Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter examines existing research studies relevant to the current

investigation, which examines the relationship between sleep deprivation and its

impact on student concentration and cognitive function. This section explores

existing studies that have investigated the effects of sleep deprivation on students'

ability to focus and their overall cognitive performance. The researchers identify and

discuss relevant concepts that provide a framework for understanding the

relationship between sleep, concentration, and cognitive function. This existing

knowledge serves as a foundation for the current investigation, which focuses

specifically on Grade 12 HUMSS students at Talisayan National High School

(TNHS).

According to Short M. A., Weber N., Reynolds C., et al., (2018), teens'

ability to maintain attention appears to be affected by sleep deprivation in ways that

are significant to multiple normative developmental aspects, such as their capacity

for focus and classroom instruction. Previous research has shown a link between

poor academic performance in children and adults and the amount of sleep that

people report as delayed or inappropriate sleep, waking up too late, especially on

weekends, and daytime sleepiness (Jalali R., Khazaei H., et al, 2020). While getting

enough sleep has a beneficial impact on grade point average, which is a measure of

academic success, getting too little sleep has an adverse effect on students'

academic performance (Mehta K. J., 2022). Learning gets difficult and we become

forgetful when we don't get enough sleep. Moreover, sleep deprivation puts

thousands of students at risk worldwide, which can lead to poorer academic

sleep find it difficult to stay alert and energetic during the day, which makes them

less likely to stick to academic and extracurricular schedules (Chen L., Chen J.,

2019).

According to Maheshwari G., Shaukat F. (2019) Pakistani medical students'

academic performance suffers as a result of their poor sleep quality. While in Ghana,

Accra's medical students frequently experience dysfunction during the day and poor

quality sleep. The quality of sleep was significantly positively correlated with

academic performance as reported by the sleeper (Lawson H. J., Wellens-Mensah J.

T. et. al, 2019). Numerous biological and environmental factors may impact the

circadian and homeostatic regulation of sleep at this stage of life. A significant portion

of this population suffers from chronic sleep restriction and/or irregular sleep-wake

cycles as a result of insufficient sleep. Reduced learning capacity and compromised

daytime functioning are linked to poor sleep quantity and quality, according to studies

examining the impact of varying sleep–wake schedules on academic achievement

(Alfonsi V., Scarpelli S., et al. 2020). On the other hand, better grades were

correlated with sleep duration and quality for the month and the week prior to an

exam, but there was no relationship between test performance and sleep measures

on the one night before an exam. A quarter or so of the variation in academic

performance was explained by sleep measures (Okano K., Kaczmarzyk J., et al.

2019). Daytime fatigue, irregular sleep patterns, and sleep deprivation are

particularly common among understudies in schools and colleges. Undergrads are

especially vulnerable to the negative effects of sleep deprivation and daytime

sluggishness, which can include decreased grades, increased risk of subpar

academic performance, learning loss, mood swings, and increased risk of alcohol
and drug use (Khemka P., Dhanuka P., 2020). In general, sleep and academic

performance in school are related. Sleep deprivation has been linked to inattention

and lack of focus in the classroom. While some studies find no correlation between

sleep length and quality and academic performance, the majority of research has

found that longer, higher-quality sleep is associated with improved academic

performance, including study effort and grades.

According to Lewis L. (2021) the benefits of sleep for brain health are

surprisingly numerous. Sleep deprivation affects memory and focus in the short term

and can cause neurological dysfunction or even death in the long run. In today's

world, sleep disorders and sleep loss are major contributors to poor sleep quality.

The underlying mechanisms of the relationship between sleep and metabolism

indicate that stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

Maladaptive alterations in the HPA axis are linked to sleep disorders and sleep

deprivation, which can result in neuroendocrine deregulation (Hirotsu, C., Tufik, S.

Andersen, M., L. 2015). Stress is an adaptive reaction meant to bring the body back

to balance. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated in the classical

neuroendocrine stress response, which modulates many physiological aspects,

including the wake-sleep cycle (Martire V. L., Caruso D., 2020). However, according

to Alotaibe A., Alosaimi, F., et al. (2020) the body, mind, memory, and learning all

depend on sleep. Nonetheless, there hasn't been enough discussion in the literature

about the connection between stress, academic performance, and the quality of

one's sleep. Long-term use of the internet for leisure was strongly correlated with

less sleep, but there was no conclusive evidence of this relationship with internet use

for research (Kim S. Y., Kim M., 2018). The conclusion of this study is that sleep

deprivation has a greater impact on students’ academic performance.