H
EXAMPLE:
1 2 3
1 H 1 H (D) 1 H (T)
Protium Deutrium Tritium
235 238
92 U 92 U
EXAMPLE:
Nucleon number
of chlorine,
A = 35
35
17
Cl
Number of neutrons
Proton number
=A–Z
of chlorine,
= 35 – 17
Z = 17
= 18
23
Nucleon number
of mercury, Total charge
A = 202 on the ion
Proton number The number of neutrons
of mercury, =A–Z
Z = 80 = 202 – 80
= 122
24
EXAMPLE 1
Give the number of protons, neutrons,
electrons and charge in each of the following
species:
Symbol Number of : Charge
Proton Neutron Electron
200
80 Hg
63
29 Cu
17
8 O2
59
27 Co3
25
Answer
Give the number of protons, neutrons, electrons and
charge in each of the following species:
Symbol Number of : Charge
Proton Neutron Electron
200
80 Hg 80 120 80 0
63
29 Cu 29 34 29 0
17
8 O2 8 9 10 2-
59
27 Co3 27 32 24 3+
26
EXERCISE
EXAMPLE 2 2
Write the appropriate notation for each of the
following species :
Number of :
Species Proton Neutron Electron Isotope
Notation
A 2 2 2
B 1 2 0
C 1 1 1
D 7 7 10
27
Answer
Write the appropriate notation for each of the
following species :
Number of :
Species Proton Neutron Electron Isotope
Notation
4
A 2 2 2 2 A
B 1 2 0 3
1 B
2
C 1 1 1 1 C
D 7 7 10 14
7 D 3
28
Relative Mass
• The mass of an atom relative to another atom
can be determined experimentally using mass
spectrometer.
• Currently, carbon-12 isotope is used as standard
to measure relative atomic mass.
• Relative atomic mass is dimensionless.
http://www.aplustopper.com/relative-atomic-mass-relative-molecular-mass-element/
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS, Ar
A mass of one atom of an element compared
to one twelfth mass of one atom of carbon-12 atom
Relative atomic mass =
mass of one atom of an element (amu)
1 x mass of one 12C atom (amu)
12
Relatives atomic mass is a ratio,
UNIT
hence, it has no unit.
How do they compare ?
Magnesium Carbon-12
1 atom Mg have the same weight as 2 atoms of 12C
Ar of Mg = 2 x 12
= 24 amu
Relative Atomic Mass of Mg
mass of one atom of Mg
Relative atomic massof Mg =
1 x mass of one atom of 12C
12
24 amu
Ar of Mg =
1 x 12 amu
12
= 24
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE: 3
Determine the relative atomic mass of an element Y if
the ratio of the atomic mass of Y to carbon-12 atom is
0.75.
ANSWER:
Since the atomic mass ratio is 0.75
mass of one atom Y = 0.75
mass of one atom 12C
mass of one atom Y = 0.75 x 12.00 amu
= 9.0 amu
relative atomic mass, Ar Y = 9.0 amu
1/12 x 12.00 amu
= 9.0 33
RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS, Mr
A mass of one molecule of a compound compared to
one twelfth mass of one atom of carbon-12 atom
Relative molecular mass, Mr =
mass of one molecule of a compound (amu)
1 x mass of one 12C atom (amu)
12
Relatives molecular mass is a ratio,
UNIT
hence, it has no unit.
MASS SPECTROMETER
An analytical instrument used to measure
atomic and molecular masses directly
MASS SPECTROMETER
An atom is very light and its mass cannot be measured
directly.
The most accurate means for determining atomic mass is
provided by the mass spectrometer.
The mass spectrometer is used to determine:
i. the relative isotopic mass of an atom
ii. types of isotopes, abundance and relative isotopic mass
in a sample of element.
iii. the relative molecular mass of a compound
36
Analyze the mass
spectrometer…
91.66
Abundance
(%)
5.82
2.19
0.33
mass/charge
54 56 57 58
Mass spectrum for Ferum
The height is proportional to the
amount of
each isotope present.
Information from a mass spectrum:
The height of each line = abundance of each isotope.
The numbers of peaks = the types of isotopes occured
The ratio of m/e for each species is found from the value of the
accelerating voltage associated with a particular peak.
The height of the peak is directly proportional to its abundance
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
The average of mass of its naturally occurring
isotopes weighted according to their abundances
(abundance isotopic mass)
Average atomic mass
abundance
@
(% abundance isotopic mass)
Average atomic mass
% abundance
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE: 24
Calculate the average atomic mass of Mg.
Relative Intensity
63.0
8.1 9.1
23 24 25 26
Atomic mass (amu)
Answer
(63.0 x24) (8.1 x 25) (9.1 x 26)
Average atomic mass
63.0 8.1 9.1
= 24.33 amu
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE 35
Calculate the relative atomic mass of neon from
the mass spectrum.
20Ne+
100 90.5%
80
Abundance
(%) 60
22Ne+
40 21Ne+
20 9.2%
0.3%
mass/charge
20 21 22
Answer
(% abundance isotopic mass)
Average atomic mass
% abundance
(90.5 20 u) (0.3 21 u) (9.2 22 u)
(90.5 0.3 9.2)
20.2 amu
Relative atomic = mass of one atom of Ne (amu)
mass of Ne
1 x mass of one 12C atom (amu)
12
= 20.2 amu
1 x 12 amu NOTE: If the atomic
12 mass is not given, the
mass number can be used
= 20.2 as atomic mass. 43
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE: 64
Nitrogen (N, Z = 7) has two naturally occurring
isotopes. Calculate the percent abundances of
14N and 15N from the following:
atomic mass (average) of N = 14.0067 amu;
isotopic mass of 14N = 14.0031 amu;
isotopic mass of 15N = 15.0001 amu.
Answer
Let : abundance of 14N = x% ,
abundance of 15N = 100%-x%
Average atomic mass of nitrogen:
= ( % of 14N x isotopic mass of 14N ) + (% of 15N x isotopic mass of 15N )
x 100-x
14.0067 amu = x 14.0031 amu + x 15.0001 amu
100 100
Answer
x 100-x
14.0067 amu = x 14.0031 amu + x 15.0001 amu
100 100
1400.67 = 14.0031x + 1500.01 – 15.0001x
0.997x = 99.34
x = 99.64
x = abundance of 14N = 99.64
So, abundance of 15N = 100 – x
= 100 – 99.64
= 0.36
So, % of 14N = 99.64 %
% of 15N = 0.36 %
EXERCISE: 1
Copper occurs naturally as mixture of 69.09% of
63Cu and 30.91% of 65Cu. The isotopic masses of
63Cu and 65Cu are 62.93 u and 64.93 u
respectively. Calculate the relative atomic mass of
copper.
47
Answer
(% abundance isotopic mass)
Average atomic mass
% abundance
(69.09 62.93 u ) (30.91 64.93 u )
(69.09 30.91)
63.55 u
Relative atomic = 63.55 amu
mass 1 x 12 amu
12
= 63.55
Relative atomic mass Cu = 63.55
48
EXERCISE: 2
Naturally occurring iridium, Ir is composed of
two isotopes, 191Ir and 193Ir in the ratio of 5:8.
The relative isotopic mass of 191Ir and 193Ir are
191.021 u and 193.025 u respectively.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of Iridium.
49
Answer
(% abundance isotopic mass)
Average atomic mass
% abundance
(5 191.021 u ) (8 193.025 u )
(5 8)
192.254 u
Relative atomic = 192.254 amu
mass of Ir 1 x 12 amu
12
= 192.254
Relative atomic mass Ir = 192.254
50
EXERCISE: 3
6 7
The atomic masses of 3 Li and 3 Li are
6.0151 a.m.u. and 7.0160 a.m.u. respectively. What is
the relative abundance of each isotope if the
relative atomic mass of lithium is 6.941 a.m.u.?
Let : abundance of 6Li = x% ,
abundance of 7Li = 100%-x%
Answer :
What is abundance for isotopes 6Li and 7Li ?
6Li = 7.49 % 7Li = 92.5 %
Answer
Let : abundance of 6Li = x% ,
abundance of 7Li = 100%-x%
Average atomic mass of nitrogen:
= ( % of 6Li x isotopic mass of 14N ) + (% of 7Li x isotopic mass of 15N )
x 100-x
6.941 amu = x 6.0151 amu + x 7.0160 amu
100 100
Answer
x 100-x
6.941 amu = x 6.0151 amu + x 7.0160 amu
100 100
6.941= 6.0151x + 701.6 – 7.0160x
1.0009x = 7.5
x = 7.49
So, abundance of 7Li = 100 – x
= 100 – 7.49
= 92.51
So, % of 6Li = 7.49 %
% of 7Li = 92.51 %
