Synchronous Machines

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines
An ideal two-pole; three-
phase stator winding.

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

Instantaneous phase
currents under balanced
three-phase conditions.

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

𝜔𝑒 t= 0°

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

𝜔𝑒 t= 60°

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

𝜔𝑒 t= 120°

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

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 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Construction Construction

The picture shows the laminated

iron core and the slots (empty
and with winding).
The winding consists of copper
bars insulated with mica and
epoxy resin.
The conductors are secured by empty slots
steel wedges.
In large machines, the stator is
liquid cooled. insulated
winding
The iron core is supported by a
steel housing.

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Stator
Laminated iron core
with slots
Steel Housing

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Iron core

Stator details Coil

Coils are placed in Slots
slots

Coil end windings are

bent to form the
armature winding.

End winding

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Salient pole rotor construction

The poles are bolted to the shaft.

Each pole has a DC winding.
The DC winding is connected to the slip-rings (not
shown).
A DC source supplies the winding with DC through
brushes pressed into the slip ring.
A fan is installed on the shaft to assure air circulation
and effective cooling.

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 Salient pole rotors

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 Synchronous machines
Schematic view
of a simple, two-pole,
single-phase synchronous
generator.

360°Mechanical degrees
360° Electrical degrees
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 Synchronous machines
Schematic view
of a simple,
four-pole,
single-phase synchronous
generator

360°Mechanical degrees
720° Electrical degrees
elec= P/2 (mec)

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 Synchronous machines
Low - speed machines – Hydro generators

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 Synchronous machines

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 Synchronous generators

© L. Serrano: Fundamentos de
máquinas eléctricas rotativas

© Mulukutla S. Sarma: Electric

machines
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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Construction
Low speed, large hydro-
generators may have more
than one hundred poles.

These generators are

frequently mounted
vertically.

The picture shows a large,

vertically arranged
machine.

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 Synchronous machine - hydro-generators

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Housing ,cooling ducts

Stator Rotor

Shaft

Bearing
Rotor winding
Stator winding
Connections

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 Synchronous machines
Round rotor
Round rotor
The round rotor is used
for large high speed
(3600rpm) machines.

A forged iron core (not

laminated,DC) is
installed on the shaft.

Slots are milled in the

iron and insulated
copper bars are placed
in the slots.
The slots are closed by
wedges and re-enforced
with steel rings.
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 Synchronous machines
Rotor Details

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 Synchronous machines

Round rotor

Steel ring

Shaft

Wedges

DC current terminals

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 Synchronous machines

High-speed machines: thermal generators

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 Synchronous machines

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 Synchronous generators control systems

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 Speed governor

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 Synchronous machines
Generator exciter system: this system supplies
the field current (rotor d.c. current) to maintain
generator stator voltage and controls reactive
power flow. There exist a variety of exciter types
in use:
DC generator: driven by the main prime motor
(older power plants)
AC generator: also driven by the main prime
motor. Its voltage is rectified by diodes
mounted on the rotating shaft.
Static exciter: the excitation power is obtained
directly from terminals and rectified and fed
into main generator via slip rings
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 Generator exciter system

DC exciter:

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 Generator exciter system

Ac exciter:

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 Synchronous machines

Operation concept

The rotor is supplied by DC

current If that generates a
DC flux Ff.

The rotor is driven by a

turbine with a constant
speed of ns.
Flux F f
ns
The rotating field flux
B- C+
induces a voltage in the
stator winding. N

A+ A-
The frequency of the
S
induced voltage depends
upon the speed. C- B+
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 Generated Voltage
Cross-sectional view of an elementary three-phase
ac machine.

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 Synchronous Generators

kw  N a F f
Erms = = 4.44 f N a F f kw
2

Erms Is proportional to the machine speed and excitation flux

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 Synchronous Machines
Operation concept
The frequency - speed relation is f = (p / 2) ns = p ns / 2
p is the number of poles.

Typical rotor speeds are 3600 rpm for 2-pole, 1800 rpm for 4
pole and 450 rpm for 16 poles.
The rms. value of the induced voltages are:
Ean = Erms ei O deg Ebn = Erms e −i120 deg Ecn = Erms e −i 240 deg

k w  Na Ff
where: Erms = = 4.44 f Na F f k w
2

kw = 0.85-0.95 is the winding factor.

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 Open-circuit characteristic

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 The Infinite Bus

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 Conditions Required for Paralleling

1. The rms line voltages of the two generators

must be equal.

2. The two generators must have the same phase

sequence.

3. The phase angles of the two a phases must be

equal.

4. The frequency of the new generator, called the

oncoming generator, must be slightly higher than
the frequency of the running system.
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 Conditions Required for Paralleling

How active and

reactive power are
going to be
distributed among
the machines?

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 Phasor Voltages of the incoming machine
and infinite bus

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 Open-circuit (no-load) condition

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 Open-circuit (no-load) condition

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 Open-circuit condition

Stator

Rotor

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 Synchronous machine – No load condition

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 Synchronous machine – No load condition

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 Open-circuit condition

Voltage
polarity

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 Open-circuit condition

No-load condition phasorial diagram

lp

Ea
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 Open-circuit characteristic

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 Armature reaction effects

Under load condition, some factors cause the difference

between Ea (internal voltage) and Va (external voltage):

The distortion of the air-gap magnetic field by the

current flowing in the stator (armature reaction). The
current flowing in the stator windings produces a
magnetic field of its own. That flux modifies the
fundamental field flux
The self-inductance of the armature coils.
The resistance of the armature coils.

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 Devanado inducido

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 Space Phasor Diagram

ns Flux F f

B- C+

A+ A-

S
Armature
C- B+ flux Far

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 Armature reaction effects

Resistive load (draw the A. R. field wave)

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 Armature reaction effects

Resistive load = maximum voltage and maximum

current on the same coil

Current directions

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 Armature reaction effects

Resistive load

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 Armature reaction effects

Resistive load:

lp

l A.R. Ia Ea

EA.R.
ERes

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 Armature reaction effects

Resistive load

lp

Ea

ER.A.

ER.A.
E Res
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 Armature reaction effects

Inductive load – (draw the A. R. field)

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 Armature reaction effects

Inductive load:

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 Armature reaction effects
Inductive load: (draw the phasorial diagram)

lp

Ea

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 Armature reaction effects

Capacitive load – (draw the A. R. field)

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 Armature reaction effects
Capacitive load: (draw the phasorial diagram)

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 Armature reaction effects

Capacitive load:

lp

Ea

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 Armature reaction effects

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 Diagrama fasorial

Eo
EAR= jXAR

Er

f Vt
I I Xla
I Ra

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 66
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 67
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 68
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 Synchronous-machine equivalent circuits

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 Synchronous-machine equivalent circuits

Synchronous-machine equivalent circuit showing

armature reaction and leakage components of
synchronous reactance.
XS

XAR Xl

Êa E Res

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 Synchronous-machine equivalent circuits

(a) Motor reference direction

(b) Generator reference direction.

Êa Êa

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 Synchronous Motors

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 Start as an induction motor

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 Synchronous Machine Model Parameters

The equivalent circuit contains three quantities

that must be obtained in order to completely
describe the behavior of a real synchronous
generator:

1. The relationship between field current Ie

and flux (Ie and Ea)

2. The synchronous reactance (Xs)

3. The armature resistance (Ra)

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 Open- and short-circuit characteristics of a
synchronous machine

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 Short-circuit operation

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 Phasor Diagrams

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 Exercise II

The following characteristics were obtained for a 10

MVA, 14 kV, 3ϕ, star connected synchronous
machine (P.C. Sen). The armature resistance is
0.07 ohms/phase.
Find the saturated and unsaturated
synchronous impedance. Ohms and p.u
Find the field current required if the
synchronous generator is connected to an
infinite bus and delivers rated MVA at 0.8
lagging power factor.
If the generator (operating as before) is
disconnected from the infinite bus without
changing the field current, find the terminal
voltage. 78
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 Exercise II (cont.)

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 Exercise II (cont.)

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 Power and Torque Characteristics

Ef

f Vt
I I Xsy
I Rs

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 Power and Torque Characteristics

The complex power delivered by the generator is:

 Efn e −i d − Vtn 
S = 3 Vtn I = 3 Vtn   Xs = Xsyn + Xnt
 − i Xs 
After simplification we get:
Efn  Vtn  Efn Vtn Vtn 2 
S=3  sin d + j  3    cos d − 
Xs  X s X s 

Generator jXs Xe = 0 Network

Generator
Ia
Efn d Vtn 0 Ven = Vtn
Network
Bus

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 Power and Torque Characteristics

The real and reactive power are

Efn  Vtn
P=3  sin d
Xs
 Efn Vtn Vtn 2 
Q = j 3   cos d − 
 X s X s 

The real power is maximum if d = 900.

The maximum torque is:

Tmax = Pmax / 
=

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 Power and Torque Characteristics
Power angle
Characteristics Round Rotor Machine
The P(d) curve shows that the
increase of power increases
the angle between the induced
voltage and the terminal
voltage.
100 Pmax
The power is maximum when d
=90o 80

The further increase of input 60

P( d )
power forces the generator out
40
of synchronism. This generates
large current and mechanical 20

forces. 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
This angle corresponds to the
d
angle between the field flux
and the stator generated
rotating flux.
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 Power and Torque Characteristics

Power angle Round Rotor Machine

Characteristics
The angle d, called power Pmax
angle and it corresponds to 100

the angle between the field 80

flux and the stator Safe operation limit
generated rotating flux. 60
P( d )
The maximum power is the 40

static stability limit of the 20

system.
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Safe operation requires a
d
15-20% power reserve.

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 Torque-speed Characteristics

As the speed
remains constant
in a synchronous
machine, the
speed-torque
characteristics is
a straight line.

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 Exercise III

A 5 kVA, 208V, 3ϕ, four-pole, 60Hz, star-connected

synchronous machine has negligible stator winding
resistance and a synchronous reactance of 8 Ohms
per phase at rated terminal voltage.
The machine is first operated as a generator in
parallel with a 208V, 3ϕ, 60 Hz power supply.
a) Find the excitation voltage and the power
angle when the machine is delivering rated
kVA at 0.8 PF lagging. Draw the phasor
diagram for this condition.
b) If the field excitation current is now increased
by 20%(without changing the prime mover
power), find the stator current, power factor,
and reactive kVA supplied by the machine. 87
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 Exercise III (cont)

c) With the field current as in (a) the prime

mover power is slowly increased. What is
the steady-state stability limit? What are
the corresponding values of the stator
current, power factor, and reactive power
at this maximum power transfer condition?

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 Exercise IV

The synchronous machine in the before exercise is

operated as a synchronous motor from the 208V,
3ϕ, 60 Hz power supply. The field excitation is
adjusted so that the power factor is unity when the
machine draws 3 kW from the supply
a) Find the excitation voltage and the power
angle. Draw the phasor diagram for this
condition.
b) If the field excitation is held constant and the
shaft load is slowly increased, determine the
maximum torque (steady-state stability limit)
that the motor can deliver.

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 Exercise V

A 125 hp, 460V, 3ϕ, 1200 rpm, 60Hz, synchronous

motor has the following equivalent circuit
parameters.
Ra=0.078 ohms, Xal=0.05, Xar=1.85, Nre/Nse=28.2
For rated conditions the field current is adjusted to
make the motor power factor unity. Neglect all
rotational losses and power lost in the field
winding.
a) For rated operating conditions, determine the
motor current Ia, field current If, and power
angle δ.
b) Draw the phasor diagram.

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 Complex Power Locus
Efn  Vtn  Efn Vtn Vtn 2 
S=3  sin d + j  3    cos d − 
Xs  X s X s 

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 Capability curves

A synchronous machine cannot be operated at all

points inside the locus region. The region of
operation is restricted by:
Armature heating, determined by the
armature current.
Field heating, determinated by the field
current.
Steady-state stability limits.
The capability curves that define the limit region
for each consideration can be drawn on the
complex power plane for constant terminal
voltage Vt.
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 Capability curves

The points M and N determine the optimum operating points.

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 Power Factor Control
E fn Vtn
P=3  sin d = 3Vtn I a cos f
Xs

E fn = Vtn − jI a X s

I a = I a1 , laggin Vt
= I a 2 , in phase with Vt
= I a 3 , leading Vt

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 Exercise VI

A 5 MVA, 11kV, 3ϕ, 60Hz synchronous machine has

negligible stator winding resistance and a
synchronous reactance of 8 Ohms per phase. The
machine is connected to the 11kV, 60 Hz bus and
is operated as a synchronous condenser.
1. Neglect rotational losses.
a) For normal excitation, find the stator current.
Draw the phasor diagram.
b) If the excitation is increased to 150% of the
normal excitation, find the stator current and
power factor. Draw the phasor diagram.
c) If the excitation is decreased to 50% of the
normal excitation, find the stator current and
power factor. Draw the phasor diagram. 95
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 Exercise VI (con)

2. If the rotational losses are 80kW, find the stator

current and excitation voltaje for normal
excitation. Draw the phasor diagram.

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 Independent generators

Z L = X L For a purely inductive load

Vt = E f − I a X s
= I sc X s − I a X s
= X s ( I sc − I a )
Z L = R For a purely resistive load
Ef X s I sc
Ia = =
RL2 + X S2 RL2 + X S2
Vt = I a RL
From before equations
Vt 2 I a2
1= 2
+ 2
( X s I sc ) I sc

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 Equivalent circuit and phasor diagrams

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 99
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 Power-angle characteristic

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 Power-angle characteristic

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 Exercise VII

A 50 MVA, 11kV, 3ϕ, 60Hz, salient pole,

synchronous machine has reactances Xd=0.8pu
and Xq=0.4pu. The synchronous motor is loaded to
draw a rated current at a supply power factor of
0.8 laggin. Rotational losses are 0.15pu. Neglect
armature resistence losses.

a) Find the excitation voltage Ef in pu.

b) Determine the power due to field excitation
and that due to saliency of the machine.
c) If the field current is reduced to zero, will the
machine stay in synchronism?

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 Exercise VII (cont)

d) If the shaft load is removed before the

field current is reduced to zero, determine
the resultant supply current in pu and the
supply power factor. Draw the phasor
diagram for the machine in this condition.

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