7/24/2018

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCES
IIT KHARAGPUR

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Course Introduction
Week 1- Lecture 1

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCES
IIT KHARAGPUR

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COURSE INTRODUCTION
What is Wastewater ?
o Water that has been used in the
home, in a business, or as part of
an industrial process. (Oxford
Dictionary)

o Water that has been used in

washing, flushing, manufacturing
etc. (http://www.dictionary.com)
Image Source: http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/‐78‐of‐
sewage‐generated‐in‐india‐remains‐untreated‐‐53444

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COURSE INTRODUCTION
Wastewater: A burden or A resource ?

Burden:
As it Contains pollution

Resource:
Generally, > 99% fraction is water

Image Source: https://agriorbit.com/using‐wastewater‐agricultural‐resource/

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COURSE INTRODUCTION

What is Wastewater Treatment ?

Processing of wastewater for removal

of contaminants

Image Source: 
https://www.conserve‐energy‐future.com/process‐of‐wastewater‐treatment.php

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COURSE INTRODUCTION

What is Wastewater Recycling ?

Reusing treated wastewater (reclaimed

water) for beneficial purposes

Image Source: 
https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/wastewater‐recycling

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COURSE INTRODUCTION
Why learn wastewater management ?

To transform the “burden” into “resource”

This Requires:
Engineering/Technological approaches
Social acceptability
Financial / economic viability
Environmental sustainability Image Source: http://www.indiawaterportal.org/events/wastewater‐
management‐india‐iqpc‐23rd‐26th‐may‐2011‐new‐delhi

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COURSE INTRODUCTION
Objectives of learning wastewater treatment and recycling:
o Understanding the value of wastewater as a recourse.

o Recognizing and the available technologies for wastewater treatment and

grasping knowledge on major tools and approaches for wastewater treatment.

o Awareness on modern‐age issues and challenges in wastewater treatment and

recycling.

o Gaining knowledge on tools and techniques suitable for wastewater

reclamation and recycling.
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COURSE INTRODUCTION
What to Study
 Wastewater Generation and Characteristics  Advanced Treatment Processes

 Natural Attenuation of Pollutants  Concept of Wastewater

Recycling
 Treatment Philosophy
 Recycling Requirements
 Wastewater Treatment Units and Processes
 Technology Selection and
 Issues and Challenges with Conventional Decision Making
Treatment

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WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Sources and Types of Wastewater
Week 1- Lecture 2

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCES
IIT KHARAGPUR

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Wastewater
Wastewater is liquid waste, often produced as the byproduct of
many uses of water.
 Household uses
 Industrial uses
 Commercial uses
 Agricultural uses
 Livestock uses
Image Source: 
http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module21/HouseholdTreatment‐BrittaFilters.htm

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Wastewater Sources

Image Source: Irrigation and Drainage ‐ Sustainable Strategies and Systems, Publisher: INTECH, Editors: M S Javaid, pp.55‐75

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Wastewater Types
 Domestic Wastewater
(Municipal wastewater or sewage)

 Industrial Wastewaters
(Industrial effluents)

 Agricultural wastewater
(Agricultural runoff)

 Stormwater Runoff Image Source: https://www.sswm.info/sswm‐university‐course/module‐6‐disaster‐

situations‐planning‐and‐preparedness/further‐resources/sanitation‐systems

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Wastewater Sources and Types: Domestic

Image Source: Larsen et al, (2016), Emerging solutions to the water challenges of an urbanizing world, Science , 352 (6288), pp. 928‐933

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Wastewater Sources: Industrial

Image Source: https://www.iswa.uni‐stuttgart.de/lsww/arbeitsbereich/iwt/index.en.html

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Wastewater Sources: Agricultural

Image Source:  Image Source: 
http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog‐entries/whats‐the‐point‐ https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2013/04/25/water‐quality‐
of‐non‐point index‐agricultural‐runoff‐streamlined‐and‐accessible

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WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Pollutants in Wastewater: Point and Non-point Sources
Week 1- Lecture 3

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCES
IIT KHARAGPUR

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What is a pollutant ?

 Where it is present ?

 Quantitative aspects ?

 Natural or anthropogenic ?

 Adverse health effect or not ?

Image Source: http://pediaa.com/difference‐between‐pollutant‐and‐contaminant/

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Wastewater Sources: Point vs Non-Point

Source: http://www.ift.org/knowledge‐center/read‐ift‐publications/science‐reports/scientific‐status‐summaries/just‐add‐water.aspx

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Wastewater Sources: Point vs Non-Point

Source: http://ubclfs‐wmc.landfood.ubc.ca/webapp/IWM/course/land‐ Image Source: http://pest.ca.uky.edu/PSEP/6environment.html
use‐water‐4/introduction‐5/

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Wastewater Sources: Point Source Examples

Image Source: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/  Image Source: http://www.indiacelebrating.com/environmental‐
pollution/03pointsource.html issues/sources‐and‐causes‐of‐water‐pollution/

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Wastewater Sources: Non-Point Source Examples

Image Source:  Image Source: 
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sediment_runoff_NRCS_ http://www.hoffmanestates.org/government/finance/water‐
2016a.jpg billing/stormwater‐utility‐program

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WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Wastewater Management: Concept of Treatment and Recycling
Week 1- Lecture 4

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCES
IIT KHARAGPUR

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Need of Wastewater Management

 The discharge of untreated or partially
treated wastewater results in
environmental pollution and may have
severe consequences that can be
classified into three groups:
 Adverse human health effects
associated with reduced water quality;
 Negative environmental effects due to
the degradation of water bodies and
ecosystems; and
 Potential effects on economic activities
Source: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002471/247153e.pdf

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Need of Wastewater Management

Human health effects Sanitation associated risk of diarrhoeal disease 
 Sanitation and wastewater‐related diseases
remain widespread in regions with poor
wastewater management.
 In 2012, an estimated 8,42,000 deaths in
middle‐ and low income countries were caused
by contaminated drinking water, inadequate
cleaning and sanitation services
(Source: apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/150112/1/9789241564823_eng.pdf).

 Improving sanitation and wastewater treatment

is a key intervention strategy to control and
eliminate many diseases, including cholera,
dengue, diarrhoea, helminths etc. Source: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002471/247153e.pdf

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Need of Wastewater Management

Environmental effects
 The discharge of untreated wastewater pollutes the receiving water body which in turn
affects the amount of water resources available for direct use.
 Lately, water pollution has been increasing in most rivers in India as well as in several
other countries from Africa, Asia and Latin America, mainly due to the release of sewage
and industrial effluents with no (or inadequate) treatment.
 The environmental pollution due to inadequate wastewater management has also a
direct impact on ecosystems and the services they provide. For e.g. eutrophication,
driven by excess nitrogen and phosphorus, can lead to potentially toxic algal blooms and
declines in biodiversity.
Source: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002471/247153e.pdf

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Need of Wastewater Management

Economic effects
 As the freshwater availability is critical for economic welfare and growth, poor water
quality constitutes an additional obstacle to economic development.
 Poor water quality can directly affect economic activities that use water, such as
agriculture, industrial production, fisheries, aquaculture, navigation and tourism.
 With improper management of wastewater, external costs (externalities) are generated
and the potential benefits of using wastewater are lost.
 An economic argument for improved wastewater management can be made in order to
minimize the negative impacts it can cause and to maximize the benefits it can generate.
Source: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002471/247153e.pdf

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Need of Wastewater Management

Negative Impacts of Poor Wastewater Management

Source: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002471/247153e.pdf

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Need of Wastewater Treatment

 Recycling wastewater is believe to be the most sustainable approach for
wastewater management, however recycling needs quality of water to be fit for
the designated uses.

 Therefore, the quality of wastewater needs to be improved through suitable

treatment processes before it is recycled.

 Wastewater treatment is the most critical step in wastewater management as

the suitability of wastewater for reuse (or, even disposal) depends on the ability
of treatment steps to reduce the contaminant load to the desired levels
(standards).

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Effective Wastewater Management Cycle

 The prevention or reduction of pollution at
the source (in terms of pollution load and volume of
wastewater produced)

 The removal of contaminants from

wastewater streams

 The use of wastewater (i.e. water reuse)

 The recovery of useful by‐products Image Source: 

Source: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002471/247153e.pdf http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/326201521231539309/W
B‐WasteWater‐Resource‐infographic.pdf
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Wastewater Management: Recycling Perspective

Source: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002471/247153e.pdf

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WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

Wastewater Management: Issues and Challenges
Week 1- Lecture 5

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI

SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCES
IIT KHARAGPUR

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Wastewater Management: Global Scenario

Source: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002471/247153e.pdf

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Wastewater Management: Indian Scenario

Twelfth Five Year (2012–
17) Planning Commission
(now NITI Aayog) Report
on Urban Development
highlights that 4861 cities
and towns in India lack
even a partial centralized
sewerage network and
almost 50% of households
in metropolitan city such
as Bengaluru do not have
sewerage connections.
Source: 
https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/is‐decentralized‐waste‐water‐treatment‐and‐
reuse‐system‐the‐way‐forward‐for‐indias‐tail‐end‐sanitation‐challenge‐7358/

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Urban Sanitation Situation in India

With the launch of the Swachh
Bharat Mission (Gramin) on 2nd
Oct 2014, the sanitation coverage
in rural India increased from 39 %
in 2014 to 76 % in January 2018,
(Economic Survey 2017‐18)

Source: Strategic Plan of Ministry of Urban Development for 2011‐2016 

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Issues and Challenges

 Increasing water demand and wastewater production with
population growth, urbanization and industrialization.
 Emerging contaminants appearing in municipal and industrial
wastewaters
 Pollution of freshwater resources due to wastewater disposal
(nature’s capacity to withstand pollution load has almost
exhausted)
Wastewater recycling is becoming unavoidable

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Issues and Challenges

 Centralized vs decentralized management

Source:  Wastewater Management Strategy: centralized v. decentralized technologies for small communities by Sharon Hophmayer‐Tokich

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Other Major Issues and Challenges

 Lack of awareness
 Lack of finance

??
 Lack of political will
 Environmental footprint
 Energy consumption
 Trained and skilled manpower
 Development of adaptable technologies
 Quality control of treated wastewater

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