Ho Chi Minh City Open University

Faculty of Foreign Languages

97 Vo Van Tan. Dist.3, HCMC, Vietnam

ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET AND REPORT

Name of candidate: Nguyễn Thúy Quỳnh

Student No: 1757010234

Email address: [email protected]

Name of coursework subject:

STEP TO CONDUCT YOUR RESEARCH

Title of this item of work:

THE IMPACT OF SLEEP ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE ON

UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A CASE OF SCHOOL OF ADVANCED

STUDIES (OPEN UNIVERSITY)

Name of lecturer: Huynh Cong Minh Hung (PhD)

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Due date: June 20th , 2019

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER 2：LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 8

2.1 Review of related literature (Review of previous research) ................................. 8

2.1.1 In foreign context ............................................................................................... 8

2.1.2 In Vietnamese context ................................................................................... 9

2. 2 Review of Theoretical/ Historical overview ........................................................ 10

2.3 Research gaps ......................................................................................................... 11

2.4 Research questions ................................................................................................. 11

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 13

3.1 Research site ........................................................................................................... 13

3.2 Participants ............................................................................................................. 14

3.3 Research method .................................................................................................... 16

3.4 Research instrument .............................................................................................. 16

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................... 19

4.1 Findings ................................................................................................................... 19

4.2 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 23

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 4.3 Summary ................................................................................................................. 24

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS ............... 26

5.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 26

5.2 Limitations .............................................................................................................. 27

5.3 Implications and recommendations for further research .................................. 28

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 30

APPENDIX....................................................................................................................... 34

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Gender distribution of the Participants

Table 2: Association of Academic Performance with time of Sleep

Table 3: Focus on Performance and Cognitive Function

Table 4: Sleep deprivation and cognitive functions

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

According to (Mary Carskadon; Thomas Roth, 2000) “Sleep is a basic drive of

nature. Sufficient sleep helps us think more clearly, complete complex tasks better and

more consistently and enjoy everyday life more fully. Although many questions

regarding the role of sleep remain unanswered, scientific studies have shown that sleep

contributes significantly to several important cognitive, emotional and performance-

related functions”. Slats (2013) discovered that sleep plays a very important role in a

human being’s health. Sleep loss not only makes people feel sleepy in the daytime, it is

even causes a lot of health problem to people nowsaday, especially university students.

(Shelley, Nature Science Public, 2014) stated that “Daytime sleepiness, sleep deprivation,

and irregular sleep schedules are highly prevalent among college students, as 50% report

daytime sleepiness and 70% attain insufficient sleep. The consequences of sleep

deprivation and daytime sleepiness are especially problematic to college students and can

result in lower grade point averages, increased risk of academic failure, compromised

learning, impaired mood, and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents”. Sleep plays a

very important role in a human being’s health. (Slats, Claassen, Verbeek, & Overeem,

2013) argued that” Sleep loss not only makes people feel sleepy in the daytime, it is even

a possible risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease”.While (Koslowsky & Babkoff, 1992;

Snyder, 2003) said that “Researchers have investigated the relationship between sleep

deprivation (a term meaning loss of sleep) and two variables, task performance and

individual productivity”. (Curcio, Ferrara, & Gennaro, 2006) told that” Additionally,

sleep deprivation has been negatively related to academic performance. One study

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showed that sleep-deprived students performed worse on attention, memory, and

problem-solving tasks and this adversely affected their academic performance “

University students report significantly worse quality of sleep, including

inconsistent sleep schedules and sleep deprivation, than the general population. They also

suffer from a greater amount of daytime sleepiness than the general population. Students

also report significantly fewer total hours of sleep each night than the daily-recommended

amount, for their age group, to promote normal cognitive functioning( RaleyHR,

Madridge J Nurs, 2016). The amount of sleep has a significant impact on students in

university by changing their routines, behaviors, relationships and even their academic

performance at school.

The purpose of this research is to see the amount of sleep plays an important role

on academic performance and find out the positive and negatives effects on of sleep on

university students.

This research is to access the student’s ability to perform academically in realtion

to the samount of sleep and to give solutions to improve the quality of sleep in university

students.

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 CHAPTER 2：LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of related literature (Review of previous research)

2.1.1 In foreign context

“Past research focused on university students’ academic performance being

influenced by sleep-related variables such as sleep-wake cycles and length of sleep. “ by

Kelly, Kelly, and Clanton (2001) hypothesized that undergraduate students who called

themselves “short-sleepers” would have a lower overall grade point average than those

calling themselves “long-sleepers.” Furthermore, t he Medeiros, Mendes, Lima, and

Araujo (2001) study explained that the university students’ irregular sleep-wake cycle

and deficiency of sleep negatively influenced their academic performance.

Shin, Kim, Lee, Ahn, and Joo (2003) studied the effects of sleep habits and

excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) with school performance in senior high school

students. The Epworth. Sleepiness Scale defined the excessive daytime sleepiness of each

participant. Their school performance was calculated by their final exams of first

semester depending on their high or low grade and their rank in class. The results

“showed that the prevalence of EDS increased significantly (p< 0.001) with a decline in

school performance” (Shin et al., 2003, p. 3).

The Campos-Morales, Valencia-Flores, Castaño-Meneses, Castañeda-Figueiras, &

Martínez-Guerrero (2005) study compared basic academic activities, mood states, and

sleep habits with levels of sleepiness. The participants were categorized as sleepy or non-

sleepy according to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. They also took a Sleep Habits

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Questionnaire, the Profile of Mood States, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The

participants then were administered short arithmetic and reading comprehension tests for

evaluating their academic ability. Their study “supports the need for a heightened

awareness of the negative impact of sleepiness on academic performance and future job

productivity of otherwise healthy college students” (Campos-Morales et al., 2005, p. 4).

As most past studies suggested, sleepiness was suspected to have a negative

relationship with lower academic performance. The present study hypothesized that the

sleepiness level of fulltime college students between the ages of 18 and 23 will negatively

correlate with their cumulative college GPA.

2.1.2 In Vietnamese context

Khoa, 2018 found that the average Vietnamese person sleeps for less than seven

hours a night.People in Vietnam sleep on average less than seven hours a day, and are

among those who sleep the least across the world, according to a recent survey published

by The Economist.The Economist used data from the Sleep Cycle App, which records

one million users’ sleeping time worldwide and has discovered that people around the

world get on average seven hours and 12 minutes of shut-eye per night.Sleeping for less

than 8 hours a day seems to be a trend across Asian economies such as Singapore, Hong

Kong and Taiwan, according to the report.

The Economist suggests that residents of rich countries tend to get more sleep and

are well-rested. Prime examples are the U.S., Canada and Luxembourg, where people

sleep for between seven hours 15 minutes to seven hours 30 minutes per night.Countries

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that get the most sleep include New Zealand, Finland, Netherland, Australia and Ireland,

who bed down for more than seven and a half hours every night.

In contrast, Japan is listed as the weariest of the 55 countries and territories in the

report, but it has a greater GDP than most other Asian countries. Among the group that

gets the least sleep are Korea and Saudi Arabia, where people sleep between six hours 15

minutes and six hours 30 minutes a night.

The U.S. National Sleep Foundation warns that sleeping for less than seven hours

a night can reduce reasoning and reaction times, and increase the chance of an early death

by 13 percent if done so consistently.

President Donald Trump only gets four hours of sleep a night and Apple CEO Tim

Cook always get out of bed before 4 a.m., according to The Economist. Both say that not

getting enough sleep does not affect their productivity

2. 2 Review of Theoretical/ Historical overview

In reviewing several journals, which has tried to find the relationship between

poor sleep andacademic performance almost all the articles have agreed that there is an

impact on the academic performance. For example, in a study of 1styear students,

Researchers observed that sleep habitswere highly linked with academic

performance. The official grades (provided by the universityregister) showed that

students with a lower performance were those with later bedtimes andwake-up times on

both weekdays and weekend days (Curcioa, 2006). A student, in a universitylevel is both

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a mature and understanding enough to know what is good for them, and what is

not.Knowingly, that sleep deprivation causes to perform poorly in studies, why do it?

Maybe stress?Maybe work overload? These factors also influence the amount & quality

of sleep a student getsat night (Talib and Rehman, 2012). To find the relationship

between lack of sleeping andacademic performance I will also need to find the causes of

their lack of sleep. I have also lookedat different measures of sleep scales, and found out

that “The Groninger Sleep Quality Questionannie” (Leppamaki, et al., 2003) was most

appropriate to refer to for this study. A causeof lack of sleep sometimes is because of

irregular sleep pattern, which, I, myself, is affected by.In a study, on effects of lack of

sleep on students it showed that, students with irregular sleep pattern often suffers from

higher fatigue, deterioration of mood & performance in daily activities(Ansari et al.,

2009).

2.3 Research gaps

Until now, there are a lot of research about the impact of sleep amount on

university students but there has been little work in specifying or detailing the importance

of how to solve that problem and help students not only have a better sleep but also

improve their academic performance. In this research, we will some solutions for

university students to balance between work and sleep amount.

2.4 Research questions

This research answers two questions are :

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1. Is there any significant relationship between a student’s ability to perform

academically and the quality of sleep?

2. If yes, how does sleep effect students’ performance?

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 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study aimed at investigating the impact of sleep on academic performance on

university students at advanced studies of Open University . Basing on the theoretical

framework, the researcher found out the appropriate research method. Therefore, in this

chapter the researcher was devoted to present the research methodology, consisting of

research setting, participants, research instrument, and procedures for the data collection

and data analysis.

3.1 Research site

This study was carried out at Ho Chi Minh City Open University (HCMCOU),

which was founded on July 26th, 1993, according to the Decision 389/Ttg signed by the

Prime Minister on the foundation of Ho Chi Minh City Institute of Open Education

established on June 15th, 1990 according to the Decision 451/Ttg signed by the Minister

of Education and Training.

HCMCOU is a higher education institution offering a variety of programs ranging

from on-site to distance learning and learning at satellite academic centers, it aims to

meet various learning needs of society and to contribute enriching the country’s human

resources.

There are currently more than 32,000 students enrolling in daytime, nighttime, and

distance-learning courses at HCMCOU. The university has, thus far, granted

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approximately 31,000 bachelor degrees and more than 1,000 master degrees. (HO CHI

MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY, n.d.)

Universities play an important role in creating and developing our country. At the

School of Advanced Study (SAS) we embrace this privileged position, delivering teaching

and learning that is dynamic, applicable and socially engaged. Our commitment is to

educate students to highest standards including English language proficiency, create and

disseminate knowledge, and engage with our community to address the major issues of our

time.

3.2 Participants

As the main focus of this research is to examine differences in students’ ability to

perform academically when they have a good sleep or not , the target population for this

study is 50 students of school of Advanced studies of Business English Major ( 25 males

and 25 females). They are all from third-year students at Ho Chi Minh Open University .

According to the Table 1, participants of this study are combination of both genders

at school of Advanced studies of Business English Major . In this study, selection of the

participants is randomly in five different classes in third year.

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Table 1. Gender distribution of the Participants

Variable Frequency Percentage

Male 25 50

Female 25 50

Total 50 100

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3.3 Research method

For the purposes of the current study, this quantitative data employed in this study

in order to gather necessary information. It enabled the researcher to examine the possible

differences between female and male students in the specific variables of foreign language

learning aptitude.

3.4 Research instrument

It is undeniable that questionnaire is one of the instruments mainly used in research,

especially in the academic study because of its following advantages. Firstly, it is very

practical and has a large amount of information that can be collected from a large number

of people in a short period of time as Gillham (2000) mentioned that the researcher will get

some benefits such as save time and money, low cost, easy to collect data from a handful

of people, less pressure for immediate response, positive thinking and shortage of

interviewer bias with the help of questionnaire. Secondly, the results of the questionnaire

could be quickly and easily quantified either by a researcher or through the use of a

software package such as SPSS. Finally, it could also be used to elicit information about

many different kinds of issues, such as language use, communication difficulties, preferred

learning styles, preferred classroom activities, and attitudes and beliefs (Richards, 2001).

For those reasons, the questionnaire is employed in this study to help the writer collect

necessary information and data for the research.

Instruments for this study include a questionnaire and the students’ grade point

average from the department. The first instrument which is a questionnaire contains items

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adapted from the Groninger Sleep Quality Questionnaire (Meijman, de Vries-Griever, de

Vries G.) with response choices of true or false, measuring the student’s sleep quality. The

Groninger Sleep Quality Questionnaire is primarily used to assess seasonal affective

disorder, mood disorders, and sleep disorders. Examples of items from the Groninger Sleep

Quality Questionnaire are “I felt rested after waking up this European Scientific Journal

May 2014 edition vol.10, No.13 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 660

morning and I didn’t get more than 5 hours sleep last night. While the second instrument

used for this study was the student’s Grade Point Average obtained from the departments

to access their academic performances. (Taiwo M. Williams & Ruth A. Aderanti, May

2014 ).

(Johns, 1991) stated that: ”Students were administered the Epworth Sleep Scale

(ESS), a widely used instrument designed to measure an individual's level of habitual

sleepiness during the day. The scale consists of eight items that assesses one's self-reported

likelihood of falling asleep given a variety of day-to-day situations. The rating scale

consists of four response options: 0 = Would never doze; 1 = Slight chance of dozing; 2 =

Moderate chance of dozing; and 3 = High chance of dozing. For the present study, students

were asked “For the following items, think of a typical weekday (Mon-Fri) and rate the

degree to which you believe you are likely to doze off (fall asleep) given each situation.”

ESS scores were calculated by summing the scores. Scores ranging from 0 to 10 typically

are considered normal, and scores exceeding this range may be indicative of poor sleep

quality or potential sleep disorders.”

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 Participants completed a measure of circadian preference (the Owl-LarkScale;

Horne & Östberg, 1977) (Naber & Raley) in which they identified preferred schedules for

daily activities (higher scores indicate morning preference; Cron-bach’s α = .81). The

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI; Buysse et al., 1989) assessed sleep quality andsleep

complaints (reliability of the component scores is.83 in the population and .63 in our

sample). Higherscores on PSQI denote more sleep problems. Participantsalso completed a

questionnaire of daytime sleepinessand sleep-wake behavior problems adapted from

Carska-don et al. (1991; see also Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998).The questions asked

whether in the past 2 weeks participants struggled to stay awake or had fallen asleepduring

12 different situations (e.g., while studying, watch-ing television, conversing, or traveling),

as well as howoften in the last 2 weeks the participants arrived to classlate, felt sleepy

during the day, slept in past noon, stayed up all night, had trouble falling asleep, or had

problematic sleep (e.g., snored, had nightmares, woke up during the night. (Onyper,

Thacher, Gilbert, & Gradess, 2012)

The questionnaire included 2 parts A and B. The first part asked about personal

information such as gender, the amount of time you sleep in one day. The remaining one

concentrated on examining the impact of sleep on academic performance on university

students.

The reliability of questionnaire was analyzed based on Cronbach alpha on SPSS

software version 20 after obtaining the participants’ responses.

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 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Findings

(Naber & Raley) found that “This study demonstrates a relationship between the

quality of sleep and academic performance in university students. The data demonstrates a

statistical significance between sleep period and student’s performance at school, and

number of courses joined and frequency of daytime sleepiness. Poor quality of sleep,

including short sleep duration, irregular sleep schedules, sleep deprivation, and daytime

sleepiness, have all been indicated to negatively affect university students’ academics. The

findings from this study suggests that university students should limit their academic

demand to a manageable amount so that sufficient sleep can still be achieved with enough

time to be adequately prepared for his/her classes. There are numerous sleep environment

variables hinder a student’s quality of sleep, with many students reporting the effect of

multiple variables affecting the students’ overall sleep quality. The more variables

experienced by the student through the night, the less likely they are able to get a good

night’s sleep before class the next day, which impair their attention and concentration, and

overall academic performance.”

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Table 2: Association of Academic Performance with time of Sleep

Association of Academic Performance with time of Sleep

60%

49%
50%

40% 37% 38%

34%
32% 31%
30% 28% 27%
23%

20%

10%

0%
High mark Averange mark Low mark
Before 10pm 28% 37% 27%
Between 10-11pm 49% 32% 34%
After 11pm 23% 31% 38%

Before 10pm Between 10-11pm After 11pm

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 Table 3: Focus on Performance and Cognitive Function

Do not sleep well Yes No

or lack of sleep Frequency % Frequency %

Unable to stay awake or focus

42 84% 8 16%
during class

Unable to focus during exam 32 64% 18 36%

Feel less energy or motivation 37 74% 13 26%

Feel academic performance is

27 54% 23 46%
hindered

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 Table 4: Sleep deprivation and cognitive functions

Yes No
Due to lack of sleep
Frequency % Frequency %

Memory problems 40 80% 10 20%

Hallucinations 18 36% 32 64%

Negative moods/
45 90% 5 10%
Behavioural changes

Depression 36 72% 14 28%

Unable to pay attention or

38 76% 12 24%
to concentrate in class

Feel sleep deprived as a

47 94% 3 6%
university student

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4.2 Discussion

(Danish, Ahmad, Tahir, & Wahid, 2014) stated that “100% response rate was

observed since prior information was provided to the school administration; all students

in university were present on the chosen day for data collection."In table 2, when

information regarding sleep time was seen it was observed that 49% students slept

between 10-11pm get highers mark than others slept before 10pm and after 11pm. In

contrast, students who slept after 11pm usually get lower marks than two others. They

suffer a sleep disorders so that they cannot focus on the lesson during the class. That is

the reason why they get lower marks. The averange marks is for the students who slept

before 10pm. They sleep 8 hours enough to help thêm to gain more energy for the next

day for school.

In table 3, about 84% out of 100% of students are facing the problem to stay awake or

focus during class and 64% of students unable to focus during exam. That’s lead to one

of the reason why 74% of students always feeling less energy or motivation to study for

the whole day. They always feel tired and fell asleep during the class because of their

sleep deprivation. Sleep has an important role in learning and memory consolidation, for

memory formation of learned information. Most students had the effects of sleep

deprivation on academic achievements and the abilities of cognition. If students don’t sleep

enough for a day, they will suffer from a lot of problems. For example , in table 4, 80% of

students nowsday have to suffered from memory problems. They study all day all night but

they cannot remember anything in the next day. 36% of students have negative moods or

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behavioural changes during the class because of their sleeping habits. The last thing is 94% of

students feel sleep deprived as a university students. All of these reasons can lead to students’

bad performance in class and they even get a lower marks than those students who sleep well.

4.3 Summary

According to (Danish, Ahmad, Tahir, & Wahid, 2014)”The major strength of this

study included itsunique topic which has not been studied in ourcountry. The simplicity

and clarity of thequestionnaire as the data collecting tool is yetanother strength of this

study. Then we hadsome new findings observed in this study whichcan be further

researched again in future. Ourlimitations included the sample size which

wasrepresentative neither on gender basis nor onsocio economic conditions as only girl

schoolswas taken in this survey. Another limitation wasthe age group. This age group

should be furtherenlarged to include students up to 17 years ofage in future studies and

the cutoff time takenfor late sleeping should be then shifted tomidnight. Though the

sample size was small, yetcertain observations in this study can have aprofound effect on

students especially theassociation of book reading at bedtime and goodacademic

performance and the significance ofbreakfast in good school performance. In future,this

topic can be studied on a larger samplewhich will be representative of the populationand

the limitations observed in this projectshould be removed to bring more valid results”.

The need of implementing a sleep education program component to students has

been identified. A sleep education program would teach students how sleep hygiene can

be used to improve daily sleep habits by counseling the student to go to bed and wake up

at the same time each day, avoid consuming caffeine and other stimulants in the late
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afternoon and evening, monitor nighttime eating, and engage in relaxing activities before

bed, such as reading or listening to soothing music. By introducing these skills, the

students will become more aware of the various types of sleep hygiene skills that exist,

and how these skills can help reduce daytime sleepiness and positively affect their ability

to learn. In addition to being educated about sleep hygiene skills, the students would be

taught the physiological signs and symptoms of sleep deprivation to identify when his/her

quality of sleep is not optimal. An education piece about influences that negatively

impact sleep such as studying while lying in bed would also be included in the sleep

hygiene educational program. Students can elect to practice all of these skills, or only

skills they find beneficial to promote healthy sleeping habits. To understand the

consequences of daytime sleepiness and sleep deprivation, knowledge of normal sleep

and its impact on learning, memory, and performance are necessary. In addition to school

nutrition programs, schools should include in their curriculum a program teaching healthy

sleep hygiene to promote a healthy physical state that is favorable for learning

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 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS

5.1 Conclusions

The purpose of the study was to better understand college students’ sleep habits

and determine their perceptions regarding the effects of these sleep habits on quality of

life. The results indicated majority of students agreed to having a calm and quiet sleep

environment. The high number of students using technology before bed was identified as

an area of concern. Perceptions of the ways students believed their sleep affected their

quality of life included having irregular sleep patterns. It was also identified that students

realized adequate sleep was beneficial while a lack of sleep had negative consequences

including irritability and less concentration. However, to conclude that poor sleep habits

are the true cause of worsening quality of life or causing illness, irritability, or mood

changes may be premature. More studies on this topic would be helpful. As students

become aware and actively seek out ways to better their quality of life, they will be more

mentally, emotionally, and spiritually healthy. This study helped identify that college

students have an understanding of some aspects of healthy sleep habits and the link

between sleep habits and quality of life. Again, education on the effects of sleep on the

quality of life would be of benefit to the college community

This study aimed to investigate the impact of sleep on university students , which

was a very common nowsaday. The present study made a number of contributions to the

students who have bad performance during class because of sleep deprivation.

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The main objective of the study was to find out the effect of sleep deprivation on the

academic performance and cognitive functions in the college students. The results

concluded that majority of students obtain less than the recommended 7-8 hours of sleep each night.

The sleep deprivation had a negative effect on the students’ academic performance and

the cognitive functions like memory, attention, concentration etc. So, health education

programs regarding duration and quality of the sleep should be emphasized increase

t h e awareness of the importance of a healthy sleep. It is the responsibility of the

educators and college authorities to identify the variables that lead to poor sleep quality

and take active role to empower and education students sleep habit about good

sleep habits to improve their performance.

5.2 Limitations

Although the research has been intentionally conducted and pointed out a number

of significant findings, there were still some weaknesses related to the time, size, data

collection and analysis, and data interpretation. First of all, the time constraint in reading

materials, collecting data and writing the thesis could not allow the researcher to collect

the completely appropriate and accurate data. Besides, due to time limitation, there was no

pilot of the questionnaire and no interview items, which could influence on the validity of

the collecting data instruments. Secondly, the number of participants was limited, only 50

students in the same college; hence, the results of this current study may not be generalized

to other population. Finally, because of the researcher’s lack of experience in doing

27
research and the data analysis on SPSS software, the results may not be completely

reflected.

5.3 Implications and recommendations for further research

Using the results of the study, students could be taughtwhat in a school setting it

means to have healthy sleephygiene. By doing this, students are made aware of the

habitsthey need to obtain to increase overall quality of sleep. Anoverview of sleep hygiene

skills would also be taught as asleep education component in everyday curriculum. It

wouldintroduce active sleep hygiene skills, such as daily exercise.Also, the education

component would include non-activesleep hygiene skills, such as creating a calm

environmentwhen trying to fall asleep. By introducing these skills, thestudents will become

more aware of the various types of sleephygiene skills, and how these skills can help reduce

daytimesleepiness and positively affect their ability to learn.The students would continue

to be educated about sleephygiene skills. But in addition to that, they would be taught

thephysiological signs and symptoms of sleep deprivation so thatthey can identify when

their quality of sleep is not at its best.

An education piece about influences that negatively impact sleepsuch as avoiding

caffeine consumption in the evening hoursand not studying while lying in bed would also

be included onthis sleep hygiene educational program. Students can elect topractice all of

these skills, or only skills they find are beneficialto promote their own healthy sleeping

habits.

28
 Application of this recommendation would includeeducating parents and

schoolteachers and professors aboutthe potential sleep hygiene skills that can be used to

improvequality of sleep so that they can encourage the students andchildren around them

to practice healthy habits. Integrationof an educational program for students beginning in

theirmiddle school years is crucial to begin healthy sleeping habitsat an early age, rather

than change unfavorable sleepinghabits at a later age. With more students educated on

theaspects of healthy sleep hygiene, there is a potential forstudents to learn more efficiently

and achieve more in thescope of academics .

College students are generally thought to receive less sleep than the recommended

hours and this study can help validate this perception. This study identified 35% of the

participants as receiving 6 or less hours of sleep per night. Students should be conscious

and proactive when creating regular sleep habits. These habits should aid in creating a calm

sleep environment and one that assists in receiving adequate sleep. Education regarding

technology use before or while in bed should be discussed and available for students.

Education regarding positive sleep habits, factors influencing sleep, and the influence that

sleep has on health would also be of benefit to the student population. Promotion of college

schedules and activities that encourage adequate sleep could have an impact on the quality

of student life. Further research into the effects that sleep has on specific areas such as

daytime naps, the use of technology, and the use of caffeine would be beneficial.

Since this study was a quantitative one and just use one questionnaire, more

qualitative studies are needed to understand individual differences in greater detail.

29
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 APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STUDENTS

I am …….. I am carrying out my final project on ……. course entitled: the impact

of sleep on academic performance on university students: a case of school of advanced

studies (open university)This questionnaire is designed in attempts to gather students’

ideas on whether male and female students differ from language learning aptitude or not.

Your support will help provide the research with valuable information and evidences.

Therefore, I hope to receive your enthusiasm and trustful answers. Your assistance in

completing this survey questionnaire is highly appreciated. Many thanks and regards for

your cooperation!

THE IMPACT OF SLEEP ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE ON UNIVERSITY

STUDENTS: A CASE OF SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDIES (OPEN

UNIVERSITY)

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STUDY OF SLEEP EFFECTS ON ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE OFSTUDENTS

According to (Iqbal) that “Sleep, a very important activity of a human being. Without

sleep, a University level student cannotfunction, & concentrate on his/her daily

study.This is a Study on the lack of sleep habits, & the effects it has on the academic

performance . Below, is a questionnaire, which will help us to analyse this study. There

are 3 parts to this questionnaire.”

34
A. Personal information

Age: ..............................................................................................................................

What is your major?: ....................................................................................................

Gender:  Male  Female (Put a tick  in which is relevant to you)

Do you live near or far from the university? (Please circle)

 Near

 Far

What do you prefer morning shift class, or evening shift class? (Please circle)

 Morning shift

 Evening shift

B .(Please answer numerically, as data will be analysed, for interpretation)

1. In an average week, how many nights do you get less than five hours of sleep?

_____________

2. In the past week, how many nights did you get less than five hours of sleep?

_____________
35
 3. On an average night, how many hours of sleep do you get? ________

4. In the past year, how many all-nighters have you pulled? _________ (Iqbal)

C.

1 2

True (T) False (F)

1 2
Statements
(T) (F)

1. I regularly have "deep sleeps" at night.

2. On an average, I sleep poorly at night.

3. It takes me more than half an hour to fall asleep on an average

night.

4. I wake up several times in the middle of the night, on an average

night.

5. I have felt tired after waking up, on an average, on mornings.

36
6. I feel that I don’t get enough sleep, on an average night.

7. I got up in the middle of the night.

8. I felt rested after waking up this morning.

9. I feel that I only had a couple of hours' sleep last night.

10. I feel that I slept well last night.

11. I didn't sleep a wink last night.

12. I didn't have trouble falling asleep last night.

13. After I woke up last night, I had trouble falling asleep again.

14. I tossed and turned all night last night.

15. . I didn't get more than 5 hours' sleep last night.

37
Thanks for your cooperation!

38