7 PILING

7.1 General Specifications

7.1.1 Standard

Piling shall conform with the principles contained in British Standard Code
of Practice CP 2004.

7.1.2 Setting Out

The contractor shall set out the position and levels of each pile from given
reference or base line and datum levels on the site.

All pipes are to be accurately positioned in accordance with setting out

drawings.

7.1.3 Tolerance

The deviation of the piles from verticality of the specified rake shall not be
more than 1 : 75. Their deviation in any direction in plan at cut-off level
from the correct position indicated in the drawings must not be more than
75mm.

7.1.4 Rectification Works

Where a pile has been damaged while driving, testing or by other causes
the contractor will be required to provide additional piles in the positions
to be determined at site at no extra cost to the Employer so that at least
the same bearing capacity as required at the original position is obtained.

Any increase the cost of the pile caps or foundations owing to the above
mentioned causes shall be borne by the contractor. Where the position of
the pile deviates by more than 75mm from the true position and or 1 : 75
inclination from specified rake, the cost of any extra piling and
modifications to the pile caps and foundations as required to achieve at
 least the required bearing capacity at the original points shall be borne by
the contractor.

7.1.5 Pile Driving Records

A records of all piles driven or installed shall be kept by the contractor and
a certified copy of the record shall be submitted to the S.O.

The record shall consist the following information where applicable :-

All Piles

(i) Date
(ii) Identification
(iii) nominal Diameter or Size
(iv) Level of ground at commencement of operations
(v) Type of name of piling equipment
(vi) Hammer weight
(vii) Height of drop
(viii) Driving energy
(ix) Time of driving and finished and any stoppage of driving
(x) Total length of finished pile including lengths of different segments
and number of joints
(xi) Pile founding level
(xii) Final set per 10 blows with corresponding
Final temporary compression per blow
(xiii) Reduced level mark on pile to check for any sign of pile up heaving

Copy of the records shall be handed over to the S.O.

7.1.6 Final Survey

On completion of the Works the contractor shall survey the positions of

piles as driven including final reduced level, extent of up heaving (if any)
and inclination in the form of as-built drawings.
7.1.7 Pile Load Tests

The contractor will allow for carrying out test loads up to 2 times working
load.

(i) Equipment and Personnel for Load Test

(a) All kentledge, staging, equipment, shelter, supports, etc

required for the load test shall be provided by the contractor.

(b) The Contractor will provide skilled staff to supervise and

direct the whole process of the test and assist in taking and
recording all readings.

(c) The Contractor shall provide all other labour required for the
proper execution of the test, including the construction and
dismantling of the load staging and handling of the kentledge
materials on and off the load stage, etc and for the
continuous and competent watching of the whole set-up.

(d) The kentledge shall be provided by a heavy mass of dead

load, supported centrally over the test pile on suitably
constructed loading platform fixed to the head of the test
pile.

(ii) Settlement Measurement

(a) Vertical movements of the test pile shall be measured by at

least two dial gauges, with a minimum of 50mm travel,
graduated in 0.025mm divisions and by a dumpy level
reading 2 scales graduated millimetres one fixed to the pile
cap and another fixed to some permanent structure as
control.
(ii) Settlement Measurement [Cond’t]

(b) The gauges shall be erected on stiff steel beams, the end of
which shall rest on or be fixed to reliable supports. Such
supports shall be located not closer than 1.2 metres from the
test pile and shall be rigidly fixed to the ground to a depth of
not less than 900mm of concrete surround. In addition, the
elevation of the supports shall be checked frequently with
reference to a fixed benchmark.

(c) The entire measuring assembly shall be properly protected

against rain, direct sunlight and other disturbances that
might affect its reliability.

(iii) Procedure For Testing

The “Maintained Load” method of testing shall preferably by carried

out on the test pile. The test procedure shall be as follows:-

(a) The test shall be measured within an accuracy of 2 per cent.

Settlements shall be measured within an accuracy of
0.25mm and shall be referred to a datum which shall be
unaffected by any movement of the ground. Settlement shall
be recorded before and half an hour after increase or
descrease of load.

(b) In the first cycle the test load shall be applied in increments
of 0.25 times the working load up to the working load. The
load after each increment shall be kept constant until the
rate of settlement does not exceed 0.25mm per hour or load
shall be maintained until a minimum of 2 hours has elapsed,
whichever is later.
(iii) Procedure For Testing [Cond’t]

(c) It shall then be unloaded in the same increment. The load

after each increment shall be kept constant until the rate of
settlement does not exceed 0.25mm per hour or load shall be
maintained until a minimum of 1/2 hour has elapsed,
whichever is later.

(d) In the second cycle, the pile shall be loaded up to twice

working load in increments of 0.25 times the working load.

(e) The full test load shall be maintained for 24 hours and the
total settlement recorded, unless failure occurs in the sense
that jacking load cannot be maintained.

(f) The load shall be reduced in stages first to half of the full test
load for 2 hours and thereafter fully unloaded. Final
settlement to be recorded after 24 hours.

(g) The permanent settlement of the pile after unloading of full

test load shall not be more than 6.5mm.

(h) The maximum settlement under working load shall not be

more than 12.5mm.

(I) The maximum settlement under twice the working load shall
not be more than 38mm or 0.25mm/ton or test load;
whichever is less.
 (iii) Procedure For Testing [Cond’t]

(j) The contractor shall prepare the following graphs after

completion of the test :-

(1) Load and settlement plotted above and below a

common base line of time;

(2) Settlement and recovery plotted horizontally against

the vertical line of load used.

(k) The contractor shall submit a full report with test location
plan, photographs, piling records, tabulated and graphical
test load result and other relevant information regarding the
load testing to the S.O.

7.2 Precast Square Piles

7.2.1 General

This section applies to Precast Square Piles.

7.2.2 Concrete
7.2.2.1 Aggregates

Coarse aggregate shall be crushed granite not containing any deleterious

material, mud, salts, organic matter or excessive fine. The
maximum nominal size of the coarse aggregate shall not exceed
30mm or 2/5 the wall thickness of the pile whichever is less.
 Final aggregate shall be clean river sand or washed mining sand passing
B.S sieve No. 7.

7.2.2.2 Cement

Cement shall be ordinary Portland Cement to B.S 12.

7.2.2.3 Water

Water used for producing concrete shall be fress of oil, acid, salts, organic
matter or anything that may produce harmful reaction with the
cement or steel. In particular it shall not contain any chloride or
nitrate ions.

7.2.2.4 Admixtures

Admixtures may be used provided they do not contain any chioride or

nitrate ions.

7.2.3 Manufacturing of Piles

The contractor shall supply sufficient mourds and shall cast piles in the
most expeditious manner.

Concreting of each pile shall be completed in one continuous operation

and concrete shall be vibrated to ensure adequate compaction.
Main reinforcement bars shall be in complete lengths of sufficiently
lapped. Spacer forks shall be in pairs of cast iron, mild steel or
other approved materials.

The general requirements to cement, aggregates, water, concrete mix,

testing and placing of concrete reinforcement, welding, formwork
and labours are dealt with in the relevant section of this
specification.
 All piles shall be clearly marked with the date of casting.

7.2.4 Removing of Forms

Side forms will be removed after 4 days and bottom boards 12days after
casting. For piles incorporating Rapid Hardening cement the
foregoing periods shall be modified accordingly.

7.2.5 Lifting and Stacking

Piles shall be lifted and stacked in an orderly manner. Trestles or rests

shall be placed at the position of the lifting points. Pile shall not be
driven until they are 21 days old.

7.2.6 Handling or Piles

The contractor shall exercise great care in lifting and handling of piles and
no pile shall be lifted other than slinging and using the lifting holes.
All piles damaged during handling, driving or at any other time shall
be replaced at the contractor’s expense.

7.2.7 Pitching and Driving

(i) Piles shall pitched accurately in the positions and driven to

the appropriate lines and levels shown on the drawings or as
specified elsewhere. Piles may be suitable constrained to
maintain their correct position by means of guys or guide but
no pile which has been deflected from its course or has been
wrongly aligned shall be forcily brought back to correct
alignment.

(ii) Where piles are driven below the level of the bottom of the
leads of the pile frame, extension leads shall be fitted.
7.2.7 Pitching and Driving [Cond’t]

(iii) During driving, the heads of piles shall be protected by a

helmet of cast steel or mild steel fitting closely around the
pile. A packing of coiled hemp rope or asbestos fibre. 1”
thick covering the head of the pile. The top of the helmet
shall be recessed and fillted with a timber stub dolly 1 ft long.
The packing and stub dolly shall be replaced as often as
necessary to prevent damage to the piles.

(iv) The contractor shall maintain a record of the driving of all

piles giving sets and other relevant data.

(v) Immediately after a pile has been completely driven a

recordreduced level of the pile head and further checks shall
be made on the level of the head after the friving of adjacent
piles. Should any pile heave upwards, if shall be re-driven to
its original level or if necessary until its specified set is again
obtained.

7.2.8Plant for Pile Driving

Drop hammer shall be used in general. It shall be of sufficient driving

energy for the type of piles used.

7.2.9Joints

Splicing shall be executed by site welding. Welding shall be done in such

a manner that the concrete is not damaged by overheating.
 Shimming between the driven pile and the extension pile should be
avoided as far as possible. The extension pile shall be aligned to be
co-axial with the driven pile.

Jointing between the two butting extension plates shall be effected with
continuous full penetration butt weld.

7.2.10 Pile Out of Alignment

During driving, guys may be used to assist in positioning the pile but no
pile which has deviated more than 3” out of positions shall be
forcibly constrained in an effort to rectify this. Alternatively should
circumstances requires this the substructure over the piles shall be
constructed to a modified design which takes account of the
variation in the pile position or alignment.

7.3 Treated Hardwood Piles

7.3.1General

This section applies to Treated Hardwood Piles

7.3.2Materials

Treated hardwood piles shall be of Malaysian Hardwood Timber. Kempas

shall be used in general and the grading shall be in accordance to
Appendix A of MS 822.

7.3.3Manufacture

All piles shall be pressure treated with copper-chrome-arsenate wood

preservative in accordance with MS 822 to the following
requirements:-
 (i) The minimum depth of penetration shall be 25mm and the
net dry salt retention shall be 15kg/cu.m minimum.

7.3.4 Pitching And Driving Of Piles

Piles shall be pitched accurately in the positions as shown on the

drawings.

Piles shall be provided in one single length of 6.0m each unless otherwise
approved. Any pile driven to the required set at a depth of 6.0m or
less shall be in one continuous length.

Each pile shall be driven continuously until the specified set and/or depth
has been achieved. The driving equipment used shall be of such
type and capacity required for the works.

A detailed record of the driving resistance over the full length of each pile
shall be kept. The log shall record the number of blows for every
0.5m of pile penetration.

Set shall be taken at intervals during driving to establish the behavior of

the piles. The final set of a pile other than a friction pile shall be
recorded as the penetration in millimetres per 10 blows.

The pile head shall be adequately protected during driving. So that

brooming and splitting do not occur. The pile head shall be fitted
with toothed metal plated during normal driving.
 In the case of hard driving, a metal helmet shall be fitted to the top of the
pile. A hard wood dolly and a packing piece shall be used above
the helmet.

If during driving the head of the pile becomes excessively broomed or

otherwise damaged, the damaged part shall be cut off and the
helmet refitted.

7.3.5 Joints

Piles shall be extended using Standard Pile Sleeve Details as

recommended by the Suppliers.

7.3.6 Cutting and Preparation Of Pile Heads

Piles shall be cut off at levels as shown on the drawings or as directed by

the Engineer. The cut off pile head should be given two flood coats
of Tanapile “Sealant” allowing each application to soak into the end
grain completely. Approximately one hour should be allowed
between each application. After the “Sealant” application has
dried, the pile head should be heavily coated with an approved
bituminous compound for whole depth that the pile will encased in
the pile caps.

7.4 Fencing

(a) General

This item covers the requirements for furnishing materials

and constructing fence, gates and posts in accordance herein
as shown on the plans.

(b) Location
 After the completion of all the fillings the contractor shall
survey and stake out the position of the fence lines along the
property lines indicated or as otherwise shown on the plans.

(c) Clearing Fence Line

The clearings shall consist of the removal of all stumps, bush,

rocks, trees or other obstructions which will interfere with
proper construction of the fence.

7.5 Material
7.5.1 Fencing Material

(a) The Chain Link Fence shall have a 50mm x 50mm mesh size
be made of green PVC coated wire having an overall
diameter of 3.25mm and inner core wire of 2.33mm. The
wire size and mesh shall conform to the tolerances specified
in BS 1722 : 1986 and Custom and Excise Act requirements.

(b) The core wire shall be mild steel wire with well adhered
galvanized coating. The PVC coating shall be ultraviolet
resistant.

(c) Line wires shall be the same type of wire used in the netting.

(d) All wires shall have an ultimate tensile strength of not less
than 50 kg/mm2.

7.5.2 Fence Posts

(a) All fence posts shall be of mild steel angle sections. The
dimensions are as shown in the drawings.
7.5.3 Installation

(a) All fence posts shall be firmly set in concrete bases of

dimensions specified in the drawings. They shall be vertical
and their outer face in line.

(b) The concrete bases for the fencing posts shall be of grade 15
and shall comply with the provisions of concrete work
section.

7.5.3 Installation [Cond’t]

(c) Straining posts shall be provided at all ends and corners. For
straight lengths of fence, they shall be provided at intervals
as shown in the drawing. All staining posts and corner posts
shall have struts raking in the direction of the line of fence as
detailed in the drawings.