READING THE TEXT- THE WRITING PROCESS drafting or writing stage, and post-

writing stage; and or

1) Historical Development of Writing c. Social Approach- collecting, analyzing,
Writing- is an act of putting on a piece of reviewing, editing, and proofreading
paper on or any writing materials visual data.
symbols or representations of the writer’s 4) Stages of the Writing Process
language that results from social A. Pre-writing Stage
conventions. - The ideation or the invention stage
where you will carefully think of
Cuneiform- Sumerian style of writing involves
the subject matter or topic of your
wedge-shaped marks for counting and for whatever
paragraph, or composition,
understanding they had about their surroundings.
including the major and minor
Hieroglyphic- it used symbols or pictures to stand for ideas related to this topic.
their ideas about their environment.
Some pre-writing strategies that you can use the
2) The Rhetorical Modes and The Rhetorical stock your brain with ideas and information about
or Organizational Patterns your chosen topic:

Rhetoric- the art of speaking and writing effectively a. Brainstorming session- using words and
through these four rhetorical modes: Exposition, phrases in listing down whatever comes to
description, Narration and Argumentation. your mind about your topic;
b. Oral class discussion- group sharing of ideas
Rhetorician- the name given to a person who applies about the topic;
the art of discourse. c. Free-writing or Looping- writing down of
thoughts and feeling about the topic in a
Rhetor- refers to one who teaches rhetoric. sentence or in a paragraph,
notwithstanding errors in grammar,
These four rhetorical modes present spelling, and mechanics committed during
knowledge tat you tend to organize in various the free-writing act.
rhetorical patterns such as the following: d. Speculating- asking the basic questions of
who, what, why, how, among others and
1. Comparison and Contrast- giving the
trying to find answers to these questions
similarities and differences of topic dealt
before writing of the text;
with by the composition;
e. Reading- gathering data about your topic by
2. Classification- grouping ideas according to a
reading materials in the library, in
particular basis or reason;
government publications, in the internet;
3. Partitioning- specifying and explaining the
f. Listening- writing under the topic all ideas
nature, general characteristics, and purpose
coming to your mind in a , or vertical
of every part of the object;
arrangement, with some irrelevant ideas
4. Cause-effect- showing the connection
immediately stricken out of the list after the
between the basis or reason and results or
act of listening;
outcome of the existence of a thing or the
g. Interview- collecting data by asking
occurrence of an event;
unstructured/ open-ended questions and
5. Examples- enumerating things to justify or
structured/ closed questions about you
prove one’s views;
topic;
6. Chronological- presenting ideas based on
h. Semantic Mapping or Drawing- drawing
the time of their occurrence ; or
pictures of your ideas on a piece of paper to
7. Listing- using bullets, asterisks, letters, or
show their relationships;
numbers in presenting ideas.
i. Outlining- dividing ideas into major and
minor concepts, with the minor or smaller
3) Writing Approaches
ideas classified under the major or bigger
a. Textual Analysis- studying a model text
ideas in a columnary manner;
and patterning your writing styles after
j. Informal Debate- developing ideas about
the model or sample text;
the chosen topic by giving or listening to the
b. Process Approach- going through the
arguments and rebuttals of the speakers
three of writing: pre-writing stage,
representing two sides of the issue.
k. Semantic Webbing or Clustering- making skills in rhetoric or discourse; that
encircled or boxed words surround or is, you have to be competent in
cluster around an expression representing expressing yourself in exaggerated
the central thought or idea to show an units of language or in longer
organization or a narrowing down of the forms of utterances such as
topic for a paragraph or an essay. paragraphs.
l. Journal Writing- writing down in a notebook
your thoughts, feelings, reflections about Central to academic writing is the expression of
people, places, things, events, or anything, information, ideas, attitudes, and opinions about
notwithstanding errors in language, certain topic in any field of discipline.
spelling, or mechanics.
Ex. Tissue Care- when a process stops acitolysis and
Reflective Journal stabilizes protein and other components of tissues to
Synthesis Journal retain their usual form, it goes through a chemical
Double –entry Journal called fixation.
Dialectic Journal
The Nature of Sentence- you form a sentence by
Metacognitive Journal
involving these 4 aspects of language: syntax,
semantics, morphemes, and phonemes.
m. Graphic Organizers- using graphs to show
comparison-contrast, cause-effect, as well
2.2 READING THE TEXT- NATURE AND DEFINITION
as whole-part relationship of ideas.
OF EXPOSITION
Ex.
Organizational Chart Exposition- is one classification of composition that
Fishbone Graph primarily explains something.
Ishikawa Diagram -It gives further information about the what, why
Flow Chart and how of things.
Wheel Graph
1) Definition
Venn Diagram The word definition is derived from the
Table Chart combination of the prefix de and the Latin verb
B. The Writing or Drafting Stage finire, which means to limit or to set bounds.
- After the pre-writing stage that
makes you think of and narrow Amplified or Extended definition- if it goes
down your topic, formulate your beyond one-sentence logical definition.
thesis statement, and gather ideas
These longer definition of a term can be done
and information about your chosen through these methods:
subject matter. a. Elimination- this explains a thing by “telling
C. The Post-writing Stage what it is not.” To reveal the true meaning
-the last stage of the writing process of the object, the writer brings out the
has two sub-stages. negative attributes of the object.
First, the revision stage, where you b. Description of Details- creating images or
pictures of the object through adjectives,
make changes in relation to the content
adverb, and other modifiers is one way of
and the organization of the text, like making things clearer in the mind of the
checking if your works suits your target reader.
audience, if it reflects your specific c. Narration of Details- following a certain
purpose, or if it shows unity, order in presenting events helps the reader
coherence, and emphasis. have a better understanding of the subject.
d. Comparison and Contrast-bringing out the
Second, is the proofreading or editing
similarities and differences between the
stage, where you focus your checking subject and other things in the world is an
on the grammaticalness of the opposing or alternating pattern is another
language structures, plus the way of extending the explanation of the
mechanics, punctuation, spelling, and subject.
your diction or choice of words. e. Analysis by partitioning or by classification-
an extended definition of a term takes place
when you examine and explain the nature
5) The Language of Academic Texts
of each and every part of the object, or by
- Another important aspects of studying the class or group where the term
academic writing were you need or subject belongs.
 1. The Précis method- where the criticism
In defining a term through a one-sentence appears like the report of a newspaper
logical definition, see to it that you commit columnist;
the following errors of definition: 2. The 50-50 method- where there is 50%
a. Circular definition- a definition where summary and 50% evaluation;
you merely repeat the term. 3. The springboard review- where the writer
b. Figurative definition- with this kind if is like I swimmer plunging into the pool
definition, you just give an associative from a dividing board , in his act of starting
meaning to the word. his critical essay from one book, then
c. Negative Definition- places the term as reviewing other books of the same topic.
the exact opposite of another.
d. Definition with “is when” and “is Other types of essay are the paraphrase and the
where”- the linking verb in this précis or summary.
definition should be followed by a
predicate noun or adjective, hence this Paraphrase- is often considered as the direct
type of definition is ungrammatical. opposite of the précis because it gives a full-length
explanation of the meaning of the subject.
2) Explanation of Process -a Greek word para meaning beyond, and phrasein
One type of exposition that aims of explaining a which means tell.
step-by-step way of doing things, like explaining how
a thing is done, how a machine operates, how thing Précis- gives a condensation of the original material.
happens, or how a company is organized. -(pronounced Pray-see) presents a shorter version of
The following expressions are commonly the original.
used in explaining a process:
a. Cause-effect relationship- hence, so, thus, SOME GUIDELINE ON PARAPHASING AND
therefore, consequently, for this reason, SUMMARIZING:
accordingly, as a result , it follows that; 1. Be familiar with all the terms in the text.
b. Time relationship- meanwhile, then, now, 2. Include all significant details to avoid
therefore, eventually, while, afterwards, distortion of the original idea.
soon,; and 3. Avoid giving comments or interpretations.
c. Order- nest, first, second, finally, in 4. Maintain the tone or mood of the original.
conclusion, in the end, in the first place. 5. Use good English.
6. Use your own words.
3) Essay 7. Approach the material with a careful and
Is a written exposition of person’s thoughts and analytic mind.
feelings on some subject of human interest.
Traditionally, it is called a theme or 3.2 READING TH TEXT- THE NATUREE OF
composition. ARGUMENTATION

2 GENERAL CLASSIFICAATION OF ESSAY 1) Definition of Argumentation

1. FORMAL ESSAY- aims of giving information -aside from exposition, one mode of
or instructions. since it is addressed rhetoric of discourse that you can very
primarily to the reader’s intellect, the much apply to academic writing is
subject matter it usually, tackles are serious argumentation,
topics. - synonym to thesis.
-it is impersonal in tone and requires a -defines as “mental process of constructing
methodical rigid structuring of the text. a chain of reasoning.”
2. INFORMAL ESSAY- aims at entertaining the
readers emotionally or giving comments on Aristotle (384-323 B.C.) define rhetoric as
interesting or important matters. the “art of finding the best available means
of persuasion in any situation.”
ESSAYS ARE GROUPED INTO MORE SPECIFIC These persuasive tactics according
TYPES, NAMELY: character sketch, criticism and to him are the following:
review, nature essay, scientific essay. a. Pathos- appeals to the emotions and
value system of the audience;
Character Sketch- focuses on the internal and b. Ethos- appeals based on the
external characteristics of a person, hence, it is educational, moral, and experiential
also called a personality sketch, profile, background of the writer; and
biographical sketch, or portrait painting. c. Logos- appeals to the sound, valid, or
logical thinking of the audience.
Criticism and review- are essays that weigh,
evaluate, and judge virtues and faults of a 2. Types of Argumentation
subject. a. Position argumentation
3 methods of criticism
 -this type of argument makes you division between the subject and the rest
present an assertion or a claim about of the group.
an issue, a point , or a question, which j. Post Hoc fallacy- coming from the Latin
will lead you to a discussion or dispute term, post hoc ergo hoc; meaning after,
that will elicit conflicting views. this, therefore, this erroneous argument
b. Proposal Argument infers that the chronological occurrence of
- you give your opponent remedies to solve things (sequential happening based on
his problem. time), could result in another event.
k. Rationalization- here, you deny what is
3. Finding Good Reason for Your Arguments true for yourself and for others by giving
-your argument must be supported by excuses or weak explanations about the
reason or proofs that are related to your situation.
assertions or claims. l. Slippery slope- to justify your point
4. Finding Sufficient Evidence to Support through this fallacious reasoning, you claim
Good Reasons that doing the first step will lead to the
-a good argument is based on good reasons occurrence of the following steps of act.
or on logical, valid. Or sound thinking. m. Straw man- to argue as a straw man, you
5. Fallacies of Argumentation have to put the subject in a situation that is
- in some cases you may find a hard time highly improbable that no one would dare
persuading people of the truthfulness or your to agree with you.
arguments because of your erroneous
reasoning in providing your arguments or
claims.
Here are fallacies or errors of reasoning that
you sometimes commit:
a. Bandwagon appeals- an argument which
tells that you must do an act, because all or
almost all people around you have been
doing such act.
b. Begging the Question- when you resort to
repeating your assertion or claim as your
evidence or proof, you commit this
fallacies reasoning. This is a circular way of
presenting your argument.
c. Either…or.- if you use this type of wrongful
reasoning, you must disregard other
alternatives or options, because this
statement gives you only two options to
choose from.
d. False analogies- this happens when you
stress the similarities of two cases.
e. Hasty generalization- in this case, you
apply your assertion or claim to a wider
scale, despite insufficiency of your
evidence.
f. Name calling- to prove your point, you
resort to using names casting negative idea
or meaning to your opponent’s identity.
g. Slander- in this case, you go to the extent
of using highly emotional and negative
expressions against the person or
reputation of your opponent.
h. Non-Sequitur- this fallacy or
argumentation combines two unrelated
ideas; that is, the latter idea has no
connection with any formerly mentioned in
the sentence. Non sequitur is a Latin term
means “it does not follow”.
i. Polarization- the focus of this erroneous
reasoning is the extreme or the highest
position or status of a person or a group.
Arguing in this manner, you tend to
exaggerate things that will result in a clear